Exercise physiologyExercise physiology

Objective:Objective: To know and understand the To know and understand the physiological effects of physical loading and exercise physiological effects of physical loading and exercise and measurement of physical condition and the and measurement of physical condition and the effects of physical training.effects of physical training.

Contents: Contents: Theory and exercisesTheory and exercises(1) Basics of exercise physiology(1) Basics of exercise physiology(2) Energy production in exercise(2) Energy production in exercise(3) Circulatory functions in exercise(3) Circulatory functions in exercise(4) Pulmonary functions in exercise(4) Pulmonary functions in exercise

PHYSIOLOGY?

• Study of functions of living matter

• Explains starting,evolving and continuing the physical and chemical factors of life

• Areas of physiology:- virology, bakteriology- cell physiology- physiology of plants,animals and humans- nutrition physiology.

(1)BASICS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

AREAS OF PHYSICAL CAPACITY

• Energy production- Aerobic processes- Anaerobic processes

• Neuromuscular functions- Force production- Teknics

• Psychological factors- Motivation- Tactics

LOADING?LOADING?

•• Physical loading ofPhysical loading of- Growth and development- Growth and development- Resting state- Resting state- Exessive loading of exercise- Exessive loading of exercise- Environmental loading- Environmental loading

•• Psychological loadingPsychological loading

•• Combined effectCombined effect

Percieved exertion of loading?Percieved exertion of loading?•• Systemic levelSystemic level

•• Cellular levelCellular level

•• Molecular levelMolecular level

•• Level of regulatory systemsLevel of regulatory systems

•• Level of body organismsLevel of body organisms

•• Physical and psychological factors combinedPhysical and psychological factors combined

Physical loading:Physical loading:

Activity of motor cortexActivity of motor cortex→ → muscular activitymuscular activity→ → activation of breathing centeractivation of breathing center→ → regulation of circulationregulation of circulation→ → pituitary gland and hormonal activitypituitary gland and hormonal activity→ → symphatoadrenal activitysymphatoadrenal activity→ → activity of defensive machanismsactivity of defensive machanisms

= Organism tries to prohibit the change in = Organism tries to prohibit the change in homeostasis (balance of body funtions). homeostasis (balance of body funtions). Training effect requires change in Training effect requires change in homeostasis = overload.homeostasis = overload.

Effects of loading in body functions Effects of loading in body functions (stress theory):(stress theory):

a) Stress (alarm) reaction + acute adaptationa) Stress (alarm) reaction + acute adaptation- stress hormones and neural reactions- stress hormones and neural reactions

b) Adaptation period = chronic adaptationb) Adaptation period = chronic adaptation- occurs in recovery period- occurs in recovery period- same loading causes smaller stress reaction later- same loading causes smaller stress reaction later- adaptation is specific- adaptation is specific

c) Exhaustion and overloadingc) Exhaustion and overloading- sum of loading factors exeed adaptation ability of the - sum of loading factors exeed adaptation ability of the bodybody

Loading/stress factors are among others physical Loading/stress factors are among others physical loading, external conditions, psycho-social factors, loading, external conditions, psycho-social factors, primary needs, growth and developmentprimary needs, growth and development

Stimuli causing training effect (= chronic adaptation):Stimuli causing training effect (= chronic adaptation):

1)1) Mechanical factorsMechanical factors- level of muscular force- level of muscular force- stretch- stretch

2) Neuromuscular activity2) Neuromuscular activity- EMG in muscles- EMG in muscles- neural impulses in the brain- neural impulses in the brain

3) Humoral factors3) Humoral factors- hormones- hormones- chemical compounds (lack of O2 for - chemical compounds (lack of O2 for instance) instance)

METHODS OF LOADINGMETHODS OF LOADING

• Mechanical ergometers- Belt brakes- Weigts- Air resistance

• Electrical brakes

• Magnetc brakes

• Ergometers• Stepping• Treadmill• Simulators• Natural movements

MECHANICAL WORK AND MECHANICAL WORK AND POWERPOWER

WW = Work (= Work (Nm,Nm, J) J) F F = Force (N) = Force (N) s s = Distande (m)= Distande (m)

W = F x sW = F x s

P = Power (W)P = Power (W) tt = Time (s)= Time (s)

PP == WW == F x sF x s

tt t t

CYCLE ERGOMETERCYCLE ERGOMETER

For instance: For instance: F = 19.6 N (2 kg F = 19.6 N (2 kg .. 9.81 m/s 9.81 m/s22) ) s = 6 m (distance of the wheel rim/pedal round)s = 6 m (distance of the wheel rim/pedal round)t = 60 s t = 60 s

Pedaling frequency (60/min)Pedaling frequency (60/min)

PP == WW == F x sF x s

tt t t

PP-ERGOMETRITYÖPP-ERGOMETRITYÖ

esim. esim. F = 19.6 N (2 kg x 9.81 m/sF = 19.6 N (2 kg x 9.81 m/s22) ) s = 6 m (distance of wheel rim/pedal round)s = 6 m (distance of wheel rim/pedal round)t = 60 s t = 60 s

Pedaling frequency (60/min)Pedaling frequency (60/min)

PP == WW == F x s F x s = = 19.6 N x 6m x 60 19.6 N x 6m x 60 = 118 W= 118 W

t tt t 60 s60 s

STEPPINGSTEPPING

For instance:For instance:F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) s = 0.5 m (bench height) s = 0.5 m (bench height) t = 60 s t = 60 s

And stepping frequency 18.5/min And stepping frequency 18.5/min

PP == WW == F x s F x s = = 765.2 N x 0.5m x 18.5 765.2 N x 0.5m x 18.5 = 118 W= 118 W

t tt t 60 s60 s

TREADMILLTREADMILL

PP == WW == F x s F x s = = 765.2 N x 554 m 765.2 N x 554 m = 118 W= 118 W

t tt t 3600 s3600 sesim.esim.F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) s = 554 m (= sin 5.3s = 554 m (= sin 5.3 x 6000 m) x 6000 m)t = 3600 s (= 1 h) t = 3600 s (= 1 h)

Treadmill speed 6 km/hTreadmill speed 6 km/hAnd angle 5.3And angle 5.3

6000 m6000 m554 m554 m

5.35.3

sin 5.3sin 5.3 = = 554 m554 m = 0.924= 0.9246000 m6000 m

CONVERSIONS

1 watti = 6.1 kgm/min

1 watti = 1 joule/s

1 watti = 0.7376 hv/s

1 watti = 0.2388 cal

1 kcal = 4186 J

CALIBRATIONSCALIBRATIONS

•• To common measuresTo common measures

- Lengths- Lengths

- Weights- Weights

- Temperatures- Temperatures

- Pressures- Pressures

- Different grades- Different grades

- Functions- Functions

STANDARDIZING GAS VOLUMESSTANDARDIZING GAS VOLUMES

STPDSTPD = gas volume under temperature of 0 = gas volume under temperature of 0C, C,

pressure of 760 mm Hg and dry air. pressure of 760 mm Hg and dry air.

BTPSBTPS = gas volume in body temperature (37 = gas volume in body temperature (37C ), C ),

measured environmental pressure and saturated measured environmental pressure and saturated

with water of 47 mm Hg partial pressure in with water of 47 mm Hg partial pressure in

temperature of 37temperature of 37C C

PERCIEVED EXERTION OFPERCIEVED EXERTION OFLOADINGLOADING

•• ” ”Ratio setting”Ratio setting”- Percentage relations (10, 20, …, 100%)- Percentage relations (10, 20, …, 100%)- Multiplying factors (2, 3, …, 10krt; - MET)- Multiplying factors (2, 3, …, 10krt; - MET)

•• ” ”Ratio rating”Ratio rating”- Relations between stimuli- Relations between stimuli

•• Direct measurementsDirect measurements- RPE-scale: - RPE-scale: 6-20 (Borg scale)6-20 (Borg scale)

R = a + k (s – b)n, Borg 1970

• R = Perceived loading

• b = Stimulus treshold value

• s = Stimulus strength

• a = Percieved resting load

Original RPE scale67 Very, very light89 Very light1011 Fairly light1213 Somewhat hard1415 Hard1617 Very hard1819 Very, very hard

Correlates to:Correlates to:

- Heart rate- Heart rate- VOVO22

- VCOVCO22

- VEVE- LA ….LA ….

Cannot be used to Cannot be used to compare perceived compare perceived loadings of different loadings of different individualsindividuals

New RPE scale0 Nothing at all0.5 Very, very weak1 Very weak2 Weak3 Moderate4 Somewhat strong5 Strong67 Very strong8910 Very, very strong→ Maximal

- Better suited for - Better suited for intra-individual intra-individual comparisoncomparison

- Desimaal numbers Desimaal numbers allowedallowed

- No upper limitNo upper limit