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Excavation equipments(Excavators):

Machines that are used in digging excavations

and in trenching operations.

Selection of excavation equipments based on:

1. Depth of excavation.

2.Quantity and disposal area of excavated

material (large excavator are able to dump

excavated material away from excavation site.)

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Different excavation equipments used-

The ancient way of excavating

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Ancient tools used In excavation:

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Excavators

These are equipped with high power diesel

engines .

These are mounted on wheels or on tracks formoving from place to place.

The operation of the excavator done bymovement of a series of levers and pedals byoperaters from his cab.

A series of winches , brakes, clutches and wireropes to translate all these movements intowork i.e movement of earth.

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Currently using excavators:

Loader

Bulldozers and scrapers

Back hoes

Dragline

Shovel

Skimmer

Clamshell

Pile rigs, Augers

Trench diggers etc

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Hydraulic excavators Provided rotating superstructure which are

somewhat different from cable actuted machineseg. Dragline etc.

Various digging actions are powered by hydrauliccylinders ,motors and are controlled by hydraulic

valves or variable stroke pumps. Hydraulic excavator has advantage that its digging

force do not tend to lift the bucket .

They need slightly larger engine as compared tocable operated machines.

Due to pressure drop in line & valve hydraulicpumps are slightly less efficient than gear and

chain drive.

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Back hoe loaders

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Back hoe loaders

Three construction machines are combined

into one unit i.e a tractor, a loader and a hoe.

Used excellently in digging loosely packed

moist clay and sandy clay.

Not suitable for continuous high impact

digging such as with hard clay or caliche.

function of Loader :

loader bucket attached to front of tractor

which enables it to excavate above wheel

level.

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Back hoe loaders

funcion of Back hoe :

- A hoe attached to the rear of the tractor

enables it to excavate below wheel level.

- Hoe bucket can be replaced with a breaker or

hammer.

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Crawler mounted hydraulic hoe

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Crawler mounted hydraulic hoe

They are superior to draglines in operating on

close range work and loading into haul units.

Maximum depth of digging for larger

machines is more than 25 ft.

Selection of hoe:

1. max. excavation depth required.

2. max. working radius required for digging and

dumping.

3. max. dumping height required.

4. Hoisting capability required.

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This durable under carriage

absorbs stresses & provideexcellent stability.

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Long reach crowler mounted excavator

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specifications

336D 385C

Net power at 1800 rpm 270 hp 530 hp

Operating weight 38.4-40 mt 88.33-88.5 mt

Max. reach 15.8-18 m 18-21.3 m

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For small excavation,trenching and

loading work such models are used

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Loaders

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Loaders

Extensively used in construction work to

handle ,transport bulk material and also to

excavate earth.

Designed to excavate at or above wheel or

track level.

During working hydraulic activated lifting

system exert max. breakout force with an

upward motion of bucket.

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Loader types

Crawler-tractor mounted type

Wheel tractor mounted type

Further grouped by capacities of their bucketsor weights that bucket can lift.

To increase stability during load lifting ,thetrack of crawler are usually longer and widerthan other types.

Bucket shape and size depends on thematerial to be excavate or remove and onloads also.

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Bulldozers and Scrapers

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Bulldozers and Scrapers

Sometimes used in excavation operation

either for entire excavation or removing top of

the excavation for subsequent excavation by

an excavators or back hoe.

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Hydraulic Front Shovel

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Hydraulic Front Shovel Used for hard digging above track level and for

loading haul units.

Size of shovel is indicated by size of bucket

and expressed in cubic meter.

Basic parts of shovel are

substructure(mounting), cab, boom, stick,

buckets

Selection of front shovel depends on

1. Cost per cubic meter of material excavated

2. Job conditions under which shovel operate

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Hydraulic Front Shovel

If material hard to excavate then bucket

which exert higher pressure used.

If blasted rock to be excavate then larger size

bucket to handle large pieces.

Size of available hauling units should be

considered.(generally haul unit capacity

should be approx. five times excavator bucket

size)

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It is necessary to select a shovel that has thephysical dimensions that enables placementof the bucket for dumping at a height abovethe haul units structure.

Typical cycle element times under average

conditionsLoad bucket 7-9 sec

Swing with load 4-6 sec

Dump load 2-4 secReturn swing 4-5 sec

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