Exam Review

Water

Carbo Monomer Structure

Carb Polymer Structure

Lipids

Proteins

1. Diagram an amino acid

2. What elements compose 96% of living material?

3. At what temp is water the densest?

Cell Resp.

Glycolysis

Convert to Acetyl CoA

Kreb’s Cycle

ETC

Noncyclic Electron Flow

Calvin Cycle

• Photorespiration is a problem with C3 plants. Explain.

• What is the difference between C3, C4, and CAM plants?

C4 and CAM

Membrane Fluidity

• What molecules move easily through the plasma membrane? What do not? Why?

• Explain the difference between active and passive transport.

• What is the most common active transport mechanism in animal cells? In plant and bacterial cells?

Water Balance

What types of cellular transport?

• List differences between plant cells and animal cells.

• List differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

• What organelles and structures do all cells have?

Animal Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

Plant Cell

What type of signaling is indicated in each diagram?

Give an example of a ligand molecule for each case.

What is an example of a cellular response that might happen as a result of a ligand gated ion channel opening?

• Draw a cell in metaphase of mitosis.

Explain how mitosis starts out with a cell with a complete set of chromosomes, and ends up with 2 cells with complete sets of chromosomes.

• Explain 3 ways that meiosis increases variety in a sexually reproducing population.

• Draw a cell in:– Prophase I of meiosis– Metaphase I– Anaphase II

• In pea plants tall is dominant to dwarf, and round seeds are dominant to wrinkled. These genes are located on different chromosomes. Determine the parent plants that would produce offspring with the following ratios:– A. 318 tall round; 98 tall wrinkled– B. 150 tall round; 147 tall wrinkled; 51dwarf

round; 48 dwarf wrinkled

• A wild type fruit fly(heterozygous for gray body color and red eyes) is crossed with a black fruit fly with purple eyes. The offspring are 721 wild type; 751 black purple; 49 black red; 45 gray purple.

• Are the genes for body color and gray vs. purple eyes located on different chromosomes?

• How many map units apart are the genes?

DNA Structure

Replication Fork

Telomeres

• If a section of a gene has the following sequence, what is the order of amino acids that will be linked at the ribosome?

• TTACGCTTT

• AAUGCGAAA

• Asn-Ala-Lys

Transcription

RNA Processing

Translation

Translation

trp operon

lac operon

Eukaryotic Gene Control

Movement patterns

• Kinesis– A simple change or turning rate in response to

a stimulus– Allows animal to stay in favorable

environment

• Taxis– An automatic oriented movement toward or

away from a stimulus

What parts of the plant have the greatest cell division?

Plant Tissue Types

Xylem

Phloem

Plant Cell Types

Water Potential

Lateral Movement in Plants

Lateral Movement

Transpiration

Guard Cell Fxn

Phloem Transport

Viral Reproduction

Viral Reproduction

What type of infection does this show?

Transduction

Conjugation

Electrophoresis

Gene Cloning

What is an Animal?• Multicellular heterotrophs

• Ingest their food

• Lack cell walls

• Nerve tissue and muscle tissue

• Junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions

• Most reproduce sexually, with swimming sperm and non-motile egg

• Cleavage l stul b a a strul (w t t ssu l yGa a i h i e arsye

• Hox genes

Embryonic Development

Protostome/Deuterostome

Traditional Phylogeny

Porifera - Sponges

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes - Flatworms

Nematodes - Roundworms

Annelida – Segmented Worms

Mollusks

Echinoderms

Arthropods

Chordates

Chordate Characteristics

Evidence for Evolution• Artificial selection

• Island biogeography

• Fossil record

• Taxonomy

• Comparative Anatomy

• Vestigial Structures

• Comparative Embryology

• Molecular Biology