Example validation expressions checks = 1 Or 2 Or 3 – Must be the number either 1, 2 or 3 >#01/01/2012# - It has to be a date after 1 st Jan 2012 Name of validation check Description of what it designed to do Range Check To make sure that a number lies within a certain range Data Type / character Check Making sure that the right type of data is entered. For example, numbers can only be entered into a numeric field Presence check Ensuring that data has been entered into a field Check Digit A number placed at the end of a string of numbers to check that they have been correctly input into the computer Format Check Checks to make sure that the data contains the correct combination of letters and numbers Data Informat ion and Knowledg e Encoding This is where you shorten a word or field Eg M/F (Male / Female) Validation You can NEVER know that data is 100% correct. But you can put checks in place to make sure it is as correct as humanly possible. This is validation Checking data is VALID, using SOFTWARE at the INPUT stage. In other words, the computer uses software to check what is entered is reasonable when it is entered into the computer. Verification This is used to ensure data is as accurate as possible. Remember, it is not possible to check data is 100% correct. Verification means to check the data that you have entered against the original source data. How is this done? Entering the data twice (e.g. PASSWORDS).- Double Keying Double Checking (Proof reading) Verifying you are a human to prevent BOTS or AUTOMATED SIGN UPS by using CAPTCHA. Benefits Drawbacks Less storage space needed Copying data could be a bad thing! (think about MP3) Data can be easily copied / transferred Data theft? Easier / faster to back up Training needed to understand code Faster to enter / type Security of data Fast to access and easier to
Transcript
Example validation expressions checks
>1 And <100 – Type in a number between one and 100
= 1 Or 2 Or 3 – Must be the number either 1, 2 or 3
>#01/01/2012# - It has to be a date after 1st Jan 2012
Name of validation check Description of what it designed to do
Range Check To make sure that a number lies within a certain range
Data Type / character Check
Making sure that the right type of data is entered. For example, numbers can only be entered into a numeric field
Presence check Ensuring that data has been entered into a field
Check Digit A number placed at the end of a string of numbers to check that they have been correctly input into the computer
Format Check Checks to make sure that the data contains the correct combination of letters and numbers
Data Information
and KnowledgeEncodingThis is where you shorten a word or field Eg M/F (Male / Female)
Validation
You can NEVER know that data is 100% correct. But you can put checks in place to make sure it is as correct as humanly possible. This is validation
Checking data is VALID, using SOFTWARE at the INPUT stage.
In other words, the computer uses software to check what is entered is reasonable when it is entered into the computer.
Verification
This is used to ensure data is as accurate as possible. Remember, it is not possible to check data is 100% correct.
Verification means to check the data that you have entered against the original source data.
How is this done?
Entering the data twice (e.g. PASSWORDS).- Double KeyingDouble Checking (Proof reading)Verifying you are a human to prevent BOTS or AUTOMATED SIGN UPS by using CAPTCHA.
Benefits Drawbacks
Less storage space needed Copying data could be a bad thing! (think about MP3)
Data can be easily copied / transferred Data theft?
Easier / faster to back up Training needed to understand code
Faster to enter / type Security of data
Fast to access and easier to check with validation
PIXEL - a coloured dot in an image.
BITMAP - an image made up of pixels each having their own colour information.
VECTOR IMAGE - an image made up of shapes and lines.
IMAGE RESOLUTION - the amount of detail in an image.
Bitmap Vector
Location and colour information is stored about every single pixel in the picture.
Mathematically based pictures. Made up of lines, shapes etc (objects).
Individual pixels can be changed. Objects are independent of one another.Resolution based. Stretching them, stretches the pixels and loses quality.
Have smooth edges & are good for precise drawing.
Mainly used for photorealism where a large amount of detail and control is needed.
Easily scalable (as they are not pixel based).
Can be created in Paint, Photoshop etc. Mainly used for photography / capturing real images.
Web AuthoringWhy do companies use websites?To reach a wider range of customers:
(anyone, anywhere, any time).To allow for 24/7 store opening.To promote the businessProvide a mechanism of support for
customers.To interact with customersThere are some issues though…• Reliability• Crashes / down time• Difficulty reaching the right people• Spam• Bad Publicity
Multimedia is the combination of different elements:
Multimedia is used in many different places:
Sound Text Animation Video Interactivity
Education Entertainment Business Society
web designer web surfer!
web server
WWWupload download
Rotoscoping - Taking real footage and tracing over it to produce an animation effect. EG Ipod advert
•What is a network? - A series of interconnected computers, linked together either via cabling or wirelessly. Often linked via a central server but can be linked without a central computer.•What is a stand alone computer? - A computer which is not connected to a network. All devices are directly connected to that computer and all data is stored on each individual machine.
What is a LAN?Local Area Network. A series of interconnected
computers restricted to one site. Usually connected with a mix of cables and wireless technologies.
What is a WAN?Wide Area Network. A series of interconnected
computers over more than one physical site (area, town, city or even country!)
Connected with a range of technologies such as phone lines, satellite links, broadband, physical fibre optic link.
Advantages Disadvantages•Hardware can be shared.(Printers, scanners, file servers, internet routers). Providing cost savings.
A lot of hardware required. E.g. servers, hubs, switches, wiring, wireless routers. A lot of technical expertise requires.
•Shared data. Information can be stored centralised (e.g. a shop database of products). More accurate data. Also easier to get information to people in different places.
Reliability and performance. High network traffic , could cause slow down. Central server failure could cause whole network to die.
•Improved communication. E-Mail, Intranets and Collaborative working.
Security. Viruses can potentially affect an ENTIRE network. Hackers could compromise a whole system.
•Shared software. Network licenses for software is often cheaper than individual licenses.
Upgrading: Upgrading cabling and machines on a mass scale is expensive.
•Centralised backup. Removing responsibility of individual people.
A Router - Allows multiple computers to use the same internet connection.
Networks
Employment Patterns More technology = Less practical jobs and more service jobs.
Some jobs have gone, some jobs have been created as a result of IT.
For example: Car manufacture has been heavily replaced by robotics but service engineers have been created to maintain the robots!
As ICT has been introduced into an organisation, staff have
had to retrain themselves into other jobs.
Teleworking: Using internet or wireless technology to work from a different location other than the normal place of work (e.g. an office).Web designer, Computer programmer, Solicitor, Games designer, Architect, Online tutor, Phone sales person, Online advice, Newspaper editor / journalist, Examiner / marker / moderator
Homeworking: Using internet or wireless technology to work from home as apposed to a normal place of work (e.g. an office!)
Social and Environmental Impact
ET
What the terms mean…Social – How we communicate and interact with others. (see picture)
Economic – Money, jobs, buying, selling.-Globalisation: resulted in a lot of service jobs being exported abroad.-Call centres: cheaper to run abroad and VOIP makes it just as cheap to run anywhere in the world.-Companies can sell to a wider market – good. But this is bad as the competition rises!
Political – Voice of the people, voting, freedom of speech.-Voting: can now be done by post, text and online. It is possible, but not done! This would increase voting!-Some governments restrict information.-Freedom writers: anyone can blog and reveal information online (e.g. Wiki Leaks).-More information readily available about government activity online.
Legal – Laws and crimes and criminal activity.
Ethical – What is right or wrong.-Social networks – information posted can be used against people: e.g. in job applications or as a means of dismissal if slanderous company comments are made.-Activity monitored at work – online use.-Websites tracking personal information about you (cookies).-Companies selling personal data or using it without your permission.
Moral issues – The use or doing of things generally impact upon others in some way.-Illegal downloading of music, software etc.-Accessing inappropriate content online. -Copying information (e.g. cds, software etc.) more easily possible.-Essay banks or sites where you can post a fee and people do work for you.
Video ConferencingVideoconferencing allows multiple people at different locations to communicate via video and audio.Jobs that could use video conferencing-Doctor to doctor – advice meetings.-Teacher – teaching in adverse weather or cross school teaching.-Courtrooms – remote witnesses can be questioned without having to be at court
Advantages for the employee Disadvantages for the employee
No need to travel to work – reduced costs
No home/work divide
Can work from comfort of own home.
May become distracted
Less stress Little social interaction of work
Work around family – flexible hours
May be difficult to motivate
Opportunities for disabled people to work
Increased home running costs (electricity etc.)
Feel isolated.
How do ICT systems help the environment?
Energy Monitor
GPS Systems – efficient routes
Auto Stand by / Auto off (e.g. Sky at 2am)
Fuel efficient cars/ hybrid / electric
The Digital DivideThe growth of IT has created a digital divide:-People who can and cannot afford IT-People who cannot afford internet access etc.-People who cannot afford games consoles!
Divide between countries-Some countries do not have adequate supplies of water, electricity etc.-No IT infrastructure which means they cannot take advantage of the discounts available with IT.-Cannot afford new hardware or internet connectivity.
GUI – Graphical User InterfaceGood Points Bad Points
Easy to navigate around: intuitive
Takes a lot memory
Uses Windows. Icons, Menus, Pointers – easier for novices
A lot of processor power is needed.
Help Guides and keyboard shortcuts for experts
Slow for experts who just want to get things done: e.g. programmers.
CLI – Command Line InterfaceGood Points Bad Points
Fast for experts Difficult for beginners to use.
Little memory needed. Have to remember commands
Very little processing power needed.
If you make a mistake, have to type out the whole command again.
Does not need expensive hardware
Menu DrivenGood Points Bad Points
Good for beginners – everything in logical places.
Can take a long to go around a lot of menus to find an option you need.
No expert language to learn If the menu isn’t organised properly it could cause frustration trying to find things.
Don’t need a lot of processing power
Long menus with lots of options can be tedious for experts.
Often used on phones or TV systems
Voice DrivenGood Points Bad Points
Excellent for people who are not able to interact with a computer via keyboard and mouse.
Have to train the computer
Can be faster than typing an essay for example.
Have to speak slowly and clearly: hard to interpret accents.
Good for novices Can often make mistakes
Can save time.
BiometricsGood Points Bad Points
Very secure way of protecting information
Very expensive technology
Very difficult of copying or hacking.
What happens if the person is not available?
Faster than entering passwords etc..
What if biometric data is stolen? – a fingerprint cannot be changed!
RetinaTouchVoice
FingerprintsDNA
Walking (Gait)
PayrollEveryone gets paid for the work they do. Payroll systems manage the people who work for a business and ensure they get paid the correct amount and tax etc. is paid.
Payment is processed and sent to bank accountsfor employees. A wage slip is also producedWhich gives out important information:
ICT in Organisations - 1
ET
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character RecognitionThe writing on the bottom of the cheque is written in magnetic ink. The cheque is then read through a MICR reader machine that reads the magnetic ink.Advantages-Quick to read into a machine in a bank-Difficult to forge-Readable even if torn or folded
Disadvantages-MICR machine is expensive-Cheques not accepted by many organisations any more
ONLINE BANKINGAllows access to account onlineCan set up payments, direct debits etc.Can access 24/7 from home.Can read statements and do a lot of services (order replacement cards etc.).Apply for additional services (loans, mortgages etc.)
T
Advantages for Customer Disadvantages for Customer
Shop 24/7 Cannot see the product
Can shop around Extra delivery costs
Can read reviews before buying Security ? Fake sites
Shop from home Hidden costs? VAT etc
Disabled access Hard or difficult to return items
Wider choice: global market
Advantages for Business Disadvantages for Business
Business can stay open 24/7 More competition online
Reach a wider market: global Site could be hacked
Little start up costs If site goes down – costly
Fewer staff needed Extra dependence upon delivery companies etc..
No shop etc. needed
Advantages of ATM for BANKS
Disadvantages of ATM for BANKS
Staff can do other things
Cost money to run ATM systems
No need to have a lot of banks
Pay people to manage ATM
Advantages of ATM for customers
Disadvantages of ATM for Customers
24/7 access to cash (no queues etc.)
Security issues: card readers
Pay bills and other services.
Not always in convenient places.
3 Types of securityPhysical Security – Eg alarms, locked doors, fire protection, doors locked etcAccess Security – usernames/passwords, password policy, access rights and FirewallsData Security – password protect, restrict access, backups, Read-only files, Encryption
Robotics: the practical use of robots in domestic or practical environments.
Robots perform a sequence of pre-programmed instructions to carry out repetitive tasks.
Instructions are carried out in REAL TIME when needed.
Bionics: Applying biological science to electronic systems.
Advantages of Expert Systems Disadvantages of Expert SystemsCan be used 24/7 – making effective decisions Expensive to set up and keep knowledge up to date
Faster than training a person. Only as good as the knowledge and rules entered.
Reliable and efficient. Does not have common sense
Cannot take everything into account – a ‘cold’ approach
• INPUT: The heat sensor would read the temperature of your home.• PROCESS: Would check the recorded temperature against the temperature you
have set (23 degrees). • IF IT IS <23 THEN the OUTPUT would be a signal to switch the heating on.• IF IT IS >=23 THEN the OUTPUT would be a signal to switch the heating off.• IF the heating is switched on, the system would keep checking the
temperature, by getting FEEDBACK. Once it reaches 23, the heating would then switch off.
Advantages of Robotics Disadvantages of RoboticsCan work in dangerous situations Expensive to make and program
Can work 24/7 no holidays or sick pay. Ethical issues: replacing the jobs of humans
Never make mistakes Still needs people to service and repair them.
The Data Protection Act 1998The Data Protection Act 1998 sets out to protect the privacy of personal information.It only covers personal information about living individuals, not about businesses.It covers data stored on computer or in a paper-based filing system.It lets people check what data is being held about them.
The act says that data must be: (The 8 Principles)
1. Must be kept Secure
2. Let subjects see the data stored on them
3. Must be kept Up-to-Date
4. Should be Relevant
5. Used for intended Purpose
6. Obtained Lawfully
7. Accurate
8. Should not be kept For longer than
necessary
SLURPOAFExemptions to the ActThere are a few cases when the Data Protection Act does not apply. These are called exemptions to the Act. Here are a few of them:
- national security – you cannot demand to see your data if national security is at stake
- police investigations – information being used to prevent crime is not covered (though police records are)
- examination results are exempt until they are published by the examining bodies.
Safety•Monitors near end of desk (strong benches)
•Space around work area
•Food and Drink
•Wires trailing
•Too many plugs in sockets
•Good lighting- No glare/reflection
Employer regulations – (THE LAW)The law states that an employer must:
•Provide tiltable screens
•Provide anti-glare screen filters
•Provide adjustable chairs
•Provide foot supports
•Make sure lighting is suitable
•Make sure workstations are not cramped
•Plan work at a computer so that there are frequent breaks
•Pay for appropriate eye and eyesight tests by an optician
HackingVirusesPhishing & PharmingDenial of Service AttacksBotnets
New technology is emerging every single day to improve our lives and the world around us.
•All technology has it’s benefits and also it’s drawbacks.
•Some technology will change the way we live, work and communicate together.
•Some technology will start the development of things quite fantastic.
RFID TagLong checkout lines at the shops could disappear when the bar code is replaced by smart labels, also called radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.
RFID tags are intelligent bar codes that can talk to a networked system to track every product that you put in your shopping trolley.Imagine going to Tesco, filling up your trolley and walking right out the door. No longer will you have to wait as someone scans in each item in your trolley one at a time. Instead, these RFID tags will communicate with an electronic reader that will detect every item in the cart and ring each
up almost instantly. It will then deduct the money from your bank account.
