Examining the deployment of redox flow batteries and ...

Examining the deployment of redox flow batteries and

understanding how to achieve their optimum

performance

Luis Santos

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain

2.Redox flow batteries and their implications

3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems

4. Technical challenges and further research needed

5. Redox2015 project

6. Conclusions

1. EDP in Spain

4th Electricity producer and Distribution System Operator

3rd Operator of natural gas

First Portuguese company by market capitalisation

#1 Portugal

~ 3 GW of hydraulic projects under construction

#1 Europe

More than 6.4 GW of wind capacity

#3Worldwile

1. EDP in Spain

Innovation priorities

Cleaner energy

Smarter grids

Client focused solutions

Data Leap

Environmental innovation

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain





6. Conclusions

2. Main implications of redox flow batteries

Different needs imply different technologies and approachesWhat do you need storage for…?

Large-scale electricitystorage tecnologies

High PowerApplications

High EnergyApplications

Fast power quality applications

Improve reliabilitypower quality and

uninterrupted power supply (UPS) applications

Energy discharges from a fraction of

a second

Reserve applications

Electric power grid stability and switching

between energy sources

Stored energy is used in minutes

rather than seconds or hours

Energy management applications

Improve profitabilityload leveling, peak

shaving

Energy discharges that last hours

Bridging PowerApplications


Power vs Capacity

2. Main implications of redox flow batteries CHARGE - DISCHARGE

V4+

V5+

VO2+

VO2+

V2+

V3+

OxidationReduction

ANODECATHODE

H+

e- e-

e- e-

V2+ V3+ + e-

V5+ + e- V4+

OxidationReduction

H+

e- e-

e- e-

ANODE CATHODE

V3+ + e- V2+

V4+ V5+ + e-

CHARGE DISCHARGE

ElectrodeMembraneElectrode

Half-cell + Half-cell -


Pumping hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage fall

apart from other technologies:

• Heavy reliance on geology (site dependent)

(Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia)

• Massive capital costs and long comissioning

periods

• Mature technology

• Enviromental issues involved

Other technologies are needed to address the storage problem

from a distributed & site-independent approach

Pumping hydro and Compressed air are for the lucky ones


Eurelectric position paper about decentralised storage

• It is not the "silver bullet“

• It is part of the development of a

smarter grid

• It is not a natural monopoly

• More European support to R&D

for network integration

• An integrated view of all costs and

benefits is needed

• Tariffs: more focus on power than

on energy


Distributed storage comercial solutions

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain





6. Conclusions


Cp (purchase price)+ Ci (installation and commissioning cost )+ Co (operation costs )+ Cm (maintenance and repair costs )+ Cd (down time costs )+ Ce (environmental costs )+ Cd (decommissioning costs)----------------------LCC (life cycle cost)

Investment costs of the stack andnumber of full cycles per year :

the two biggest key parameters for the LCC.


Capacity costs and power costs are independent

Redox Flow Batteries show better cost performance for large systems

Energy stored kWh

Electrolyte costRedow flow batteries total costsOther batte

ries costs

Cost

Power dependent costs

E1

Benefit over other

technologies


Costs per kW and per kWh

Performance metrics

real efficiency

ciclability stability

calendar and cycle lifes

Cost metrics

• capex in €/kW and €/kWh


Sources of income

Price arbitrage

Grid servicesReserves


Technology push and market pull

TRL 1-3Basic

comments and concepts

TRL 4-5R&D stage,

Development in laboratory

TRL 6-7Pilot or Demo

TRL 8-91st Commercial

Project in Operation

CRL1Future, more than 5 years

CRL2Need between

1-5 years

CRL3At least one

customer would buy

CRL4Many

customers would buy

Customer Readiness Level

Tech

no

logy

Rea

din

ess

Leve

l

Science

R&D&d&I

Market


Maturity is a three component vector: technology-market-regulation

TRL 1-3Basic

comments and concepts

TRL 4-5R&D stage,

Development in

laboratory

TRL 6-7Pilot or Demo

TRL 8-91st Commercial

Project in Operation

CRL1Future,

more than 5 years

CRL2Need

between 1-5 years

CRL3At least one

customer would buy

CRL4Many

customers would buy

Customer Readiness Level

Tech

no

logy

Rea

din

ess

Leve

l

Science

R&D&d&I

Market

Regulatory Readiness Level RRL 0

Prohibited RRL 1

“Tolerated”

RRL 2Regulated

RRL 3Liberalised

RRL 4Mandatory


Fostering new technologies should not jeopardize competitiviness

“The Commission has recently adopted guidance on public intervention in electricity markets in order to minimise distortive impacts. State aid guidelines for energy and environment also have to evolve to promote more market oriented approaches that reflect the evolving cost structure of energy technologies and increasing cost competitiveness in the internal market.

As such, subsidies for mature energy technologies, including those for renewable energy, should be phased out entirely in the 2020-2030 timeframe. Subsidies for new and immature technologies with significant potential to contribute cost-effectively to renewable energyvolumes would still be allowed.”

It is necesary to help technologies to improve its maturity (with R&D&i)…

…But to enter into the market they must prove they are competitive without distortions.

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain





6. Conclusions


EU Materials Roadmap for electrical storage

Energy oriented materials

Power oriented materials for

electro chemical

Material for non-chemical

energy storage

Novel materials

Supporting research

infrastructure

T0 T0+5T0+3 T0+10

R&D on Li-Ion system and redox flow systemsLower cost

- Li-Ion: ca. 200€/kWh- Redox: ca. 120€/kWh

Wider Tº range

R&D on material for advanced capacitor

Set of testing of electrochemical capacitors at kW to MW scale

Energy densityPower densityCost reduction

R&D on materials for SMES, flywheels, resistant materials for pumped hydro storage and for insulation of large heat storage devices for adiabatic CAES

Cost reduction e.g. flywheelsProjected system capital cost

R&D on novel materials & systems (metal-air systems, solid state batteries…)

Lower costHigher life span

Lower costHigher life span

Low cost high speed manufacturing

Testing of redox system at MW scale

Testing of large Li-Ion batteries system (>1MW)


Materials roadmap for redox flow: KPIs


Materials roadmap for redox flow: Costs


New chemistries for faster kinetics, higher voltages and higher energy densities

Cheaper electrolytes

Low cost membrane with long lifetimes

Systems without membrane

Electrode materials with higher electrochemical activity

Nanomaterials and surface treatments to increase the electrocatalytic activity

Designs to tackle manufacturing issues


KPI

time

Disruptive but less frequentbreakthroughs

Incremental and frequent improvements

RFB are prone to improving incrementally


Redox flow batteries show more opportunities to bring costs down

Tendency of published patents shows better perspective for Redox Flow Batteries

NaS battery VRF battery


Metal-Air

Hydrogen

Micro-CAES

ZnBr

VRB Super cap Flywheel SMESZebra Li-ion

NaS NiMHNiCd

Pb-acid CAES

PHS

TRL:Technology Readiness Level

?

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain





6. Conclusions


Consortium and funding

•Budget :2,7 M €•Project length: 33 months (2011-2014)

Funded by the Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain with

FEDER funding from the European Commission

(IPT-2011-1690-900000)


Develop a VRF battery

New knowledge:Integration and

manufacturing skills with current technology

Research on electrodes, electrolyte and membranes

New knowledge:Improve performance for next generation product

Two objectives


1 2 3

4 5 6


Power: 2 x 15 kW modules

Energy: 74 kWh 2 tanks (2.000 l each) 2,5 h


12

3

1. Battery building2. Small substation

MV/LV3. EDP premises4. LV connection

4


ARGF: Felt untreatedTTFF: Thermal feltBiGF: Modified felt using bismuthGFOx: Electrochemically oxidized feltGFOxQN: chemically oxidized felt

E (V) vs. Hg /Hg 2SO 4

0.80.60.40.20

j/m

Acm

-2

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

ARGF

GFOxGFOxQN

-32

-24

-16

-8

8

0

16

24

32

0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

j (m

Acm

-2)

GO

TRGO700

TRGO1000

_ _ _ _

………

Ewe

/V1.21.00.80.60.40.20

<I>/m A

36

24

12

2

0

-2

-12

-24

0

GOTRG700TRG1000

E (V) vs. Hg /Hg 2SO 4

j/m

Acm

-2

GO: Graphite Oxide

TRG700: GO reduced at 700 ºC

TRG1000: GO reduced at 1000 ºCGRAPHENES

CNW1CNW2CNW3

(a)0.60.40.20

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

CNW1

CNW3CNW2

j/m

Acm

-2

CARBON NANOWALLS HALF-CELD POSITIVE

(V4+/5+ )

ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIALS SCREENING FOR VRFB

HALF-CELD NEGATIVE 2+/3+(V )


VRFB PROTOTYPE

Objective: High energy and power efficiency, long life and cyclability (excellent> 30,000),

5 times the charge density of the typical solutions

Electrodes development

PAN commercial felt with standard electrolyte (3M H

2SO

4 and 1M VOSO

4)

Use of additives to improve the electrolyte

Synthesis Functionalization

PAN based flexible nanofiber

Electrospinning Graphene nanoparticles

PAN commercial felt

High energy density electrolyte Innovative membranes


• Objective: To minimize vanadium crossover through the membrane by surface plasma activation .

MEMBRANES FOR REDOX FLOW BATTERIES

REDOX FLOW BATTERY SINGLE CELL

• Single cell set-up to test new materials in flow battery operation

• Development of testing protocols for membranes and electrodes

•Treatments cause changes in the material:• Inversion of surface polarity • Surface crosslinking

Agenda

1. EDP in Spain





6. Conclusions

6. Conclusions

•Applications of distributed energy storage are necessary

•Redox Flow Batteries are not the most competitive solution

now…

•…but have promising cost reduction oportunities

•That shows in patents, projects and near to market solutions

•It is necessary to improve R&D without distortion in the

markets

•Project REDOX2015 is an example of these efforts to meet

performance and cost requirements

Thanks for your attention!

[email protected]

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Examining the deployment of redox flow batteries and ...

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