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ExerciseExercise 66
Classification of Classification of TissuesTissues
What is a tissue?What is a tissue?
Group of cells Group of cells Similar structure & functionSimilar structure & function
4 Major Tissue Types4 Major Tissue Types
EpithelialEpithelial Connective Connective MuscleMuscle NervousNervous
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Cover surfacesCover surfaces
Simple or stratified?Simple or stratified? Simple = 1 layer of cells attached to Simple = 1 layer of cells attached to
basement membranebasement membrane Stratified = 2 or more layersStratified = 2 or more layers
Named by “shape” of top layer (apical Named by “shape” of top layer (apical layer), not bottom (basal layer)layer), not bottom (basal layer)
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Shapes of Epithelial CellsShapes of Epithelial Cells SquamousSquamous
FlattenedFlattened CuboidalCuboidal
Cubelike Cubelike ColumnarColumnar
Column-shapedColumn-shaped
Simple squamousSimple squamous
Stratified squamousStratified squamous
Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal
Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidal
Simple columnarSimple columnar
Stratified columnarStratified columnar
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Simple squamous epitheliumSimple squamous epithelium
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Simple cuboidal epitheliumSimple cuboidal epithelium
Fig 4-4
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Simple columnar epitheliumSimple columnar epithelium
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified columnar epitheliumPseudostratified columnar epithelium Actually simple columnar: nuclei are at Actually simple columnar: nuclei are at
different levels so there appears to be different levels so there appears to be more than one layermore than one layer
Fig 4-5
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Stratified squamous epitheliumStratified squamous epithelium
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Stratified cuboidal epitheliumStratified cuboidal epithelium
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Stratified columnar epitheliumStratified columnar epithelium
Fig 4-5
Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Fig 4-4
Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium formed of Stratified squamous epithelium formed of
rounded cells that can slide over one rounded cells that can slide over one another, allowing the organ to stretch: another, allowing the organ to stretch:
urinary system onlyurinary system only
CONNECTIVE TISSUESCONNECTIVE TISSUES
Embryonic connective tissueEmbryonic connective tissue mesenchymemesenchyme
Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue Areolar, adipose, reticularAreolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissueDense connective tissue Dense irregular, dense regularDense irregular, dense regular
Supportive connective tissueSupportive connective tissue Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilages; boneHyaline, elastic, fibrocartilages; bone
Fluid connective tissueFluid connective tissue Blood, Blood, lymphlymph
CONNECTIVE TISSUESCONNECTIVE TISSUES
Differing proportions of cells & fibers to Differing proportions of cells & fibers to “matrix”“matrix” Matrix Matrix
noncellular, nonliving material between noncellular, nonliving material between connective tissue cellsconnective tissue cells
Different proportions Different proportions strength of tissue strength of tissue
Classification of Connective Classification of Connective TissuesTissues
Fig. 4-8
Many cell types
Syrupy ground substance
Distinct cell types
Watery matrix
Less diverse cell types
More fibrous matrix
EmbryonicEmbryonic Connective Connective TissueTissue
MesenchymeMesenchyme Many star-shaped stem cells Gives rise to all other connective tissues Not present in adults
Fig. 4-10
Loose Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue: AreolarAreolar
Adipose Connective Adipose Connective TissueTissue
Adipose connective tissueAdipose connective tissue (fat) Insulation for the body’s tissues Food storage Little matrix
Fig. 4-11
Reticular Connective Reticular Connective TissueTissue
Reticular connective tissueReticular connective tissue Reticular fibers form a soft internal
skeleton for support
Dense Irregular Dense Irregular Collagenous Collagenous
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Collagenous Dense Regular Collagenous Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Dense regular connective tissueDense regular connective tissue Fibers in one direction Tendons, ligaments of body’s joints
Fig. 4-12
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage Maintains shape, but flexible Many elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
FibrocartilageFibrocartilage Strength, shock absorption Dense network of collagen fibers
Osseous Connective Osseous Connective TissueTissue
Osseous Connective Tissue (Bone)Osseous Connective Tissue (Bone) Support, protection
Blood Connective TissueBlood Connective Tissue
Lymph Connective Lymph Connective TissueTissue
LymphLymph Fluid of the lymphatic system Like plasma without the big proteins Immune defense
MUSCLE TISSUESMUSCLE TISSUES
SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac SmoothSmooth
Skeletal Muscle TissueSkeletal Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue Only in the heartOnly in the heart Striated tissueStriated tissue Under involuntary controlUnder involuntary control Branching, uninucleate cells with Branching, uninucleate cells with
intercalated discsintercalated discs
Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue Found in the walls of hollow organs Found in the walls of hollow organs
(digestive, urinary tracts; blood vessels)(digestive, urinary tracts; blood vessels) 2 layers at right angles for
contraction/dilation of the organ cavity Not striated tissue Uninucleate, spindle-shaped cells
Muscle type Cells striations Voluntary?
Cardiac branchedUninucleateIntercalated discs
yes no
Skeletal Long fibersmultinucleate
yes yes
Smooth Spindle shaped1 nucleus
no no
NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE Brain, spinal cord, nervesBrain, spinal cord, nerves 2 basic cell types:2 basic cell types:
Neuroglia cells Protect, support, insulate neurons
Neurons Receive stimuli & conduct nerve impulses