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    IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAITOF MALACCA

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, gold color)

    ZANANIN SADAT TAJER

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, Gold color)

    MASTER OF ENVIRONMENT

    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

    2010

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font, gold color)

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    IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)

    By

    NAZANIN SADAT TAJER

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)

    Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti

    Putra Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

    Environment

    May 2010

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Month and year of viva voce)

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    *Enter

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    Abstract of research project presented to the Faculty of Environmental Studies

    of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the

    Degree of Master of Environment

    IMPACT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font)

    By

    NAZANIN SADAT TAJET

    May 2010

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 18 point font)

    Supervisor: Associate Professor Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD

    Faculty: Environmental Studies

    (Note : Upper Case, Centred, Bold, 12 point font. Supervisors name: No Dr but at

    the end of the name, put Ph.D)

    Seafood is highly likely to be contaminated by heavy metals caused by various

    human activities. In this study, the amount of Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd in seafood

    was determined to estimate the intake of heavy metals among the population of

    Tanjung Karang through the Market Basket Study method. A variety of seafood were

    purchased from the Bagan Pasir, Tanjung Karang fish landing area and the

    concentration of heavy metals were determined using wet digestion method in

    concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid in the ratio of 3:1. Atomic Absorption

    Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to analyze the heavy metals. The concentrations

    of metals in seafood were compared to the Food Balance Sheet to determine the

    status of metal exposure per day in the individual diet. From the study, the estimated

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    intake of heavy metals by the population was 0.17 mg/day for Cu, 0.44 mg/day for

    Fe, 0.58 mg/day for Zn, 0.008 mg/day for Pb, 0.007 mg/day for Ni and 0.031 mg/day

    for Cd.

    Keywords: oil pollution, heavy metals, etc., etc.,(maximum five keywords)

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    *Same format as english abstract. Malay abstract must be the same means with

    English abstract

    Abstrak projek penyelidikan yang dikemukan kepada Fakulti Pengajian

    Alam Sekitar, Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan

    untuk Ijazah Master Alam Sekitar

    IMPAK PENCEMARAN MINYAK DI SELAT MELAKA

    Oleh

    NAZANIN SADAT TAJER

    Mei 2010

    Penyelia: Profesor Madya Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD

    Fakulti: Pengajian Alam Sekitar

    Makanan laut merupakan salah satu sumber makanan yang berpotensi tinggi

    dicemari logam berat akibat daripada pelbagai aktiviti yang dijalankan oleh manusia.

    Di dalam kajian ini, kandungan logam Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni dan Cd dalam makanan

    laut dikaji bagi mengganggarkan jumlah pendedahan penduduk Tanjung Karang

    terhadap logam berat dengan menggunakan kaedah "Market Basket Study".Beberapa jenis makanan laut dibeli daripada pelabuhan perikanan Bagan Pasir,

    Tanjung Karang bagi menentukan jumlah kandungan logam berat di dalamnya.

    Kaedah penghadaman basah dengan kombinasi asid nitrik pekat dan asid perklorik

    pekat dengan nisbah 3:1 digunakan bagi menentukan kepekatan logam berat dalam

    sampel. Logam-logam berat tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan

    Spektrofotometer Penyerapan Atom (AAS). Kepekatan logam berat yang telah

    ditentukan dibandingkan dengan Jadual Makanan Seimbang penduduk Malaysia bagi

    menentukan status pendedahan logam yang dikaji dalam sehari. Anggaran

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    pengambilan logam-logam berat oleh penduduk yang dikaji ialah 0.17 mg/hari bagi

    logam Cu, 0.44 mg/hari bagi logam Fe, 0.58 mg/hari bagi logam Zn, 0.008 mg/hari

    bagi logam Pb, 0.007 mg/hari bagi logam Ni dan 0.031 mg/hari bagi logam Cd.$

    Kata kunci: pencemaran minyak, logam berat, dll., dll.(maksimum lima katakunci)

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my

    Project Supervisor Prof. Dr. Alias bin Mohd. Yusof for the guidance, constant

    encouragements and invaluable help given to me during my research study.

    The assistance and co-operation during this study, provided by the staff of the

    Faculty of Science, UPM, especially P.M. Dr.Noraini Abd Rashid, En. Hashim

    Baharin, En. Hanan Basri, En. Mat Yassin Sirin, En.Lee Siak Kuan and En.Sulaiman

    Abdullah is also deeply acknowledged. I was also most fortunate in receiving

    financial support from UPM, transportation and other facilities in campus.

    Special thanks are extended to Dr.Khalik Hj. Wood, Dr. Mohd. Suhaimi

    Hamzah, Pn.Shamsiah Abd Rahman, En Halim and Pn.Jamaliah of Analytical and

    Environmental Chemistry Department, Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology

    Research (MINT), Bangi, Kajang, for their invaluable suggestions, technical

    assistance and co-operation in performing analysis using ICP-MS and NAA

    facilities. The assistance and co-operation rendered by Jabatan Alam Sekitar Johor,

    Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Johor, Majlis Perbandaran Skudai, Majlis Perbandaran

    Johor Bharu and Majlis Perbandaran Kulai are also thankfully acknowledged.

    I would also like to thank both my parents for their prayers. The love,

    patience, support and encouragement by family members are also gratefully

    acknowledged. Finally, but not least, the author would like to thank all the wonderful

    individuals who have, one way or another, generously contributed their knowledge,

    expertise and talents. Special thanks are due to Mr. Mokhlesur, Mr. Mahmud, Ms.

    Sharmila, Ms. Caroljit and Ms. Devagi for their assistance and companionship in the

    research work.

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    This research project was submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studiesof Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the

    requirement for the Degree of Master of Environment

    .

    Associate Professor Dr Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria

    Supervisor

    Date:

    ..

    Dr Ahmad Zaharin Aris

    Coordinator

    Date:

    Associate Professor Dr Ramdzani Abdullah

    Dean

    Faculty of Environmental Studies

    Date:

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    DECLARATION

    I hereby declare that the research project is my original work except for quotations

    and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been

    previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti

    Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.

    ______________________

    NAZANIN SADAT TAJER

    Date:$

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    CHAPTER 2

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    2.1 Sewage

    Sewage refers to any waste product from a community and its industries that

    contain numerous types of both organic and inorganic substances (Danish

    Environmental Protection Agency, 2002; Fulazzaky, 2009). It also known as

    municipal wastewater which is specifically concern about any waste produced from

    activities involved in that area (Kutty et al., 2009).

    2.1.1 Composition of sewage

    The composition of sewage is an important parameter used in the designing

    of sewage treatment plants. The character of sewage differs from place to place

    according to habits and living standards of population. Previous study has shown that

    the sewage compositions in developing countries are changing drastically due to their

    development. This answer the reason why the interpretation of the result obtained

    from different analyses should be done carefully. In addition, necessary estimations

    for future characteristics should be made when these data is referred for designing

    sewage treatment plants (Curl, 1976).

    In general, sewage is made up of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater,

    storm water and by groundwater seepage entering the municipal sewage networks.

    Domestic wastewater consists of effluent discharges from households, institutions,

    and commercial buildings. Industrial wastewater is the effluent discharged bymanufacturing units and food processing plants (Hussain et al., 2002).

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    REFERENCES

    * Please note that you have to arrange you references in alphabetical order (not

    based on materials cited). Below are only examples on how each

    reference material should be cited.

    BOOK

    Alley, W.M. 1993.Regional ground-water quality . New York: Van Nostrand

    Rheinhold.

    Appelo, C.A.J. & Postma, D. 1993. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution.

    Rotterdam: Balkema.

    CHAPTERS IN BOOK

    Konikow, L.F. & Reilly, T.E. 1999. Seawater intrusion in the United States,In Bear,

    J., Cheng, A.H.-D., Sorek, S., Ouazar, D. & Herrera, I. (eds.). Seawater

    Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers-Concepts, Methods and Practices. pp. 463-506.

    Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    APHA. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.21st

    ed. Washington: American Water Works Association, Water EnvironmentFederation.

    JOURNAL

    Abdullah, M.H. & Musta, B. 1999. Phreatic water quality of the Turtle Islands of

    East Malaysia: Pulau Selingaan and Pulau Bakkungan Kechil.Borneo

    Science.6(1): 1-9.

    Petalas, C. & Lambrakis, N. 2006. Simulation of intense salinization phenomena in

    coastal aquifers: the case of the coastal aquifers of Thrace.Journal of

    Hydrology. 324: 51-64.

    JOURNAL (IN PRESS OR PUBLISHED ONLINE)

    Chua, L.H.C., Lo, E.Y.M., Freyberg, D.L., Shuy, E.B., Lim, T.T., Tan, S.K. &

    Ngonidzashe, M. 2007. Hydrostratigraphy and geochemistrty at a coastal

    sandfill in Singapore.Hydrogeology Journal. doi 10.1007/s10040-007-0195-8.

    Montety, de V., Radakovitch, O., Vallet-Columb, C., Blavoux, B., Hermitte, D. &Valles, V. 2008. Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical

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    processes in a confined coastal aquifer: Case of the Rhone delta (Southern

    France).Applied Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.03.011.

    PROCCEDINGS

    Abdullah, M.H. & Aris, A.Z. 2005. Groundwater Quality of Sipadan Island, Sabah:

    Revisited 2004.Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Symposium on

    Environment and Natural Resources. Kuala Lumpur, March 22-23. pp. 254-

    257.

    Abdullah, M.H., Musta, B. & Ramli, M.Z. 1996. Groundwater quality as freshwater

    resource in Manukan island a preliminary finding.Proceedings of Geology

    and Environmental Seminar. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 33-

    37.

    THESIS

    Abdullah, M.H. 1995. Kualiti Air Tanah Pulau Sipadan, Semporna, Sabah. MSc.

    Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

    Abdullah, M.H. 2001. Phreatic water extraction from shallow aquifer of a small

    island. PhD thesis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

    USER MANUAL

    Allison, J.D., Brown D.S. & Novo-Gradac, K.J. 1991. MINTEQA2, A geochemical

    assessment database and test cases for environmental systems: Vers. 3.0 users

    manual. Report EPA/600/3-91/21. Athens: USEPA.

    GOVERNMENT REPORT

    Dillon, P. 1997. Groundwater Pollution by Sanitation on Tropical Islands. Technical

    Documents in Hydrology . UNESCO IHP-V No.6. Paris: UNESCO.

    Falkland, A.C. 1992. Small tropical island: Water resources of Paradise Lost. IHP

    Humid Tropics Programme Series No.2. Paris: UNESCO.

    Falkland, A. & Custodio, E. 1991.Hydrology and water resources of small islands:

    A practical guide. Place de Fontenoy: UNESCO.

    WEBSITES

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    Bates, W.J. 2003. Analysis of sediment quality of summit Lake, Akron, Ohio.

    http://gsa.confex.com /gsa /2003NC/finalprogram/abstract_47066.htm

    (accessed on 18 April 2008).

    MAP

    DigitalGlobe. 2008. Satellite image of locality of Manukan island.


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