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Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City...

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Exact Solutions for Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body 3-body and 4-body Problems Problems in 4-dimensional Space in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University
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Page 1: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Exact Solutions for Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body 3-body and 4-body Problems Problems in 4-dimensional Spacein 4-dimensional Space

Hideki IshiharaOsaka City University

Page 2: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

1944 Research Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hiroshima

University was founded1948 RITP was re-build after the world war II at Takehara,

Hiroshima 1990 RITP Hiroshima University was closed and merged

together with Yukawa Institute, Kyoto University

Page 3: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Research Institute for Theoretical Physics

Page 4: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Journal of Science of Hiroshima University,Series A5 (1935)

•P. A. M. Dirac,

"Generalized Hamiltonian dynamics". Can. J. Math. 2: 129–48 (1950).

•R.Arnowitt, S.Deser and C.W.Misner,

"Canonical variables for general relativity,'' Phys. Rev. 117, 1595 (1960).

•B. S. DeWitt,

"Quantum theory of gravity. I. The canonical theory". Phys. Rev. 160: 1113–48 (1967).

Page 5: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

 三村 剛昂 19 35

 岩付 寅之助 19 20

 細川 藤右衛門 19 20

 森永 覚太郎 19 26

 佐久間 澄 19 26

 藤原 力 19 20

 柴田 隆史 19 26

 原田 雅登 22

  (   )高久 浩俊 旧姓 熊川 22

 佐伯 敬一 22

 竹野 兵一郎 21 47

 池田 峰夫 23 38

 木村 利栄 23 1

 占部 實 23 26

 伊藤 誠 23 26

 宮地 良彦 24 35

 上野 義夫 25 56

 庄野 直美 26 27

 中井 浩 26 27

 脇田 仁 28 40

 成相 秀一 28 61

 冨田 憲二 38 2

 田地 隆夫 41 55

 横山 寛一 41 2

 永井 秀明 41 59

 久保 禮次郎 41 2

 寺崎 邦彦 41 2

 冨松 彰 48 60

 佐々木 隆 57 2

 藤川 和男 58 2

 上原 正三 59 2

 佐々木 節 61 2

 中澤 直仁 63

 細谷 暁夫 62 1

 須藤 靖 1 2

 二宮 正夫 1 2

Staff history of RITP

Page 6: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Early era

 三村 剛昂 19 35

 岩付 寅之助 19 20

 細川 藤右衛門19 20

 森永 覚太郎 19 26

 佐久間 澄 19 26

 藤原 力 19 20

 柴田 隆史 19 26

 竹野 兵一郎 21 47

Page 7: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Middle era 木村 利栄 23 1

 上野 義夫 25 56

 成相 秀一 28 61

 冨田 憲二 38 2

 田地 隆夫 41 55

 横山 寛一 41 2

 永井 秀明 41 59

 久保 禮次郎 41 2

 寺崎 邦彦 41 2

 冨松 彰 48 60

 佐々木 隆 57 2

 藤川 和男 58 2

 上原 正三 59 2

Page 8: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Students in the middle era 前川 敬好 35 38

 青木 正典 41

 江沢 康生 41 45

 登谷 美穂子 44 46

 田辺 健茲 44 58

 南方 久和 45 49

 岡 隆光 46 50

   小野 隆 47 58

 新谷 明雲 49 56

 堀内 利得 49 58

 東 孝博 50 55

 遠藤 龍介 51 58

 原田 和男 51 56

 中澤 直仁 55 63

 石原 秀樹 55 59

 矢嶋 哲 58 62

 葛西 真寿 58 62

Page 9: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.
Page 10: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Late era 冨田 憲二 38 2

 横山 寛一 41 2

 久保 禮次郎 41 2

 寺崎 邦彦 41 2

 佐々木 隆 57 2

 藤川 和男 58 2

 上原 正三 59 2

 佐々木 節 61 2

 中澤 直仁 63

 細谷 暁夫 62 1

 須藤 靖 1 2

 二宮 正夫 1 2

Page 11: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Students in the late era

    (   )山本 寿 同志社女子大学 生活科学部 60 62

    ( )杉山 直 国立天文台 61 63

    ( )南部 保貞 名古屋大学理学部 60 1

    ( )早田 次郎 京都大学理学部 61 2

    ( )中尾 憲一 大阪市立大学理学研究科 61 2

    ( )鈴木 博 理化学研究所 62 2

    ( )渡辺 一也 新潟大学理学部 62 2

    ( )山本 一博 広島大学理学部 1 2

    (   )上田 晴彦 秋田大学 教育文化学部 1 2

    ( )松原 隆彦 名古屋大学大学院理学研究科 2

Page 12: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Quantum field theory in the expanding universe (H.Nariai and T.Kimura)

• ADM formalism in expanding universes

H.Nariai and T.Kimura, PTP 28(’62) 529. [L.Abbot and S. Deser, (’82)]

• Quantization of gravitational wave and mater fields in expanding universes

H.Nariai and T.Kimura, PTP 29(’63) 269; PTP 29(’63) 915; PTP 31(’64) 1138. [A.Penzias and R.Wilson (’63)] [L.Parker PRL 21 (’68) 562 ] [S.W.Hawking, Nature 248 (’74) 30 ]

Page 13: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Development• Gravitational anomaly T.Kimura, PTP 42 (‘69)1191; PTP 44 (‘70)1353

• Removal of the initital singularity in a big-bang universe

H.Nariai, PTP 46 (‘71)433, H.Nariai and K.Tomita, PTP 46

(‘71) 776

Page 14: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

• In theoretical physics, “unrealistic and non-urgent work” happens to turn to a cardinal issue.

• We should not ask a physically reasonable motivation so urgently.

In the special issue for 60th anniversary of prof. Nariai

But, it would be also necessary to keep a sort of soundness at each stage of research.

Humitaka Sato says

Page 15: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Exact Solutions for Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems 3-body and 4-body Problems

in 4-dimensional Spacein 4-dimensional Space

Hideki IshiharaOsaka City University

Shall we start

Page 16: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

3-dim Gravity

Page 17: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Introduction

Gravitational phenomena depend on spacetime dimension

Page 18: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Kepler motion in 3-dim. v.s. 4-dim.

0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0

10

5

5

0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0

10

5

5

V3(r) V4(r)

Stable bound orbits appear only in the 3-dimensional gravity

Page 19: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Black holes in general relativity

Black Ring

We shoud study Kerr black hole only

Myers & Perry (1986)

Emparan & Reall (2002)

Black Hole

(4+1)-dimensions

(3+1)-dimensions

Page 20: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

N-body problemN-body problem under the gravitational under the gravitational interactioninteraction

Page 21: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

3-body problem in 3-spatial 3-body problem in 3-spatial dimensionsdimensions

• 2-body (Kepler problem) : integrable → bound orbits are given by ellipses• 3-body : not integrable in general

small numbers of special solutions are known1765 Euler, 1772 Lagrange,

2000 Eight figure choreography

Page 22: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

N-body problem in 4-dim. space

Equations of motion

Lagrangian , Energy

Potential is homogeneous in order -2.

Page 23: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Bounded orbits

Constant inertial moment

Page 24: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Examples

Exact solutions for 4-body problem 3-body problem in 4-dimensional space.

Page 25: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

4-body problem

Special configuration with the same mass

Lagrangian

Graviational potential

Page 26: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Effective LagrangianLagrangian

Effective Lagrangian

Constants of motion

integrable !

Page 27: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Bounded solutionsEquations of motion

For bounded orbits

Page 28: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Exact solutions

For closed orbits

Page 29: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

=4/1, =3/1

Closed orbits

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

= 2/1 , = 2/1

Page 30: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

=6/5, =4/3

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

= 4/3 , = 5/3

Closed orbits 2

Page 31: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

=3/2, =5/3

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .5

1 .0

=3/2, =5/2

Closed orbits 3

Page 32: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

3-body problem in 4-dimensions

Special configuration with the same mass

Lagrangian

Graviational potential

Effective Lagrangian

Page 33: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Bounded solutionsEquations of motion

For bounded orbits

Page 34: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Exact solutions

Elliptic integral of the second kind

Elliptic integrals of the first kind and third kind

Page 35: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Condition for closed orbits

Page 36: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Closed orbit 1

1 .0 0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

0 .5 0 .0 0 .5

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0 0 .5

0 .00 .5

1 .0

0 .5

0 .00 .5

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

Page 37: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Closed orbit 2

1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 0 .5 1 .0

1 .0 0 .5

0 .00 .51 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0 1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .50 .00 .51 .0 1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

0 .2 0 .0 0 .2

Page 38: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.
Page 39: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Closed orbit 3

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .0 0 .5

0 .00 .51 .0

1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 0 .5 1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

Page 40: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Constrained system

Constant of motion on the constraint

System admits conformal Killing vector

Killing hierarchy(T.Igata,T.Koike,and H.I.)

Page 41: Exact Solutions for 3-body and 4-body Problems in 4-dimensional Space Hideki Ishihara Osaka City University.

Conclusions

We consider systems of particles interacting by Newtonian Gravity in 4-dimensional space.

There exists a special class of solutions: vanishing total energy and constant moment of inertia

We obtain exact special solutions for 3-body and 4-body problems


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