Exercise ScienceExercise ScienceSection 1: The Anatomical PositionSection 1: The Anatomical Position

• An Introduction to Health and Physical An Introduction to Health and Physical EducationEducation

• Ted TemertzoglouTed Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul Challen• ISBN 1-55077-132-9ISBN 1-55077-132-9

The Anatomical PositionThe Anatomical Position

Anatomical position: Anatomists and physiologists view the human body in this standard starting point Body in an upright standing position Face and feet pointing forward Arms at side and forearms fully

supinated (palms facing forward)

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes Anatomical Planes relate to positions in

space and are at right angles to one another: Transverse plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior segments

Sometimes referred to as a cross-sectional view

Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left

segments can be (millions of sagittal planes are possible)

Mid-sagittal plane – divides the body into two perfect halves at the mid-line

Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides the body into anterior and

posterior segments

Anatomical AxesAnatomical Axes

Anatomical Axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints: Longitudinal (polar) axis:

In a “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position

Horizontal (bilateral) axis: In an “east-west” relationship to the

anatomical position Antero-posterior axis:

In a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointFlexion - ExtensionFlexion - Extension

Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension: increasing the angle between two bones

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointAbduction – – Adduction – Lateral Flexion

Abduction: moving away from the midline

Adduction: moving towards the midline

Lateral Flexion: moving the spine or neck away from the midline (also sometimes called abduction)

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a Joint Rotation - Internal Rotation - - External Rotation

Internal rotation: rotating inward towards the midline (also called medial rotation)

External rotation: rotating outward away from the midline (also called lateral rotation)

Rotation: moving a part around an axis

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointCircumduction

Circumduction: circular motion (combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction)

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointSupination - - Pronation

Supination: lateral rotation of the hand and forearm

Pronation: medial rotation of the hand and forearm

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointProtraction - - Retraction

Protraction: moving in a forward (anterior) position

Retraction: moving in a backward (posterior) position

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointDorsiflexion - - Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot upward

Plantar flexion: pointing the foot downward

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointOpposition and Reposition

Opposition: moving thumb toward the fingers

Reposition: returning thumb back to anatomical position

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointDepression - Elevation

Depression: lowering a part

Elevation: raising a part

Basic Movements Involving a JointBasic Movements Involving a JointInversion - Eversion

Inversion: moving the sole of the foot toward the median plane

Eversion: moving the sole of the foot away from the median plane

Inversion

In terms of RUNNING:

Some salespeople will refer to the “gait” or running pattern using the following terms:

Pronation = dorsiflexion + abduction + eversion

Supination = plantarflexion + adduction + inversion

Describing Position and MovementDescribing Position and Movement

Anterior: front surface of the body Posterior: back surface of the body Superior: refers to structures being closer

to the top of the body (excluding limbs) Inferior: refers to structures being closer to

the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal Lateral: away from the midline or mid-

sagittal Proximal: towards the upper segment of a

limb Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb

Other Terms: Other Terms: (these aren’t in your workbook!)(these aren’t in your workbook!)

Deep - away from the surface/further into the body

Superficial – on the surface or shallow

Supine – lying with the back surface downward (face-up)

Prone – with the front surface downward (face-down)

Relationship Between Axes and PlanesRelationship Between Axes and Planes

Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example

Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion/Extension

Longitudinal (Polar) TransverseRotation of extremities/Axial rotation

Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction/Adduction

Finding Axes and PlanesFinding Axes and Planes

Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement

In the anatomical position: all flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane

More involved movements usually occur as a combination of motions from more than one plane

Transverse Plane

Longitudinal Axis

90o

TwirlingTwirling

Longitudinal/Polar axis

Transverse plane

What is the axis of rotation?

What is the plane of motion?

Various Planes of MovementVarious Planes of Movement

MOVEMENT AXIS PLANE

Stride Jump

Side Bend

Elbow extension

Nodding head “yes”

Twirling

Shaking head “no”

MOVEMENT AXIS PLANE

Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal

Side Bend Antero-Posterior Frontal

Elbow extension Horizontal Sagittal

Nodding head “yes” Horizontal Sagittal

Twirling Longitudinal/Polar Transverse

Shaking head “no” Longitudinal/Polar Transverse

Various Planes of MovementVarious Planes of Movement

Read chapter 1 and complete the following pages in your workbook for tomorrow:

Page 13, 14, 15, 16