KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT

Introduction

� ‘Krishna’ refers to ‘black’ and ‘giri’ refers to‘hill’. This district is gifted with black granitehillocks and named as “Krishnagiri”.Krishnagiri district has prehistoric importance.

� Archeological sources confirm the presenceof habitats of mankind during Paleolithic,Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rockpaintings and rock carvings of Indus Valleycivilization and Iron Age seen in this districtsupport the historical significance of thisdistrict.

� The heart of ‘Krishnagiri’, ‘Hosur ’ and‘Uthangarai’ were known as ‘Eyil Nadu’,‘Murasu Nadu’ and ‘Kowoor Nadu’respectively.

� Krishnagiri District was bifurcated from theerstwhile Dharmapuri District and KrishnagiriDistrict came into existence from 9th February2004, consisting of Hosur & KrishnagiriDivisions.

� Krishnagiri is one of the districts of Tamil Naduwhich with natural resources has 2,040 Sq.Kms of forest cover and it is its unique feature.The hill ranges of this district are called bythe name ‘Melagiri’.

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� The major types of forest seen here aretropical, deciduous forests, thorny shrubs andbamboo forest. Dense forest cover is therein Denkanikottai region. The other regioncontains shrubs, hills and hillocks withbushes.

� Krishnagiri District has 2 Municipalities, 10Panchayat Unions, 7 Town Panchayats, 352Village Panchayats and 636 RevenueVillages.

Geography

� Krishnagiri district is located approximatelybetween 11’12N and 12’49N of the NorthLatitude and between 77’27E and 78’38E ofeast longitude.

� The total geographical area of the district is5143 Sq. Km.

� Krishnagiri district is elevated from 300m to1400m above the mean sea level.

� The district is surrounded by Vellore andTiruvannamalai districts in the East,Karnataka in the West, Andhra Pradesh inthe North, Dharmapuri district in the South.

Topography

� Krishnagiri district forms part of the uplandplateau region with many hill ranges andundulating plains.

� The western part of the district has hill rangesof Mysore plateau with a chain of undulatinghills and deep valleys extending in NNE-SSWdirection.

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� The plains of the district have an averageelevation of 488 m MSL.

� The plateau region along the westernboundary and the northwestern part of thedistrict has an average elevation of 914 mMSL.

� The Guthrayan Durg with an elevation of 1395m MSL is the highest peak in the district.

Soil Condition

� Different types of the soil such as black ormixed loamy red ferocious and gravel arefound in the district.

� The Black of rigor loam is very fertile due toits moisture absorbing character. Red soilsare seen in Hosur, Shoolagiri, Thally andKelamangalam.

� In general, the soil in the district is quite looseand fresh with its colors from red to darkbrown. The soil has low nitrogen andphosphate content with marked variationbetween different taluks.

Climate

� The climate condition of the district is hot anddry in summer i.e. from March to May. Inwinter it is very cold and misty i.e. fromNovember to February.

� The normal rainfall of the district is 850.7 mm.The actual rainfall of the district was 695.1mm during the year 2012-13.

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Status of Human Development

� Human Development Index was calculatedfor 10 blocks in Krishnagiri district. The topthree blocks in HDI in Krishnagiri district areKrishnagiri (0.873) Hosur (0.795) and Bargur(0.592).

� The bottom three blocks in HDI areVeppanapalli (0.404), Thally (0.435) andShoolagiri (0.442).

� In Krishnagiri block, which is at the top, thestandard of living index value is 0.90; accessto toilet facilities is 100 percent and accessto pucca houses is 100 percent. The IMR is10.2, which is lower than the district value(17.6) and U5MR is 13.7, whereas the U5MRrate for the district is 20.8. The literacy rate inKrishnagiri block is 77.73. These are thefactors which helped the block to achieve thetop rank in the district.

� Veppanapalli is at the bottom with HDI valueof 0.404 because of poor basic facilities ineducation and health and lack employment.

� The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is anegative index. A value of zero representsno inequality and a value of one representsthe highest level of inequality in the society.

� The three dimensions used for measuring GIIare 1. Reproductive Health 2. Empowermentand 3. Labour Market. The GII constructedfor all the 10 blocks vary from 0.043 to 0.101.

� The top three blocks where there is less GIIvalue are Hosur (0.043). Uthangarai (0.043)and Kaveripattinam (0.046).

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� Bargur (0.101) Mathur (0.084) andVeppanapalli (0.083) are the bottom threeblocks with higher GII value.

� Hosur block has secured the first rank withbest performance in reducing genderinequality. Its MMR is 39, its institutionaldeliveries are 99.20 percent. Its share offemale child is 48.73 percent and its femalework participation rate is 67.74 percent. Allthese indicators have helped Hosur block tohave very low gender inequality.

� The top three blocks in CDI value in thedistrict are Krishnagiri (0.802), Hosur (0.666)and Bargur (0.635).

� The bottom three blocks in CDI value in thedistrict are Kelamangalam (0.227),Veppanapalli (0.245) and Thalli (0.288).

� In general, blocks in urban developmentareas have performed well in childdevelopment because of the access of thechildren to proper healthcare and schools.

� Blocks with rural features have not done wellin child development because of the pooraccess to healthcare facilities and school.

� Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) iscalculated on the basis of the dimensions ofhealth, education, and standard of living. Thetop three blocks in the district with low MPIvalue are Hosur (0.249), Krishnagiri (0.309)and Bargur (0.530).

� The bottom three blocks with high MPI valueare Mathur (0.697), Uthangarai (0.674) andVeppanapalli (0.649).

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� With very low MPI value (0.249), Hosur blockgets first rank with very low multidimensionalpoverty in the block. Access to toilet facilitiesis 72.88 percent. Access to pucca houses is100 percent. The IMR is 15 and it is lowerthan the district average (17.6) and U5MR inthe block is 15 against the district rate of 20.8.

Employment, Income and Poverty

� The share of total workers in the districtdecreased from 48.22 percent in 2001 46.70percent in 2011.

� In the category of main workers, Krishnagiridistrict has recorded an increase of 17.79percent over the period 2001 to 2011.

� There is increase in the number of main,workers in almost all the blocks except twoblocks, viz., Bargur and Mathur, where thereis marginal decrease during 2001 and 2011.

� The female work participation rate in thedistrict during 2011 was 34.38.

� There is need for enhancing the skill base ofhuman resources to match the industrialneeds of the district, especially in Hosurwhere a number of industries are located.

� The sectoral composition of workers includescultivators, agricultural labourers, householdindustry workers, ‘other workers’ and marginalworkers.

� The persons engaged in agricultural activities(both cultivators and agricultural labourers)

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constituted 56.89 percent in 2011 and household industrial workers and marginal workersconstituted 40.61 percent in the district.

� Uthangarai block has the largest number ofagricultural labourers and Hosur block hadthe lowest number of agricultural labourersin 2011.

� Hosur block had the largest number ofhousehold industry workers and Thally blockhad the lowest number of industrial workersin 2011.

� In 2011, 4.48 lakh persons registered with theEmployment Exchange office but only 1129persons got the placement.

� The Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)aims at guaranteeing the right to work andensure livelihood security in rural areas byproviding at least 100 days of guaranteedwage employment in a financial year to everyhousehold whose adult members volunteerto do unskilled manual work.

� During 2013-14, 3.39 lakh job cards wereissued and 111.10 lakh mandays werecreated.

� Child labour was found in the district andthose children (702) were placed in 24schools across the district. All these childrenare provided education in three differentstages. At present, out of 702 children, (400boys and 302 girls), 337 children have beenmainstreamed to take up regular mode ofeducation.

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� The per capita income of the district steadilygrew from Rs. 46497 in 2008-09 to Rs. 69318in 2011-12 at constant prices (2004-05).

� Some of the important reasons for theincrease in per capita income of the districtover the years are it is highly endowed withagricultural and allied activities likehorticulture and floriculture, localization ofancillary industries for well – knownautomotive companies and mango pulpindustry.

� Thousands of farmers are engaged in thecultivation of rose flowers, which is the mainsource of livelihood – especially for those wholive in Shoolagiri block, Rose flowers areexported to Europe, United States, Australia.

� During 2013, 32.44 percent of the families inthe district were living below the poverty line.

� Among the blocks, the highest number of BPLhouseholds (51.74 percent) is in Uthangarai,followed by Bargur block with 51.17 BPLhouseholds.

� There is need for providing appropriateschemes programmers in Uttangarai andBargur blocks, where more than half of thehouseholds come under BPL category.

� The Public Distribution System (PDS) in TamilNadu aims at providing food security bysupplying essential commodities like rice,wheat, sugar and oil at highly subsidizedprices, especially to the poor.

� During 2014, about 4.46 lakh Familiespossessed family cards.

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� Krishnagiri taluk had the largest number offamily cards (1,47,104) followed by Hosurtaluk (1,24,434) Pochampalli taluk had thelowest number of cards (45,965).

Demography, Health and Nutrition

� The population of Krishnagiri districtincreased from 15.61 lakhs in 2001 to 18.80lakhs in 2011.

� The decadal growth rate of the populationwas 20.41 percent.

� Hosur block has the largest population andVeppanapalli the lowest population in thedistrict.

� Hosur block had the high decadal growth rateof 46.18 percent, whereas Mathur block hadthe lowest growth rate of 4.22 percent during2001 and 2011.

� The Crude Birth Rate of the district in 2014(15.3) is slightly lower than the CBR (15.9) ofthe State. Across the blocks, Mathur recordedthe largest decline in CBR from 36.49 in 2007to 16.80 in 2014. Hosur block recorded thelowest CBR (13.00).

� The CBR of the district has fallen over theyears as a result of effective steps taken bythe district administration. During 2007 and2014, the Crude Death Rate declined from5.09 in 2007 to 4.10 in 2014.

� While Hosur block has the lowest CDR (2.00),Mathur has the highest CDR (5.70) over theperiod 2007 to 2014.

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� Better nutrition, improvement in healthcareprogramme, and improved sanitation are themain factors responsible for decline in deathrate in the district.

� The sex ratio of Krishnagiri district (958) islower than the sex ratio of the state (995) in2011.

� Krishnagiri block has the highest sex ratio(999), whereas Thally block has the lowestsex ratio.

� It is distressing to note that sex ratio hasdeclined over the period 2001 and 2011 inThally, Kelamangalam, Shoolagiri andVeppanapalli blocks.

� The child sex ratio increased from 905 in 2001to 924 in 2011.

� Kelamangalam, Shoolagiri, Veppanapalli,Krishnagiri, Bargur and Kaveripattinamblocks witnessed increase in child sex ratioover the period 2001 and 2011.

� The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of the districtdecreased from 18.69 to 17.60 over theperiod 2007 and 2014.

� Kaveripattinam, Uttangarai, Kelamangalamand Shoolagiri blocks have high IMR andthere is need for effective action to reduceIMR.

� The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) inKrishnagiri district during 2014 was 102.Veppanapalli block had the highest MMR

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(181) followed by Shoolagiri (110) and Thally(102) blocks. There is need for focusing onVeppanapalli block, where the MMR is thehighest across the blocks.

� The lowest MMR was observed inKelamangalam (36), followed by Hosur (39)and Uthangarai (42) blocks.

� Nearly 100 percent (99.22 percent) of thedeliveries are institutional deliveries in thedistrict. Public Health centres, GovernmentHospitals and private hospitals accounted for36.55 percent, 36.89 percent and 25.66percent of deliveries respectively during2013-14.

� Home Deliveries is very meagre (0.78) andat Sub – Health centres accounted for a verysmall percent of deliveries respectively.

� Still Birth Rate during 2014 in the district was10.85. It declined from 13.15 in 2007. Whilethe SBR declined in 2014 in comparison withthe SBR in 2007 in most of the blocks in thedistrict, it increased in Thally andKelamangalam blocks from 4.40 and 10.86 in2007 to 17.15 and 16.19 in 2014 respectively.

� The rate of severely underweight andmoderately underweight children stood at23.13 in the district in 2014.

� Veppanapalli had the highest percentage ofmalnourished children (33.28) andKaveripattinam had the lowest percentage ofmalnourished children (11.84 percent).

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� As nutritional status is low in rural areas, thedistrict health department may take steps toprovide essential nutritional components tochildren in rural blocks. It may also conductawareness about the healthy food habits (e.g.consumption of small millets by the householdmembers).

� During 2013-14, 86.59 percent of women,17.52 percent of children and 85 percent ofadolescent girls took IFA tablets in the district.

� The highest percentage of women who tookIFA during 2013-14 (92.80 percent) wasrecorded in Veppanapalli, followed byUthangarai (91.73 percent).

� Krishnagiri block recorded the lowestpercentage of women (73.87 percent) whotook IFA tablets.

� Thally (7.29 percent) and Mathur (6.29percent) blocks recorded the lowest numberof children who took IFA tablets.

� Access to safe drinking water reduces theexposure to pollution, disease and harmfulcontaminants thereby promoting health andwell – being.

� There is fairly good coverage of habitations(4382) with access to safe drinking water. InThally, Hosur, Kelamangalam, Krishnagiri andKaveripattinam there is 100 percent provisionof safe drinking water.

� Mathur (85 percent) Uthangarai (83 percent)and Bargur (80 percent) blocks there is need

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for improving access to water supply. Thelocal bodies can play an important role in thisregard.

� It is found that 90.85 percent of householdsin the district have toilet facilities within thehousehold.

� The district administration can take up moreeffective steps to provide liberal financialassistance from Nirmal Bharat AbhiyanScheme for construction of toilets inhouseholds.

� HIV Incidence in district among male andfemale population steadily decreased overthe years 2006-07 and 2013-14.

� The number of HIV Positive persons amongmale (466) and female (537) in 2006-07declined to 309 among the male and 302among the female population respectively in2013-14. In terms of percentage, the declineis 33.69 percent for males and 43.76 forfemales.

� In the district, between 2007 and 2011, therewas marginal increase in the prevalence ofTB and a little more increase in the case ofleprosy incidence.

� During 2011, in the district as a whole, 797TB positive persons and 427 leprosy personswere recorded.

Literacy and Education

� The literacy rate of the district according to2011 Census is 72.41. Among the blocks,

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Hosur had the highest literacy rate (82.86)followed by Krishnagiri (77.73).

� In 2011, the lowest literacy rate was observedin Thally block (61.93).

� Intensive efforts are needed to improve theliteracy rate in Thally, Shoolagiri,Kelamangalam and Veppanapalli.

� Gender literacy gap in Krishnagiri district in2011 was 14.80.

� Lowest gender gap in literacy (9.54) wasfound in Hosur in 2011 whereas Kaveripattnamhad the highest percentage (17.60).

� Literacy of the district increased by 8.21percent over the period 2001-2011.

� It is disheartening to note that the percentageof literacy in Thally block remained the sameduring 2001 and 2011.

� The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) at primarylevel during 2013-14 in the district was 98.95.

� There is not much gender disparity in the GERof boys and girls at the primary level. With alittle more effort by the district administration,even the small difference in GER of boysand girls can be removed.

� At the primary level of education, thecompletion rate of the district during 2013-14 was 97.93. The completion rate inKelamangalam (95.77) block was the lowestduring 2013-14 at primary level of education.

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� The district administration has to strive hardto attain 100 percent completion rate atprimary level in all the blocks.

� The dropout rate in primary education inKrishnagiri district during 2013-14 was 1.00.

� Though the dropout rate is minimal in allblocks, attention may be given to reduce itcompletely in all blocks by the districtadministration.

� The enrolment rate at upper primaryeducation level increased from 98.14 in 2011-12 to 98.78 in 2013-14 in the district.

� Though there is not much variation inenrolment rate across the blocks, it is foundthat in 2013-14, the enrolment rate inKelamangalam was 96.62.

� The transition rate from primary to upperprimary level during 2013-14 was 98.73.

� The transition rate from upper primary levelto secondary level of education during 2013-14 in the district was 98.56.

� There is no significant variation in transitionrate across the blocks in the district.

� The completion rate at upper primary levelincreased from 91.07 in 2012-13 to 96.25 in2013-14.

� Kelamangalam block recorded the lowestcompletion rate (94.09) in 2013-14 at theupper primary level though it made significantimprovement from its 2012-13 completionrate (88.91).

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� The dropout rate at upper primary level in thedistrict decreased from 2.53 in 2012-13 to1.50 in 2013-14.

� There is not much variation in the dropoutrate across the blocks during 2013-14.

� The dropout rate in the district in 2013-14 atthe upper primary level is slightly higher thanthe dropout rate at the primary level.

� It is found that during 2014, for 2892habitations, there were 1132 primary schoolsand 561 upper primary schools in the district.That means, there is one school for 2.5habitations and one upper primary school forsix habitations.

� Thally block has the highest number ofprimary schools (181) in 2014.

� Veppanapalli had the lowest number ofprimary schools (79) in 2014.

� Bargur block had the highest number of upperprimary schools (73).

� Veppanapalli had only 35 upper primaryschools, followed by Mathur with 36 upperprimary schools.

� The Pupil – Teacher Ratio (PTR) at primaryschool level and upper primary school levelin the district in 2014 was 1:27 and 1:28respectively.

� Across the blocks, at primary level, Bargurblock had low Pupil – Teacher Ratio of 23:1whereas Kelamangalam block had high Pupil– Teacher Ratio (32:1).

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� With regard to pupil – school ratio, in 2014,the district had 152:1 at primary level and181:1 at upper primary level.

� At primary level, Mathur block had the lowestpupil - school ratio of 92:1, followed by Thallyblock with pupil School ratio of 1:99.

� The highest pupil – school ratio in the districtduring 2014 was found in Hosur block at379:1 and Mathur block had the lowest pupil– school ratio at 114:1.

� The quality and quantity of educationdepends upon the optimum number ofteachers in a school and its infrastructuresuch as classrooms, water and toilet facilities.

� Availability of private schools, school busfacilities, provision of bi-cycles and moderninfrastructure facilities, are the factors thatcontributed to more than 100 percentenrolment ratio at secondary level.

� Thally and Kelamangalam blocks are heavilypopulated by linguistic minorities likeKannada and Telugu speaking people. Theremoteness of the blocks and lesser numberof Kannada and Telugu medium schools arethe main reasons for lower enrolment in theseblocks.

� Basic infrastructure such as class rooms,tables and chairs, safe drinking water,separate toilets for girls play an important rolein the enrolment of boys and girls.

� In 2014, out of 1687 schools in the district,1096 schools had only three class rooms and591 schools had more than three classrooms.

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� 1597 schools had toilet facilities for girls and90 schools did not have separate toilets forgirls.

� Only three schools were without electricity.

� 402 schools had no compound walls.

� During 2012-13, there were 53 governmenthostels in the district and 3268 students wereresiding in those hostels. Krishnagiri taluk had18 hostels with an intake of 1068 students.

� There are 11 Arts and Science colleges(3 Government and 8 private colleges) in thedistrict.

� There are 12 Engineering colleges,Polytechnics and Teacher Training institutionsin the district during 2013.

� In 2013, in 7 Arts and Science College in thedistrict, 62 percent of students were girls and38 percent were boys.

� In other institutions (Engineering, Polytechnicand Teacher Training Institutions) 63 percentwere boys and 37 percent were girls.

Gender

� Gender equality and women’s empowermentare essential for meeting aspirations ofinclusive growth and sustainabledevelopment.

� Credit is the most crucial input in the processof development.

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� As on 31-3-2014, Krishnagiri district had13899 SHGS with 1,96,056 members. Theyhave accumulated a total saving of Rs. 197.40crore and availed a credit of Rs. 411.226crore.

� Among the blocks in the district, Hosur blockhas more number of SHGs with 34864members and a total saving of Rs. 41.83 croreand credit availed by the group is Rs. 97.84crore.

� On the whole, the performance ofmicrofinance in the district is remarkable, interms of accumulation of savings and creditdisbursement to SHGs. But there is need forsustainable development of SHGs withoutdropout of members.

� The participation of women, as agriculturallabourers is high (39.10 percent) followed bycultivators (30.89 percent).

� Women in ‘other workers’ constitute 26.67percent and only 3.34 percent female laborforce participation is there in householdindustries.

� The participation of women in employment islower in urban areas in the district than in ruralareas.

� The female Work Participation Rate (WPR)in the district is 34.38 percent.

� Across the blocks, a very high level of femaleparticipation is observed in Mathur (45.33)

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Uthangarai (44.29) and Thally (42.17). Theseblocks are rural in nature.

� Interestingly, Hosur (21.12) and Krishnagiri(25.33) which are urban blocks have lowparticipation of women in work.

� In 2011, in the district 2388 males and 1197females (33.38 percent) were elected to thelocal bodies. We find that in all the blocks, 33percent reservation for women in local bodieshas been fulfilled.

� Female literacy rate can also be improved,especially in the backward blocks.

Social Security

� The population of people aged above 60 InKrishnagiri district in 2013 was 1.25 lakh. Itconstituted 8 percent of the population of thedistrict.

� Indira Gandhi National old Age Pension(IGNOAP), Destitute widow pension,Destitute Agricultural labour pension, socialsecurity scheme and Destitute desertedwives pension are some of important socialsecurity schemes in the district. Large numberof beneficiaries are found in IGNOAPscheme.

� Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension(IGNOAP) has more number of beneficiariesin the district. From 2010 – 11 to 2013 – 14there were 48369 persons benefitted byIGNOAP. Destitute Agriculture LabourPension (DALP) also has more number of

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beneficiaries. About 15879 persons werebenefitted by DALP. Social Security Schemealso has reached considerable number ofbeneficiaries in the district with 64498beneficiaries.

� In Krishnagiri district, a total of 8179 womenreceived marriage assistance till 2013-14.The number of degree holders who receivedmarriage assistance is 1953.The sum ofmarriage assistance given is Rs. 34.59crores.

� Under Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy MaternityBenefit Scheme, 49,051 women receivedfinancial assistance. During 2011-12 to 2012-13 Rs. 19.62 crore were earmarked to coverthe scheme. During 2013-14, 12814 womenreceived maternity assistance under thescheme to the tune of Rs. 153.77 crore.

� The number of cases of crimes againstwomen in the district reported in 2013 is104.The cases of kidnapping and abductionare the highest (38) in the district, followedby ‘cruelty by husband’ (32). ‘Molestation’comes third with 19 cases.

� There is need for curbing the crimes againstwomen, especially kidnapping and abduction,‘crimes by husband’ and mokstation.

Infrastructure

� Infrastructure plays a vital role in the growthof economy at large and the district inparticular.

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� In 2014, the total road length in the district(rural area) is 4321 kms.

� More than 50 percent (50.46) of the roadsare covered by Bituminous road followed by44.74 percent of mud roads.

� Cement roads cover a minimal distance (0.54percent) and WBM road covers 4.25 percentof the total road length in the district.

� The district administration has to takeappropriate measures to convert mud roadsinto cement roads or some other better roads,so that it would improve livelihood activities(e.g. employment, marketing activities andeducation) of those who reside in rural areas.

� Electrification is found to be good in almostall the blocks.

� Kelamangalam and Uthangarai blocks havethe lowest number of street lights in thedistricts. There is need for more street lightsin these blocks, especially in the remotevillages and hamlets of the blocks.

� Cooperative and Commercial banks in thedistrict are 249 co-operative societies with amembership of 3.92 lakh. There are 147commercial banks with 4.38 lakh bankaccounts.

� In 2014, Krishnagiri district had 63 TelephoneExchanges, 1278 PCOs, 23778 Landlinesand 173 mobile towers.

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� It is interesting to observe that though Hosurtelecom district has lesser number oftelephone exchanges (28) than those inKrishnagiri telecom district (35), the landlineconnections in Hosur telephone district arenearly 35 percent more than in Krishnagiritelephone district.

� In Krishnagiri district, there were fivebranches of L.I.C. in 2014 and they issued44547 policies.

� Krishnagiri district is the entry point of TamilNadu from Karanataka and Andhra pradeshas the district is situated on the border ofthese states.

� The district is connected by Prime Minister’sGolden Quadrilateral project executed byNational Highways Authority of India.

� The district has a network of nationalhighways, State highways and districthighways. It has good public transportsystem.

� Bus transport in the district is excellent. Morethan 100 buses ply between Hosur andKrishnagiri to Bengaluru.

Conclusion

� Krishnagiri district has developed goodinfrastructure but, as more than 44 percentof the roads are mud roads, there is need forconverting these roads into cement roads orsome other better type of roads.

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� Krishnagiri district has the potential for thedevelopment of primary sector becausebesides agriculture, its allied activitieshorticulture and floriculture provide livelihoodfor a large number of people in a prominentway.

� The district has vast scope for strengtheningancillary industries in the district.

� Health related awareness may be given toelected representatives in local Bodies,women in Self Help Groups and to students.

� To reduce MMR and SBR, expecting mothersmay be provided nutritional supplements ona regular basis both in antenatal and postnatalstage.

� Mobile health units may be set up to availtimely health services.

� Parent – Teacher Associations in schools maybe strengthened.

� The administration has to make sure that allschools in the district have separate toiletsfor girls and drinking water facilities.

� There is need for more employmentopportunities for women in the non – farmsector and self employment through SHGs.

� Participatory approach should be adopted toimprove the dimensions of development atall levels from identification of projects toimplementation.

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