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/.S.BELEVITSKAYA-
KHALIZEVA
re.V.DONCHENKOS.A.ZHIZHINA
ING.F.
LEBEDEVA
SYNTAXLS.MURAVYOVAD.I.FURSENKO
THE SIMPLE StNTfNCt
N.N.SHIYKO
3^%eign
^^
Pi,, , -( ,, ( , -( . ,. , . , . . . .. In
. , -, -,.: .:16.
NOTEModern Russian, some ad -
jectives
have acquired a purely nominal meaning and thus turned into nouns, or become substanti-
vized.
Such adjectives have acquireddefinite gender, e.g.:
masculine gender) feminine gender)
neuter gender)
Substantivized
adjectives
are
by adjecnumber tives, whose gender and depends on the gender and numberfrequentlyqualified
of
the
substantivized
adjective,
e.g.:
line the subjects.1.
out the following sentences. UnderState what part of speech each subject is.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
7.
.,
.
8.
,
-
. , ,. .(.)5.
(.).1
6.
9.
,
-
NOTEas
be
Like adjectives, participles substantivized and usedSubstantivized
subject.
partici
.. , , ,, , , . ,.. , , (pies
likewise
have
a
definite
gender. Most ofline,
tiiem are mascu-
.
.
-
17.
,
the verbs given below form present participles active and compose sentences using these participles as subjects.
From
The Subject expressed by
an Infinitive
18.
of speech the subject
.)
and the predicate
out the following sentences. State what parts are. (The subject is underlined
once, the predicate twice.)1.
2. 3.
7.
. -,5.
. (.)
. . ! ,, (.
-
(.)(. .)
.)
,2*
.;-
.
, .(. .)6.8.it
4.
,(.)
.
NOTE
The subject may be an infinifive. With such a subject the predicate is generally a compoundnominal one;comparative
may bethe
a noun,
-
a substantivized adjective in the or
superlative
19
out the following sentences. Underline infinitives used as subject once and as predicate twice. Separate the subject and its modifiers from the predicate and its modifiers by a vertical line. Read the sentences aloud, making a pause between the subject group and the predicate group.1.
,.,. ,..pause afterit;if
TO
, , , ;4.5.
.. . .2. 6.
, ; .. . , . . (.) . degree, or an adverb;it
may
also
be an infinitive.
a
19.
Read the following sentences. Find the subject and the predicate. State what parts of speech they are.1.
3.
.
NOTEinfinitive
-
used
as
subject
is
generally
placedis
before
thea
predicate and
uttered with
the subject has
.
after the last
any modifiers, the pause is made word of the group,
20.
-
,
3.
.2.
(.)
(.)
4.
20
.
, ..(.)6.
.(.)
(. .)
(. .) ... 5.
out from the following sentences the italicized phrases used as subject. Define the composition of each phrase.1.
. , ., . ,expressed by a Phrase21.
The Subject
.7.
(. .)
2.
(.)
3.
(.)22.
the following sentences.
composition ofis
2.
,
. . .., ,., , . , . . ,5.
, ,. . .(.)6.
.
.(.)4.
(. .)
. -
-
(. .)
(.-.)
8.
(. .)
9.
Read
Find the phrases used as subject. State the each phrase and the case and number of the words it
composedI.
of.
1.
.
, .. . . .. .Ha3.
4.
-
5.
6.
1.
2.
,3.
4.
NOTEa
-
The subject may beconsistinglectiveof
phraseorcol-
-
a
cardinalin
numeral
the
nomina21
.
,. .
,..
tive
and noun in the genitive. Nouns following the nominativethe numeral
of
,
or
-
take the genitive singular,e.g.:
, , , ,,,fromto
, .: , . ,,also the numerals
Nouns following the numeralsand
,. ,, (-
etc.
take the geni-
tive plural,
e.g.:
,Following(including
),, .: ,
any
cardinal
nu-
meral, adjectives and participlessubstantivizedones)
take the plural, e.g.:
, ,.:
,,
Followingor
the feminine take either the genitive
. ,theplurale.g.:
numeraladjectives
,in
or
the
nominative
plural,
,,22
, .:
- , - . ,Followingor
the
numeralmasculinetake
,or
substantivizedthe
adjectives
in
the
the
neuter
invariablye.g.:
genitive plural,
23.
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required form. Point out the subjects.1.
.. , .,2
, .. ., . . . . . , .. . ,6.
). ).2.24.
3.
124
7. 8.
( (). () ), () () ( () . ). () .93
() (). ()3
(,).35.
153
127
(-
4.
4
253
138
(-
Read the following sentences. Find the phrases used and define the composition of each phrase. Note the gender, number and case of the nouns in these phrases.as subjects1.
,
-
3.
2.
48
4.
-
5.
6.
7.
NOTE
, ,
,, , .: -
, ,
numerals occur with nouns or substantivized ad jectives denoting male personsCollectivealso
and and
with
the
nouns
which
are
used
only
in the plural, e.g.:
a
Feminine nouns denoting female persons or female living beings never occur with collec23
.
, , ,.-
live
numerals. Collective
numerincol-
als are occasionally
used
loquial
speech with nouns denotanimals,e.g.:
.:
),,,
(, ,,.:
, .Collective
-
ing the young of
numeralsthe
also
oc-
cur with nouns (names of objects)
used
only
in
plural,
e.g.:
.:
,:,,24
, ,-
Collective
numeralsthe
can
also
be
used
nounsal
,,,withtaking
personal
pro-
the pronoun
invariably
preceding the numerthe
and
nominative,
, .Collective numerals also
e.g.:
occur
.25.
.-
,.
,
in phrases like:
which are used to single out number of individuals fromgroup.
a a
Nouns and adjectives used withthe
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required form. Find the subject of each sentence.
, ..itive plural.
nominative of a collective numeral invariably fake the gen-
-
1.
5.
. .. , , , , (). () () )( ) ( ) ().. () .6.26.1.
()
Read the following sentences. Copy them out, writing the numbers in words. Where possible, use collective numerals. Put the words in brackets in the required number and case.4
.2 2
(). ).4.
3.
. ,().33.
((). ().
().
2.
2.
5.6.
8.
, ,. (, . {{{ , { 2
2
(),
() 427.
11.
2
()
10.
. .25
120/.
4.
3
(-
2
7.
3
9.
2 2
4
().
).
.
out the following sentences, supplying the missing subjects. The part of speech to be used as subject is indicated inbrackets.1.
...
...
adjective or participle used
as a noun). 2.
...
personal pronoun).
3.
...
collective...
numeral, preposition
*'
with personal pronoun). 4.
-
tive)
{5....
cardinal numeral with noun in geni-
25
infinitive).
, , . , () . .. ()()-() . () ., . ,, , , , ; ,, , .,
, . . . ... . , .
Some
Peculiarities in the28.
Agreement of the Predicate with the Subject
Read the following sentences. Find the subject and the predicate in each sentence. State what part of speech the subject is and how the predicate agrees with it.1.
(.)
(.)
2.
3.
-
(.)
4.
(.
(.)
.)
5.
-, , {, , , {, , , ,NOTEtheIf
subject
is
a
collective
noun
etc.)
the
predicate
is
.
.),
invariably in the
singular,
with
.
29.
out
the following sentences,
making the predicate agree
the
subject.
1.
1917
2.
3.
4.
(. .) (. .)30.
5.
()
.
6.
Compose
sentences,
using the collective nouns given below as subjects.
)
)
2
.. , , . ,- , ,, , , ,,- , , , . ,- ! ,(.)4.
.1.
Read the following sentences. Define the composition of the phrases used as subject. State how the predicate agrees with the subject.
,
31.
(.)
.,.. .7.
3.
(.)8.
.. .(.)2.
(. .)
5.
(.)
6.
(.)
(.)
9.
(.)
10.
.
.
NOTE
When
the
subject
is
one
of
,
the
words
. .
etc.
fol-
lowed by the genitive case of a noun, the predicate is generallyin
.:
the singular,
e.g.:
{.)(.)
,
.
-
When
the subject the
is
a
cardi-
nal numeral with a
noun
in the
genitive,
predicate
may
be
, .
either in the plural or in the sin-
gular.
In
some
cases,
however,
only the plural or only the sinis
gular
used.
-
If
such a subject contains the
definitive
pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
,or
the the
27
.:once
.. .. , ,32.
,1.
subject.
.(.)
out the following sentences. Underline the subject
. . .,plural,e.g.:
,
,
predicate
is
invariably
in
the
(.)
and the predicate twice. State how the predicate agrees with the
(. .)
2. 3.
4.
(. .)
. .5.
(.)
(.) (.)the
-
6.
,.:.: 28
,
NOTEsubjectinis
If
a
noun
or
pronounjoined
the nominative caseto
, ,..:a
, -
-
by the prepositioncase,
another noun or pronoun in the
instrumental
the
predicate
takes the plural, e.g.:
The predicatepluralif
homogeneous subjects joined by the conit
refers
junction
,
e.g.:
Cf.:
In this sentence the subject
. . .alsoto
takes
the
is
andobject.
is
an
,)(,
Thepersonal
predicate
,33.
, , - ,, , ,-, , (
- ) ). ,Inthis
, .:
,
,
,,-
(,
,
used with a pronoun in the singular joined by the
,
)
preposition
to a
noun or
prois
noun
in the instrumental case, in
invariably
the singular, e.g.:
.
sentence,
the
subject
is
and the noun with the prepo-
sition
{
is
the ob-
ject.
in
out the following sentences, putting the words brackets in the required form.1.
(. .)
2.
.7.
(. .) 4. (. .)
.()5.
.,. . ., , . ()are used.
In
the
meaning
of
the phrases
In
such
cases
the
predicate
invariably takes the pluralis
and
the whole phrase
the subject.
(. .)
() , ()(),Model:
. .,34.
out the following sentences, replacing the homogeneous subjects joined by the conjunction by phrases as in the model below.
., . . ,3.
()
()6.8.
(. .)
(.)
. () (.)29
(.)
.
1.
, .. , , ., .. , ... . .:9.
, ., . . , '. , . ! . ,. , 3. 4. 5.6.
.? ./,(.)
. ..2.
-
35.
Read the following sentences, in which the subjects are printed in italics. State the nature of the subject in each sentence and the number of the predicate.1.
...
(.)5.
4.
... 2.
(.)
3.
(.)
6.
xopouio
!
11.
,.8.
. , 7.
(.)
!:
(.)
10.
,
(. .)
., , , .,30
(.)
NOTEThe subject may be any part
,
of speech
used as a noun. Thus,adverbs,preposi-
-
-
the unchangeable parts of speech(conjunctions,
tions, particles, interjections)
be used as subjects,
-
Lessis
frequently,
thein
subject
noun or pronoun
an ob-
Topoe
, .Horoa
,
, .(
lique case*
or
substantivized
-
verbal
form,
subject
may
also be a
wholeseveral
clauseof
denotingaction, or
the
performer
,3
an
even
clauses,
In
all
the above cases the verb
takes the singular (the 3rd personfor
the
present
and the futureneuter,for
tenses,
and
the
the
).
past tense),
,.36.of
THE PREDICATE OF
PERSONAL SENTENCETHE SIMPLE PREDICATEin
The Predicate expressed by a Verb
out the following text. In each sentence underline the subject once and the predicate twice. State the verb form of the predicate and how it agrees with the subject. Retell the text, using the same formspredicates.
. ,, .the
Indicative
, .Mood31
-
..* i.e.,
, , . ,, . ,, .. .anycase, except the nominative.
,
. -
, .37.1.
out the following brackets in the present tense and the subject.
.,,making2.
., -
- ,. , . .),(.sentences,
-
, -
putting the verbs in each verb agree with
() () ,. . . , . () () () , ... , , ()(. .)38.
6.
cates expressed1.
, , .4.
(.)
5.
, . ,, . . - .,3.
(). (.) (.(), .)(. .)5.
(.)
4.
(. .)
Read the following
by the verb
.
sentences. Find the predi-
(.)
2.
-
(.)
3.
:
(.
.
.)
(.)
NOTEIn
ipluralfallenof
1-
2-
,32
,. .
-
of
Modern Russian, the forms 1st and 2nd persons thethe verbdisuse.
singular and
haveexpress
into
presence,
existence,
being, the formfor
both
singular
is employed and plural,
with the verb with the verb40.
Find the subject and the predicate in each sentence. Define the form of the predicate verb and state how it agrees with the subject.text.
, -. - , ,.. . , , ,,39.
Compose
three
sentences
and the subject in the singular and three sentences and the subject in the plural.
Read the following
, ,. ...,.
_41.
, . ,...
.(.
.
?!
.
out the following text. Underline the subject of each sentence once and the predicate twice. Define the form of the predicate and state how it agrees with the subject.
.42.
; .
, ,,(.
, ..)
out the following sentences, putting the verbs in brackets in the past tense and making them agree with the subject.
..,
,, ;.)
, 33
31919
2.
:6.43.I.
() () () , ( (), () (.) (). . (.-.) () . (); (.) ().1.
3.
(.)
4.
5.
(.)
(III).
lowing sentences, putting the verbs in brackets in the present tensein the past tense (II); in the future tense (III). with their subject.
..(I),
.. () , ,.)(II),
out the
fol(I);
()()() (). . () -()1.
2. 3.
, , . ().() () . (). . ()() .' . , 4. 5.II.1.
()3. 4.
. . .Makethe verb
the verbs agree
(.)3.
2.
().5.
2.
III.
1.
.
NOTE
,: ,a)
Whenthe
is
in
the
1st
or
2nd
personor
singular
or
1-
2-
plural,
present
future
tense,
.
-
the subject
mayand
be omitted, since
the verb ending clearly indicatesthe
person
number,
The()typeif
subject
is
not
omitted:'
sentence of the above
is
not
connected with
the
34
; ,, .)HO 1-M2-Ma
preceding
context
and begins a
paragraph,
2Horo
. , -. . , . ,, ... : . ,TO
,
44.
-., ,-
,, .:
-
()size
if
it
is
necessary to empha-
thatis
theof
performer1st
of
the
actionperson.It
the
or
the 2nd
should
be
borne
in
mind
that in the above cases the sub is
ject
loquial
normally omitted in coland expressive speechthe narrative style.
-
andIf
in
the verb in the 2nd person
-
denotes an action performed by one person, the subjectpluralis
generally
? .
retained,
e.g.:
,
Read the following
sentences. Find the predicate of each sentence. State the aspect and which is part the form of the verb. Note the use of the particle of the predicate and shows that the action took place in the distantpast.
1.
7.
, ,
. . .3. 4.
2.
5.
,.
.
6.
.35
-
NOTEfinite verb
with the particle
denotes an action whichfrequently recurred in the distant
3*
,
..2.45.
, ,,
past.
lend
greaterto
vividness
andthe
expression
description,
verbs
with
the
particle
.
(.)
. , ., , , . , . , ., , ,five
sentences
with
the
particle
46.
. . . are perfective.
-
may
be used in the presentif
or the simple future tense
they
In the past tense,
only imperfective verbs are used
with the particle
Compose
Read the following
sen-
tences. State the composition of the predicates (printed in italics) explain their meanings.1.
and
(. .)
(.)
3.
4.
.
(.)
.NOTE
,. ,, , , . , .verb in theparticle
-
-
perfective
or
imperfectivethe
past tense with
denotes
an action
that began but
was interrupted,
47.
Change the following sentences, using the particle to emphasize the fact that the action began but was interrupted. Write down the new sentences.1.
,, ..Oh2.
3.
, -
, ,
,, . .
. . . , , . . .,, . . ., , . . . . , ., .. , The Predicate expressed by a Verbin the
., , . , .. , . ,4.5.
6.
Imperative Mood
48.
Read the
follow-
Find the sentences in which the predicate is a verb in the imperative mood. Note that the subject in these sentences is omitted.ing text.
-
.
. ,,, .,
.
: .- ,
37
() () () () () , (. , ,() ) , () . () , . (), () () () () () ,. ) . () () () () ()() .
out the following text, putting the verbs in brackets in the imperative. Read the new text and then retell it, using the sama predicate forms as in the vtext.
,, . ..-, , . :, () ()..
.. .is
. ( .)NOTEThesubject
, is
pronounthe
gen of the
erally
omitted
if
predicate
2-0
a verb in the
imperative
2nd person mood,
49.
,.
. .,, ,, ,. , , , , . ,,50.
(-
Compose
Languages,' using the imperativephrases:
short story on the topic 'Learn Foreign mood of the verbs in the following
-
51.
38
2.
6.
., . . . . , , , . ,,, . ,? , ., , .... , , .! , ,Read the following sentences. Note that the subjects of the verbs in the 2nd person of the imperative mood are not omitted.I.
2-
.2.
1.
3. 5.
.
1.
3.
,
, -. , , , . .:)e.g.:
-,(.)4.
!(.)2-
.4. 6.
(.
. (. .)7.
,
. .) (.)
5.
(.)
(.)
)
:
.
NOTE
in the
The subject pronoun of a verb 2nd person of the impera-
tive
mood
is
used:
two persons or two tions are compared or contrasted,(a) if
-
.if
()
the sentence with the verb
.:
, ,
, , . .
mood conveys mild request, advice or exhortation. Such sentences generallyin
the imperative
contain
vocative,
e.g.:
,39
52.
pose ten sentences expressing requests.53.
Read the following text. State in what form of the imperative mood the italicized predicates are. Note that the subjects are not omitted.
,. . ., .,Sentencesof
.
this
type
are
uttered with the intonation of arequest.
Com-
, . , .(..
.,is
.)
,54.
,, 3-
-
NOTEthe predicatea
Whentive
verb
in the 3rd person of the impera-
.:3-
Read the following sentences. Replace the predicate verb in each sentence by a verb in the 3rd person of the imperative mood. Write down your sentences.
.
.
Model:
. . ., . .or
mood with
the particlesubject
the
is
nor-
mally expressed,
e.g.:
{.)
40
. .55.
. .! !,4.
., .5.
.
.
Read the
fol-
lowing sentences. State the verb form of the predicate in each sentence. Note that this type of sentence contains the subject; also note
!1.
the
word
order.
2.
!!3..
and
NOTEexhortations
I
, ., . .56.1.
out the following sentences. Find the predicate in each sentence, underline it and state the form of the verb.
2.
,. ;, , ,. .!In
wishesin
the particle
preference to
In
Modern Russian,occurs
generally
and
The
particle
,. ,is
solemnused
this particle
in
the
phrases
is
general-
1
placed at the beginning of the
sentence and
-
is immediately followed by the verb; then comes the subject, which cannot be
omitted,
!
3.
!
4.
5.
!41
,( ).157.of these forms.
,. . ,, (.-.)Readcalling1.
(.).
7.
,is
-
NOTE
Whenin
the predicate1st
a
verbthe
the
person plural of the
imperative
mood,
it
has
.. . .withsubjecticate.
-
meaningtor(s) to
of urging the
interlocu-
perform the action jointlyspeaker.
theis
Normally no
used with such a pred-
the following sentences.for
forms of the imperative
4.
. .8.
3.
6.
.. . . ..joint
Note the different Explain the use action.2.
action1st
5.
7.
-
.
NOTEIn colloquial speech, the imperjointis
ative calling for
1-
),
, ()(-
-
-
frequently
formedis
wordthis
{),a
by using the which inwith a person
case
particle,
perfective verb in theplural,
future tense, e.g.:
.:
.In
the
case
of
imperfectiveis
verbs the same form
obtained
42
.:58.
the verb
forms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
... . . . . .. .(),by using the particle with the infinitive,
-){)
(-
e.g.:
Read the following
sentences. Note the use of
I
(2-
)),
()59.
(.:
verbs.
.
NOTEof
The use
an imperfective or a
perfective verb (in the 2nd person)in affirmative exhortative sentences
depends on whether the speakeris
interested
in
the
action
asre-
such (imperfective) or in thesulte.g.:
of
the
action
(perfective),
ences in the aspect of the in each case.
, .
.
.
Read the following
..The
different
connotations are
clear from the context.
pairs of sentences. Note the differJustify the use of the given aspect
43
.
...60.1.
-
.
, ;. .,...,...,
, . ,.,, . ,
. .
., ,-
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the imperative of either the imperfective verb (if the action is important as such) or the perfective one (if the stress is laid on the result of the action).
....,
,
.
. -
,
2.
.,... ...
...
3.
4.
.... ...
, ,- , -. , . ,
44
. ,. , -. .61.
:
Readand
3.
.. . .the1.
following sentences. Say which which a request or prohibition.
He
.5.
. ,2..
sentences
express warning
4.
6.7.
8.
.ativebition,
, ,an
.e.g.
NOTEof
I
,.:
-
The imperativeparticlee.g.:
imperprohi-
.:
,He He He He
)
- ; { () { {; ; ;. {) {) . ,{-
. . - . . verbparticle
-
fective verb preceded
by the neg-
expresses
The imperative of perfective preceded by the negativeexpresses
warning,
The meaning of warning be emphasized by adding the imperative form to both perfective and imperfective
),
verbs
',verb
).
,62.
- ).cal
In
meaning,
the following sentences.
Note that the aspects
.suchcases
the
loses its lexi-
Read
of the verbs, the kinds
45
of the pronouns and the adverbs used in the sentences expressing prohibition are different from those used in thesentences expressing warning.
. . .... ,. . . . .-
.63.
. the
-
.
NOTEobjectin
., -(Themodifier
or
adverbial
sentences
conveyinga
prohibition
may
be
negativethe cor-
pronoun or adverb.sentences
In
tences conveying prohibition into sentences conveying warning.1.
.6.
.
-.(warning,
respondingor adverb
anis
indefinite
conveying pronoun
used, e.g.:
.:
prohibition).
warning).
.3.
5.
8.
. . . . .Change the following2. 4.7.
sen-
46
,64.
5
The Predicate expressed by a Verb
Read the following text. Define the mood of the predicate verb in each sentence and state how the predicate agrees with the subject. Retell the text, using the same form of predicate as in the text.12
,, , , .. . . .. ,4
,. .. , . , ,, , .?in the
Subjunctive
Mood
35
,
, ,. -,,
44
,
.
15,5
113.
.
NOTE
. .
The subjunctive mood denotessupposition,abilityof
possibility or
desir-
an action,
-
predicate in the subjunctive
moodaction,
mayi.e.
express
desirabledesired
an
action
by the speaker or the performerof
.:
the action, e.g.:
!
!.47
.:
&
,,
65.
.. , . .sentences. advice.1.
,2.
Say which sentences express
., . .a wish
.. . .it
may
also express a request ore.g.:
advice,
,
3.
.Oh
7.
9.
12.
! . ..
..
.. .and whicha request or
Read the following
-
4.
6.
8.
!
5.
10.
-
13.
the Simple Predicate66.
. . .? . ,., , .1.
Read the following sentences. Note the form of the predicates (printed in italics).
,
2.
3.
. ..4.
The Composite Forms of
{.)
5.
,precededverb
a
,48
-
.
NOTEper-
The predicate may befective
verbthe
by
somejoined
form
of
,. , . , . ,. .. . . ,. , . . , - ,,, ,,,
, .-
to
it
by the conjunction
,
,
or
.
-
Such predicate expresses an unexpected, sudden action or deci-
sion.
The principal verb and theinvariablye.g.:
.:
verb
take
the
same form,
67.
Compose
five
sentences and the verb68.
having as predicate a combination of a perfective verb
Read the following
sentences.
Note the
form
of
the italicized predicates.
1.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
(.)of
NOTE
-
The predicate consisting
a
principal verb and the correspond-
, . .
ing form of the verbs of motionetc. ex-
.
. , .69.
Compose
five sentences with predicates consisting of a notional
,
-
-
.,
presses
a
movement
for
the pur-
pose of performing the action de-
noted by the principal verb. Theprincipal verb
motion,
form,
and the verb of which take the same are merged together in
speech.
,
verb preceded by the verb
41919
49
THE COMPOUND
70.
pairs of sentences with simple verbal and compound predicates in the left-hand and the right-hand columns respectively. Compare the pairs of sentences.
Read the following
). )((.)
NOMINAL PREDICATE*
nominal
3.
7.
.. , . -. .. . -. , ., . . ,,71.
out first the sentences containing verbal predicates and then those containing nominal predicates. Underline the predicates.1.
. .. . - .., .(.) (.)
. , ..(.)
. .(.)
. .(.)(.)
.(
(.)
-
-
.
2.
-
4.
5.
6.
10.
(. .)
.8.
9.
*
compound nominal predicate
is
one including a noun, pronounpart.
or adjective as a
component (nominal)
J
50
. .. , .- , ., . . ,,, . , . , , , , . , . .. , .. . . ...., . , ,, . ,, . , .. . , ; .(.)12.
(.)
72.
Read the followingnominal part
sentences. State
what partcates.1.
of speech is used as the
of the italicized predi-
Ha
a
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
(.)
(.)(.)6.
4.
5.
(.)
7.
..
(.)
8.
-
.
9.
?
(. .)
10.
(. .)
73.
out the following sentences. Underline predicates. Note the case of the nominal part in predicates with and without a link-verb.the
compound nominal
1.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
(. .)
5.
(. .)
6.
(.)
7.
(.)
8.
(.)
9.
(.)
10.
(.)
1 1
.
(. .)
12.
(. .)
NOTE
-
In the present tense, the linkverbof
the
compound
1
.
,
,.. . -,,inalis
, . , , -.. ,.:icate
.:
,. , ,nominalomitted.
-
predicate
is
generally
Nouns and adjectives makingtlie
up
nominal part
of the pred-
then
take the nominative,
e.g.:
Oh
In
some
cases,
particularly in
scientific
definitions,is
thein
link-
verb
used even
the
present tense, e.g.:
-
Following the link-verbthepastor
in
the
future,
the
nominal nominal
part
of
the
compoundbeorin
predicate
may
.:
either
the
nominative
the
.aCf.:
instrumental, e.g.:
The nominative case of the nominal part of a compound nompredicate,
especially
if
it
noun, emphasizes a perma-
.:
nent characteristic of the subject.
,- , ,, , ,, Oh
-:
Following link-verbs other than(e.g.
. .
74.
.
. ,; ,,, . the nominal part of a predicate
,
etc.)
compoundcase.
nominal
invariably
takes
the instrumental
out the following sentences, putting
52
I
the words in brackets either in the nominative or in the instrumental; give two variants where possible.
(),(). (), ).2.4. 5.75.
).
1.
.. . . .. . . .,-. ,. ( .) , .3.
out the following sentences. Underline the subjects once and the predicates twice.1.
,
6.
( ). . ( (2. 3.4. 5.
(-
).
6.
76.
,
-
Read the following sentences. Change them by using the link-verb (The particles and mo should be dropped.) Decide which part of the sentence should be the subject and which the predicate.1.
. ,. . .. , , . ( ) .2.
.77.1.
-
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required case.
Ha
2.
53
() . .( ) ). () ( ( ). .().7. 3. 4.5.
8.
, . .78.
().
lowing sentences.
Underline the subjects onceof the
. ,6.
(.
twice.1.
Note the use
2.
(.)
3.
. (..(.)
, . J7.
dash.
.) . ..and4. 5. 6.
-
out the folthe predicates
(. .)
(.) (.)8.
.
(.) (.)
9.
NOTE
,
.54
(), .is
, . ,,
-
-
If the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is a noun or numeral in the nominative and the link-verb is -omitted, a dash must be placed between the
subject and the predicate.also usedif
A
dash
either the subject
or the predicate
or both are the
-
infinitive of a verb. If the predi-
cate
is
preceded by theparticle
demonor
strative
mo,is
,
the dash
placed before
this
particle.
out the following sentences. Underline the subjects the predicates twice. Insert a dash, where necessary.1.
,79.
. .6.
,
2. 4.5.
,,.. ,,.(.)(.)7.
(. .)
., . ,8.
. (.
.)
,.3.
. .3.
once and
(. .)(. .)
, .(.)7.
.
-
(. .)Read the followingsen-
6.
. ,,, ,. . - ,, . . , .tences.of1.
80.
Find the compound nominal predicates and state what parts speech they are composed of.
(.)
2.
(.)
(.)
4.
(.)
,
(.)
5.
. (.)
(. .)
8.
.in
MOM
)..
,,
(-
NOTE
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may bequalitative
adjective
the
-
complete or the short form. In some cases, one of these forms ispreferable to the other. Thus, in
sentences expressing a permanentfeature or
quality of
an object,55
.
, .: , -
, -,-
,
.
the complete form should be preferred, e.g.:
,
.," -
.Ifif
a sentence expresses a tem-
porary quality of an object, characterizingit
only
in
the givenis
-
circumstances,
the short formused.
more frequentlyof
The useis
only the short formgoverns,e.g.:
imper-
.:81.
Read the following sentences. Explain the use of the complete and short forms of adjectives in the compound nominal predicate.
.. . .82.... ...
. .
ative
the adjective has a wordit
which
, .
:. . .
the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the required forms of the adjectives
from the right-hand column.1
2.
. , .. , . ,. .
..
-
...
56
3.
4.
... ...
5.
6.
83.
Read the following sentences, in which the short form of the adjectives cannot be replaced by the complete form, since such a substitution would change the meaning of the sentence.1.
, , . . ., , ,, . . . . .......
....
...
...
...
2.
3.
4.
I
. :84.1.
,.:
NOTEshort formof
Thethat
some
adjec-
tives has aof
meaning
different
fromIn
the
complete
form.
such cases the short form cannot
. ,.2.
lowing sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates. State what part of speech the nominal part of each predicate is.
. ,.
(.)
4.
(.)
.
. (.)
.(.)7.
. .. .. ,Cf.:
be replaced by the complete form.
Read the
fol-
(.-.)5.
(.).
3.
(.)
6.
57
-
(1.
85.
out the following sentences, supplying the missing simple verbal predicates and the nominal parts of compound nominal predicates. (The words to be supplied are given in the right-hand column.) Make the predicate agree with the subject.
, . .)...
2.
...
3.
4.
5.
.... ... ......
.
...
. .... ...
...
... ...
6.
7.
8.
...
86.
forming short past participles passive from the verbs in brackets and making them agree with the subject.1.
, , . . , . ., , .......
. . .
, ,
, ,,
...
out the following sentences,
2.
3.
. .(), . () )4. 5.
(),
() . (.) ()(. .)
.7.
.6.
()
(-
58
. , .. . , .! ,. ,. . , . ,, , , ,,,, ,, , , , ,, , , , ,, . , , , ,-, . ,. . .87.
lowing sentences. Find the predicates and state what parts of speech they are composed of. Note the order of the component parts in the compound nominal predicates.1.
,(.)
Read the
-
fol-
(.)
2.
-
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
5.
parta
(.).
(.)
6.
7.
-
NOTE
..,
Sometimesthe
the
nominal
of
predicate
expressing
,
quality contains the words
-
-
etc.
which, in such cases,
lose
their
lexical
meaning
and
form
single
group
with
the
.:
word expressing the
quality, e.g.:
(. .)pal
-
In such
sentences,is
the
princi-
meaning
contained in the
adjective.
.
88.
. . Composewords
five sentences
with compound nominaletc.
predicates. Use the the predicatives.89.
as part of
Read the following sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates. State what part of speech their nominal part is.1.
(. .)
2.
. (.)
3.
59
.. -. .(.)5.
. .(.)7.
(.)8.
4.
(.)
(. .)
(. .)
. , ,. . , . . , .; ; ; ; ; ; . ; ;. .etc.
, ,,, ,,(.)
. .. ,NOTE
9.
, . ,,6.
. (.)is
;before
(. .)
.10.
compound
nominal
prediof-
cate expressing comparison
ten joined to the subject by one
,-
of
the
conjunctions
In such cases, no
, , ,,commathe
is
placed
comparative
30M
conjunction.
90.
{,
.).
Describe each of the objects named below by comparing it to the other object of the pair; use various comparative conjunctions etc.). Write down your sentences and explain their meaning.
{,
91.
of
Read the following sentences. State what speech the italicized predicates are composed of.1.
(.)(. .) (. .)
2.
.60
3.
5.
.. , . . . .Model:
-
parts
(.)
.
(. .)
4.
(.)
6.
sentences. Underline the compound nominal what parts of speech they are composed of.1.
6.
,.. . , .; . . ..its
:,- , ,,,, , - , , ,, , , , ,, , , , , , ,, , ,,, ,., , , ,may being motion orstate:
, ,CKoe
.
NOTEof
The link-verb
compound
-
nominal predicate containing the complete form of an adjective or participle as its nominal part,semi-notional verb denot-
w5mw,npwmM,
, ^
In
this
case,
the
verb
loses
principal lexical
meaning, as
.
the main meaning of the predicateis
contained in
its
nominal part,
92.
out the following predicates and state
(. .)4.
2.
(.)
3.
(.) (.)
5.
7.
8.
Compose94.
,
93.
five
sentences
verbs denoting motion or state as link-verbs.
.,with
:
? . .(.) (.)
(.)
compound nominal
predicates,
. (.)61
using
nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, which are part nominal predicates.1.
4.
(. .)
6.
. . .. .Read the following
senfences.
of the
Copy out the compound
(.)
3.
(. .)(.)
(.)
5.
..2.
(.)
, , ,., ,, , , ,, , ,, . ,. ., .. . . .. ... ,-
.
NOTE
.:
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may be noun in an oblique case withpreposition, e.g.:
(.)
(- .)
(.)
-
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is oftena set expression, e.g.:
.:
()
()
()
..
95.
out the following sentences. Underline the compound nominal predicates and state what parts of speech they are composed of.1.
(.)
2.
(.)7.
(.)6.
3.
4.
5.
(. .)
(.)
8.
(.)
9.
(.)
10.
(.)
,62
96.
95. Compose six sentences with compound nominal predicates, using the phrases written for Exercise 95 as their nominal part.
State whatis
2.
i
.,. ., ,. ,, ,. ,. , . , . . ., , .( (, . . . ), , - ,),. ( ), ). ( ( . . : ,97.
sentences. parts of speech the nominal part of the italicized predicatesof.
Read the following
(.)
composed1.
Oh
(.)
3.
(.)6.
,
4.
. (.)
5.
(.)
(.)
-
.
NOTE
-
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may be a noun with an adjective or a meral in the genitive. The geni-
-
tive
case
is
usedis
irrespective
of or
whether therenot.
link-verb
98.
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required case.1.
2.
(.)
3.
(
).
(.)
(
(.) ).
7.
). ), (
(.)
4.
(.)
5.
(.)
6.
(.)
8.
(.)
THE COMPOUND
VERBAL PREDICATE
99.
out the following sentences. Underline the com-
pound verbal predicates.1.
.
(.)
2.
63
(.)
,. , ,,, . ,3.
, . ,(.)9.
. , , . , . .4.
(.-.)
. -
(.)
5.
(. .)8.
6.
(.)
7.
(.)
sentences, which contain simple or compound verbal predicates. Explain what additional meaning is conveyed by the auxiliary verbs.1.
. ., .
,
(.)
10.
,
.
. ..., . , ..100.
(.)
.
Read the following
-
.. . . - ,. ,. , ,, ,, ,, , ,, , ,,,3. 4. 5. 6.
2.
-
NOTE
,64
-
-
Not infrequently the auxiliary
verbs ofaction
compound verbalin
predi-
cates are verbs showing
how
the
proceeds
time.
These
verbs
are
etc.
Theyan
are invariably followedinfinitive.
. .
by
imperfective
THE
) ) . (, ) ). (, . )) (, (, , .101.1.
out the following sentences, choosing the correct infinitives from those given in brackets.
, .Ha2.6. 7.102.
,, ..a
The verbfollowed bya
is
never but by
an
infinitive
noun denoting an
action.
(.)
4.
5.
(, (, ) , . (, . . (, )3.
-. . . . .. . ,- , ,, . , , , I1.
sentences, replacing the simple of the same meaning.
,..verbalpredicates3.4.
-
8.
out
the following
by compound ones
2.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
NOTE
The verbs
, .:51919
are used only as part ofpredicates,
compound
verbal
.
e.g.:
65
),
ing sentences. Explain the use of the italicized reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
.,- , ,, , ,,, ,- . ..:position),e.g.:
(
-
-
with
direct
object
(a
nounpre-
in the accusative
without
In all other cases the reflexive
verbs
.:
are
used,
e.g.:
103.
-
out the follow-
sentences,1.
4.
. . . . ,.,, - . ., . (, .(, ). .) (, ) . (, ) ) . (, (, ).(.)
. (.)
(.)104.
.(.-.)6.
, .
(.)
(.)
-
&,
(^.)
(.)
out the following choosing the correct verbs from those given in brackets.
(.)
(.)
2.
3.
(.)
5.
(.)
66
I
., .105.I.
-
2.
., , . .. .1.
Read the following sentences containing simple and compound verbal predicates. State what additional meaning the auxiliary verbs or their equivalents eive to the compound verbal predicate.
Oh3.
-.
.3.
-.
4.
II. 1.
T. e.
, ,, : , ,, - , , , , : :,, ,, , - ,, , : ,,, , ,
,)
. .... .5..
. .2. 4.is
. . -
-
NOTE
The function
of auxiliary verbs
is
frequently fulfilled by so-calledto say,
-
modal verbs, thatverbsdenoting:
by
() the
ability,
possibility,
in-
clination,
wish
or
,))
perform an action:
,
intention
to
etc.;
.
.;
()
desire to perform an ac-
. .;
tion:
etc.;
-
() mental processes and
feel-
,
ings:
etc.
. .
5*
67
, ,, (, ) ). . (, ). (, (,. ) (, ). (, ) ? ), ,. . . .is
.
,
-
-
compoundcontaining
verbalof
predicate
one
thesea
verbs
mayor
include
eitlier
perfectiveinfinitive,
an
imperfective
depending on whether the speakerinterested
.:
such or in
106.
.,4.
. ..its result.
in
the
action
as
Cf.:
out the following sentences, choosing the infinitives of the required aspect from those given in brackets. Where possible, use both the infinitives and write down both the variants. Explain the difference in the use of the perfective and the imperfective verbs.1.
.3.
Oh
(,5.
2.
).1.
6.
7.
(,
-
107.
out the following sentences,
6.
.68
supplying the auxiliary verb to suit the sense.
Ha
...
3.
...
5.
...
..
,, , ,
{,,.).
. {, , ,,,2....
4.
...
...
NOTE
The short formetc.)is
of
adjectives
frequently
used
as
an auxiliary verb.expresstenses
future
the past and the and also the sub-
..action.1.
lowing sentences. Underline the predicates. Point out the component parts of the compound verbal predicates. Explain how the tenses of predicates of this type are formed.
., . . . , . . ,junctivethe
{,I.
:.
) .of these
and imperative moods,is
the auxiliary verbin
used
appropriate
tense
and
mood. E.g.:
108.
Give variants
2.
-. .OH
sentences,
.
,.4.5.
out the fol-
changing the time of the
3.
-
. -
THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
. .
109.
Find the attributes and the words they qualify. State how the attributes agree with the words they qualify.
Read the following
. ,.text.
THE ATTRIBUTE
ATTRIBUTES AGREEING WITH THE WORD QUALIFIED
,, . ..110.
...
, ,,., -,-; , .... ...
-
Read the following text. State the attributes agree with the words they qualify. Note the position of the attributes in relation to the words they qualify.
how
. . . . .
,
, ,.,
...
(.
.)
70
. ... . ,. . , ; , .. - ; . . .; ... (......
,.:
,^.whichagree
.-
6;;
.)withgenerally
2.
-
ing sentences, they qualify.1.
, - . , , , ,
111.
making the attributes
3.
)(
)
.. ) .Attributes
NOTE
the word they qualify
precede
it,
e.g.:
(, -; (, ) () ; ()(.)
in brackets
out the followagree with the nouns
.
((.)71
8.
(.)112.
.
) . , . ,. () ) ( .() () . ((.)4.
... () ., (,() ) () , . .() (, , () ; () () () . () , (,) , , , .,5. 6. 7.
out
the following text, making the attributes nouns they qualify. Retell the text.
in brackets agree
with the
()
).) , ( () , .239,5 2 611 000
Ha
()
()()
.
-
,4.
Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. Note the position of the attributes in relation to the words they qualify and in relation to one another.1.
.
113.
( .) .. , ., . -. . 1
() .200000
.
-
(.)
(.)6.
2.
3.
.
(.)5.
72
, ,.. . . , .10. 12.13.
(.)8.
(.)
(. .)9.
.:114.
tences.
Note the use
-; -or-oe as attributes agreeing with the word they qualify. Give the nouns from which these adjectives are derived.
6.
. .. . . . .(.) .. . , 1.
,,, , . . .
... . .(.)
7.
,
.
NOTEwordis qualified by two one a qualitative ad-
attributes,
jective
and the other a relativethe
-
adjective,
formere.g.:
is
placed
before the latter,
-, -, -;
Read the followingending in
of the possessive adjectives
,.-, -,3.
- sen-
-
2.
115.
. , . ,5. 7.8.
4.
out
the
following
sentences.
73
Substitute attributes expressed by adjectives for those expressed by the nouns in the genitive.
. , , .. .. . .. . .Model:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
,, , - ,., . , ,,,, ,, , ,, ,. ., ,,, , , . .9.
7.
8.
-
NOTE
Attributes
expressed
by
ad-
jectives are called attributes with
a
agreement,are called
and
attributes
ex-
pressed by oblique cases of nounsattributes withoutag-
reement.
116.
Give qualitative and relative adjectives to qualify the following nouns. Compose six sentences, using the phrases thus obtained.
.
-
;
)
)
-
117.
Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. What questions do they answer?I.
1.
. .3.
. (.)
2.
. (.) -
.5.
(. .)6.
4.
7.
. .
74
.. , . , .II.1.
2.
.
3.
following
lowing sentences. What questions do the attrilputes answer? of speech are they?1.
,, , . ,, , , .,, , . . ,, ,, . ,, , ,. . .4.
,whichareor
(.)
5.
NOTE
,
-
Attributes
adjec-
tives in the
compound formthe
of the
comparative
superlative
.:
degree generally precede the wordse.g.:
they qualify,
-
.:
However, attributes which are compound form of the comparative degree may follow the word they qualify, e.g.:adjectives in the
118.
Compose
sentences, using the
adjectives
attributively.
119.
(.)
2.
4.
.7. 8.
9.
,5.
- .. ....10.
Read the
fol-
What
parts
. . . ... .
(.) (.)51.
(.)
3.
(.)
6.
(. .) (. .)
(. .)75
120.
attributively.
.. . . . .. .. ., -... - ?. .Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. Note the position of the attributes in relation to one another.1.
,
121.
., . ..Compose3. 4. 9.
five sentences, using participles
-
2.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
, , ),.:122.
,,(,, ,,- . , .- .. -,.Ho
-
NOTE
word
is
qualified
by severalis
attributes one of which
a pro-
noun
(demonstrative,
indefinite,
, , ),placedat
definitive or possessive, including
the latter
is
generallythe
the
beginning ofe.g.:
group
of
attributes,
,
Read the following sentences. Note the position of the italicized attributes in relation to the words they qualify.1.
2.
3.
76
7.
-,
, -, - --, - . ,- , .. .,, ,.,,, , , ,,,,,,-,, , ,, , . . .. . . .
-. - . . . 4.5. 6.
.NOTEifying
Attributes with agreement qualtheindefinite
-, -, -,e.g.:
pronounsetc.
. .,
generally follow these
pronouns,
.:
123.
groups of words given below.a
Bear in
Compose sentences out of the mind the place of attributes in2.
.
sentence.1.
,, ,,,
3.
,
4.
,
-.I.
5.
6.
,, ,
124.
Read the
follow-
ing sentences. Note the attributive use of the pronouns1.
and
.
3.
7.
;. . . ,. .5. 8.
.9.
2.
4.
6.
(.) (.)10.
..3.
(.)2.
.
1.
,.77
(.)
. :125.1.
,. ,Note the difference in the use
NOTEindicates that
The pronountheobject
qualified
belongs
to
the subject of the sentence which
be expressed either by a noun or a personal pronoun of any person and number. But, as arule,is not used as an attribute to the subject. You cannot
may
, - ' '', , .: - . . . . . .. .. . . .The pronounanit
: . - .say:
You must
say:
can be usedthesubject
as
attribute
to
when
has the meaning of
*
or
e.g.:
126.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the pronoun or as required by the sense. Underline the subject in the clauses containing
. ., .of the...
Read the following sentences.and2.
pronouns
.78
1.
...
. . .. ,. . " .3.
4.
5.
,.
,
...
2.
...
3.
4.
...
5.
6.
. . , ., , . . ,,...
...
127.
,
the pronouns128.
,,,
following sentences. Note the use of the pronounsattributes.I.
. ., . ,
.1.
,.. ,...
7.
...
(. .)
Compose
eight sentences,
using
as attributes.
Read the
and
mom
as
.2.
129.
tences, filling in
. (.) . . .(.) 5.(.)...... ...
required form.1.
2.
.
3.
. . . ,,the blanks with the pronoun
,.4....
. . .mom4.
. - , (.)(.)3.
1949
. . -.
out the following senor in the
. 79
...
.,. .5....
...
.,,-,., --, , ,, , . . .6....
,.they
.
..,... ...
...
7.
8.
...
.
130.
Compose
sentences,
using the following words
as attributes.
,-,131.1.
, ,
Read the following
sentences. Find the attributes and state
of speech
are.
What
question do
(.)
.. () .. ,5. 6.
.
.. ..they answer?2. 3.
what parts
4.
(.)
. (.)
7.
3.
8.
9.
. ,132.1.
Read the following
sentences. Define the form of the
nouns and adjectives used with the numerals
,,
. . . .(.)2.5.
. (.)(.)7.
.
,. .4.
,
6.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
80
-
226
. .., , . .. , . , , ,. , , , , . , , ,, .200... ...
93596
,. , .133.filling in the
, . . , ,, ,, , , , -. , , ,lowingtiie
,,
, ...
. . -.11. 12.
NOTEattributive
-
Anifying
adjective
qualfol-
feminine noun
numeral
,if
and
or
may
take either the nomithe noun
native or the genitiveis
the subject or the direct object.
out the following text, blanks with these adjectives to suit the sense:
20
1915 1953 1954
,
...
170 000...
1953
1954
200
...
900
...
53
...
116
...
34
...
7
...
40
...
.
134.
Compose
sentences,
,
using the following phrases.
61919
81
, . ., .. ,, . . ., . . .135.
out
the following
sentences,
filling1.
in the blanks...
with attributes to suit the sense.2....
...
3.
...
...
...
4.
...
...
5.
...
...
136.
out the text, filling
in
the blanks with
attributes to suit the sense.
...
. . .. .1.
. . . ....
: ,
...
. ,... ...
....
...
...
...
, .,... .... ...
.
-
137.
factory, city, etc.),
. .), Describe your room (institute, using various kinds of attributes.
. (, ,...
...
...
ATTRIBUTES NOT
AGREEING WITH THE WORD QUALIFIEDRead the followingsentences. Point
138.
the attributes with
agreement and those without agreement.
2.
3.
5.
..4.6.7.
,
out
-
-
8.
(.)
9.
82
State what parts of speech the italicized attributes withoutare.1.
., . . . ,. , . , . . ... . (.)(.)10.139.
Read the following
sentences.
of
agreement
2.
(.)
3.
4.
5.
-
(.)
6.
7.
8.
. , , , , , ,.:
-
NOTE
Attributesare
withoutthe the
agreementgenitive
frequently
nouns
.
with
prepositionthe
The genitive withgenerallyof
preposition
denotes
the materialis
made,
.e.g.:
which an object
,.:
The genitive withsition
denotes purpose, e.g.:
.is
the
prepo-
In bothin the
these
cases
the noun
.:
, .: ,6*
,no
, -
-
by an adjective,
noun
.
genitive can
be
replaced
e.g.:
in the
dative with the
preposition no
used to denote
profession, kinship or other kindsof relations, e.g.:
,
.
83
,
,; ,. , , , . . . , , ,, , . . . . . , , , . .Model:
Replace the attributes without agreement in the following phrases by attributes with agreement.
. ., ,140.
. , , ,
-
141.
sentences
by
Replace the attributes with agreement in the following attributes without agreement. Compose sentences with
the phrases thus obtained.
Model:
, ,.in...
,with
.
,or
142.
out the
following
sentences, filling
the
blanks
attributes
with
without
agreement.1.
2.
,..
...
3.
4.
...
5.
...
6.
...
...
7.
143.
142,
-
Compose five sentences, using the genitive of nouns as attributes (use the sentences in Exercise 142 as models).144.
Read the following sentences. State attributes without agreement are.1.
. .(.)2.
what parts of speech the italicized What questions do they answer?
.
. (.)
3.
84
,. ,. , . .(.)4.
-
(.)
8.
without1.
, . ., .,ing, e.g.:
, , .:Composeare.
-What
. , .6.
(.)
7.
.
5.
NOTEin the prepositional case
Nouns
with the preposition are used as attributes without agreement to denote the clothes one is wear-
..[2.
145.
case with146.
the preposition
six sentences, using nouns in the prepositional as attributes without agreement.
Read the following
agreement
]4.
7.
. -
. ...sentences. State
what parts
questions
of speech the attributes do they answer?
(.)
.
(.)
3.
(.)
. . 5.
(.)
^(. .)
(.)
6.
-
.
8.
85
, , .:147.
-3.......
NOTEnounin the instrumental case
with the prepositionattribute
used as an
. .1....
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with attributes without agreement to suit the sense.
,, ,
, ..notesture,
without
agreement de-
some
characteristic
fea-
property or quality of the
object, e.g.:
2.
... ...
.6.1.
sentences out of the groups of words given below. Bear in place of attributes with and without agreement.
2.3.
.. ,, ,. , , . ,, , ,, ,, , ,. . , , ,, , , ,. , ,, , , , , , .,7. 8....
4.
...
5.
. ....
.1-
148.
Compose mind the
,,149.
, ,
4.
,
Supply an attribute without agreement to each of the following nouns and compose sentences with the phrases thus obtained.
-
150.
phrases as attributes.a)
;,
Compose
sentences, using the following
,
,
Replace the italicized constructions model.
, ;. ,, . , . , .) )151.
1.
, , .. . .2.3.
, . ,, . . , ,, ..byattributive
out
the following sentences. phrases as in the
Model:
Hfi-
-
4.
5.
6.
152.
out from the following sentences the italicized nouns by attributes with agreement. Substitute attributes without agreement for the attributes with agreement.qualified
.153.
Model:
1.
3.
. .1.
.Model:
. .. .2. 4.
Substitute attributes without agreement for the italicized
constructions.
. ..2.3.
,^, , , ,
-
,87
.., , .154.
Describe
friend of yours,
using various kinds
of attributes.
.
155.
infinitives.1.
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized attributive Copy them out together with the words they qualify.
.,(.)8.156.
.(.)3.
(.)
4.
Compose
,, , , .sentences, using the following phrases:
,. ., ,6.
.
.
(.)
2.
,,. (. .)
-
(.)
5.
.
.
(.)10.
9.
...
... (. .)
.7.
(.)
-
DETACHED ATTRIBUTES157.(II), (I)
Read the following
.,,(I)
UNEXTENDED
sentences.
cases the unextended
attributes are detached
tachedI.
(II).
1.
,
Explain in which and in which not de-
88
-
...
, , , ,.-, ,,.. ,, ,.,. -. , ,,(.)2.
3.
.3.
(.)
,
(.)6.
4.
( .)
5.
.
1.
(. .)
2.
.-
(.)
NOTEof
Parts
the
sentence
uttered
. ), . : ;.(
with an emphatic intonation to stress their particular importancearecalled detached
parts
of
the
sentence.
In
writing
detachedare set off
parts of the sentence
from the commas.
rest of the sentence
by
The parts
of the sentence
which
-
are most frequently detached areattributes, adverbial modifiers (ex-
tended or unextended)less
and muchand thede-
frequently objects
principal
parts of the sentence.
Unextended attributes aretached(a)if:
)
two
or
more
unextendedthey
attributesqualify;
follow
the word
)
;
-
(b)
the the
attribute
is
separated
froma
word
it
qualifies
by
phrase;
89
;, ,. , ( ,? .:
))
(c)
the attribute qualifies
per-
sonal pronoun;(d)
-
the attribute preceding theit
word
qualifies
has
a
causal
or concessive meaning.
The meanis
ing of such attributesto
similaror
that
of
clauses
of
cause
-
concessionare
and,
therefore,
they
detached.
Cf
.
.:
, .( ? , : ; , : ..did he look weak?)
Why
Why
are
did he look
weak?)
Unextended attributesif:
not
detached(a)
)
the attribute
is
immediatelyit
followed by the word(b)
qualifies;
)
the
attribute
cannotit
be
.:)
separated from the wordifies,
qual-
e.g.:
, . . , . .You cannotsay:
()
the
attribute
qualifies
an
-
indefinite pronoun.
Note
that
unextended
attri-
butes with and without agreementare
used
as
detachedof
attributes
chiefly
in
works
fiction
and
in poetry.
.90
158.
,
Read the following
sentences,
paying attention to your intonation.
Copy out thetached ones.
3.
Read the following sentences with the proper intonation. Copy out the sentences, replacing the non-detached attributes by detached ones. Read the new sentences with the proper intonation.Model:
.. , . . , . ,, , . . ,, , , . ,,,1.
.
, ., , .., , , .. . .. , , .. , ,Model:
.159.
sentences, replacing the detached attributes by non-deRead the new sentences with the proper intonation.
, ..
,
-
1.
-
(.)
2.
.
(.)
,
,
(.)
2.
(.)4.
3.
(.)
5.
160.
Read
the following sentences.
speech they are.1.
Find the attributes and state what parts of Explain the cases where the attributes are detached.
(.) 2.4.
, ..(.)3.
(.)
(.) 5.
(.)
6.
,
(.)
7.
. , .91
-
-
, ., , .161.1.
nouns by personal pronouns and making their attributes
out the following sentences, replacing the italicized detached.
.
2.
3.
.
4.
162.
missing punctuation marks.I.
1.
2.
6.
.(.)3.
92
, . . , , , . . . ..; . .., .Supplythe
.
, , .. (.) (. .)(.)3.
.4.
..-
-
5.
(.)
1.
2.
(.)
-
,
(.) 4.
(.)
6.
. (.)
7.
.(.)
163.
Read the following
appositives.I. a) 1.
.. , , , .. , . , , , , ,, . , ,2.
, .)
(.)1.
,,., .(.)3.
. , ,2.
, ...
(.)
DETACHED APPOSITIVES
sentences. Point out the cases of detached
(. .)
3.
(.)
,,. , 4.off
-
.
1.
(.) 2.
,
(. .)
(.).
(. .)
-
NOTE
Appositives which are the names
of
kinds of plants or species ofe.g.:
, .:
, , ,,
.
.:
pa-
animals are not set
by com-
mas,
Such appositives and the wordstheyare in
apposition
to
,
-
merged together in speech. Note that the words and preceding the name, rank or appointment of the personconcerned are likewise neveroff
set
are
by commas,
,
e.g.:
93
., , ,. ,, ,, , , , , . , ! , ., ,, . ? , ,-,, . . , - , :, .. , .. . , . , . ;^ ;, . . ; . .. .164.
out the following sentences.
Explain their punctuation and the cases1.
of apposition.
,
(.)
2.
,
(.)
3.
,
,
4.
(.)
(.)
5.
(.)
6.
(.)
-
-
7.
(.)
8.
(. .)
9.
..
10.
XVIH
165.
out the following sentences, adding to the italicized words detached appositives from the list given below.
Model:
1.
2.
3.
-
4.
5.
94
, : ; ,; , . ., . , . , , , ., -. ,166.
163
1)
2)
3)
model, compose three pairs of sentences to Using Exercise 163 as illustrate the following cases of detached appositives: (1) with a personal pronoun; (2) with a proper noun; (3) with a common noun.167.
sentences.
words they qualify.1.
.
, ,., , ,Underline the words used to join the appositives toout the following the
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
., , , , . ,. , ,5.
,
,
(.)
4.
6.
(.)
(.)
7.
(. .)
8.
-
(.)
,(.
, ,(.13),4,5).
to
NOTEwordstheyqualify by
Appositives are frequently joinedthe
-
conjunctions or conjunctive words
which give the appositivesous additionalcausal
varie.g.
meanings,
a
meaning
(see sentences 1-3),
or specify the qualified
word
(see
-
sentences 4,5).
Amongthesetive
the
mostthe
common
of
conjunctions
and conjuncfollowing:
words
are
95
,; ;;;
, , ,, ,. .etc.
. . . . .. ., . . ,. , ,;; ; , ,; ; ; . .
, .
awarded
168.
each of the following pairs of sentences into one with an appositive, using the conjunctions or conjunctive words no etc. as required by the sense. Write down your sentences.
, ,an
; ;;; ; , , ,appositive
;,joined
-'by
(.
.:
the conjunctionit is
has
causal
meaning
invariably detached.
first prize?)
',
;4.
? ; , ; ,,Combine2.
e.g.:
Why
was
he
. .
3.
1.
.
169.
(or not)1.
out the following sentences, substituting detached appositives joined by conjunctions for the clauses.
Bee
2.
;
170.
joined to
,;etc.
,;
. . Compose
the words they qualify
,;
ten sentences containing appositives by conjunctions or phrases
,;
;-
171.
96
Copy out the following sentences, supplying the missing punctuation marks. Underline the words in apposition. Read the sentences aloud.
.1.
,5.
. .172.
, ., . . , .. (.) ,(.)(.)7.
,
(.)
. (. .)
out the following sentences. State what parts of speech the italicized objects are and define their case.1.
.5.
, , . , ., . ,. . -^ . . -, . . ..(.)8.
,, , . .. 4.
, .2.
(.)
-
3.
(.)
6.
.10.3. 4.
9.
(.)
THE OBJECT
2.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(. .)
10.
,
11.
71919
97
173.
Read the following1.
174.
out the following sentences. Note the use of abstract nouns as direct objects of transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle.
. . , .) . . . 5.
. . . .2.
sentences. Point out the direct objects.
. . .. . .12.
-
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(.
, .3. 4.
. .98
..2.
.
1.
5.
, ,9.
(.) (.)
.. .6.
. , .7.8..
.. . , either
(.)
10.
,NOTEparticle
-
Abstract nouns following transitive verbs preceded
by the negatake the
-
tive
generally
genitive,
concrete
nouns
,;.:175.1.
out the following sentences, putting the predicate in the negative form. Explain the changes in the case of the object.2.
Read the following sentences. Note the position of the object in the sentences.I.
an adjunct
,. , , ., .. . . . .. . , .
-
the
genitive
or
the
accusative,
e.g.:
3.
-
4.
5.
176.
1)
to.
.2)I.
1.
the direct object either precede or follow the verb.
3.
prepositional1.
a
pronoun in the dative1.
3.
. . . . . .. .2.
. . ,The3.
direct object generally follows the verbs
itis
.
4.
,. .2.is
it
a pronoun,
may
II.
1)
2)
, . . ,object2.it
The
direct object either precedes the indirect or the or follows it.
is
If the indirect object generally precedes the direct object.
2.
4.
7*
99
out the following sentences. Point out in each sentence the part of the sentence the object is an adjunct to and state what part of speech it is. Define the case of the object.
.
..1.
. . . .. ... . . . ., , .,, ., ,, . , ,,,,,.,, , , ,, ,, . . ,, . .the following sentences. Point out tlie direct, tlie indirect and the prepositional objects. State the position of the object in each sentence.1.
.177.
Read
(. .)
2.
3.
(.)
4.
-
(.)7.
5.
(.)
6.
(.)8.
(.)
9.
(.)2.
178.
Compose sentences out of the words given below. Bear in mind the position of the object in the sentence.1.
3.
,
4.
,
.
,
5.
6.
.
,
,
179.
-
(.) 2.5.
. . . . .3. 4. 6.7.
11.
.10.12.
, ..9.
(.)
. 8.
. -
13.
(.) (.)
14.
100
, ,, ,K
NOTEobjectis
. ,,. ,.:Thejunclto a verb, e.g.:
generally an ad-
.:
or
verbal noun, e.g.:
However, it may refer to an adjective which governs a definite case,
.:
,
180.
the following sentences, supplying objects.1.
.e.g.:...
Complete...
Bee...
...
2....
., , , , , .. . . .. .. .. .3. 4. 6....
...
5.
7.
...
8.
181.
Supply objects to the following words and compose some sentences with the phrases thus obtained.
.
182.
2.
out the following sentences. State the cases of the objects of the italicized verbs. Memorize these verbs.1.
3.
.for
,183.
(.)(.)5.
4.
. (.)
Supply objects to the following verbs. Compose a pair
.(. .)
-
6.
7.
of sentences
101
each group of verbs.
;)
out the following sentences. State the case of each of the objects following the italicized verbs. What does the choice of the case depend on?
, ;, , ,, , ,, , , ,,,, , , ,,, , , , ;,, , , ,;...-; ;, , , , , , .)
)
)
,3.
184.
.5.185.
I.
prepositions where necessary.1.... ...
. .-. .. , , .4.
.. . .2.
(.)
6.
(.)
7.
(. .)
8.
9.
(.)
Complete the following sentences,...
inserting
2.
3.5....
7....
. ,., . .8.
9.
...
10.
-...
4.
...
6.
...
...
11.
...
186.
Read the following
text
and then
retell it,
using objects.
-
102
. ..187.
. ,,, , . . .... ,-,
.
2.
. .) . ,, -, , ,., . ,, . . . . . . . .,. (.Composesentences, using the following words as objects.
.
. . ...
. . .is
,,
188.
phrases. In which instances genitive case used as an attribute, and in which as an object?1.
Read the following
the
2.
3.
189.
out the following sentences.
Underline the infinitives used as objects.
..I.
1.
3.
4.
103
II. 1.
(.)
,.2.
. , .
,
,.,the copy-books).
,us,
(.)
.is
, . , : . .
NOTEinfinitive used as an object
An
invariably an adjunct to a verb,infinitivequalifiesa
while anattribute
usednoun,
as
an
An
infinitive used as an object
, ., ,.
, ,the teacher
, .: whoasked
generally denotes an action to becarried
outorder,
by somerequestperson(s),
person(s)
on theof
or
advicee.g.:
some other
but
it
was we who had
friend gave
(
(it
was
to bring
me
that
advice,
but
it
was
I
who was
to
go to the rest-home).
190.
sentences. In which cases is the infinitive used as an object, and in which as part of a compound verbal predicate?
Read the following
, , , 6" , . .1.
(.)
(.)
2.
3.
-
1Q4
., . , .,(.)4.191.
following sentences, used as objects.
Find the detached objects. State by what words they are adjuncts to.
. . ., . .2.
. . , ,. , , , . , . . .1.
. .9.1,
.3.
Model:
8.
. , . . .. In
(. .)
the
substitute
infinitives
for
the
italicized
nouns
2.
.
4.
5.
6.
7.
192.
Compose
sentences,
using
the
following
phrases.
193.
the following sentences. State what parts of speech the attributes and the objects are.
. .4.
(.)
.!6.
Analyse
3.
(. .)
(.) (.)
5.
105
-
DETACHED OBJECTS
194.
Read the following
sentences. words they are joined to the
-
1.
,,6.
, ,. ,4. 7.
,
, , (.) , , .(. .)8.
, ,, -, , ,(.)5.
, . .. . ,,,(.)2.
3.
! used
(.)
-
(.-.)
,
.:
out the following sentences, inserting the necessary punctuation marks.1.
,, , , ,,, - ) ,,, ) , , . .
.
NOTE
-
Objects consisting of nouns withor
prepositionsprepositions
(,
(,
adverbs
-
as
,
are
invariably
detached, e.g.:
. (.-.)
195.
Ha
2.
5.
196.
ing detached objects with the prepositions
,,.
. ,. . , ,.3.
4.
. Compose
,, ,
sentences contain-
-
106
, ,197.
sentences
of the
1.
.,198.italicized
,
, .
, ,. ,, , ., ,Replace the following sentences by , same meaning with the prepositions without changing the meaning. ,
adverbial modifiers answer?
, . , . . .4.5.
.. ,2. 3.
6.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERSWhat
Read the following
text.
What
questions do the parts of speech are they?
.
, . .; ... . ,,, . ., , .. . ,. , , . ,.
. :. ,..
., ,-. . ,107
; ,199.
.. , .. . ,.4.
. .1955
. (.) . (.) (.)1.
Read the following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of time. Note the prepositions used to denote time,
. ,6.
.
(.
(.)10.
(.)9.
200.
Read the following sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial modifiers are. Note the word order in the sentences and the position of the adverbial modifiers of time.1.
... . ., . .(.) (.)11.
..2.
3.
200-
..5.
.) . -
7.
8.
12.
13.
14.
.,(.) .15.
.7
-
.108
. , 4. 7.
.
. ... .2.3.
5.
time
6.
.
NOTEmodifierseitheratof
Adverbial
may
occur
the
begin-
ning or at the end of the sentence.
,, . , ; . ; ;.; ; ; . .. , , . ,, . . . ,an adverbial
modifier of time
.:
is
placed at the beginning of theit
sentence,
is
generally followede.g.:
by the
subject,
201.
out the following sentences, the blanks with adverbial modifiers of time from the list given below.filling in
1953
1.
...
2.
...
3.
...
-
4.
...
5.
...
6.
...
7.
...
202.
Compose sentences, using words and constructions denoting time; Join them by the prepositions c, ,203.
following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers indicating approximate time.the1.
.c,
Oh
.
(. .)
3.
,, ,, , .:
6.
. . (.) .. (.) . (.) .Read2.
.9.
,,,,5.
, ,
,,,,
-
,in
(.)
4.
7.8.
.
-
.
NOTEindicate approximate time,
-
the
prepositions
and
,109
which are similarused,
meaning, are
.e.g.:
,
. .:204.
, , , ,. , : : (,. . . .,
:
The prepositiondenotehour,Itis
is
used
to
period
of
about
oneetc.
one week, one month,
,
not used to indicate a pe-
riod of
-
hours,
weeks,
about two, three or more months, etc. For
example,
you may say:
,But6
following phrases as adverbial modifiers of time.
(, , , . .(and not:
/
.).Cf.
you must say:
Approximate time can also be denoted by inverting the word
order in the sentence.
exact time)
approximate time)sentences, using
205.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with adverbial modifiers of time.1.
....
,7.
Ha
...
10.206.
Read the following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of place. What questions do they answer? State the prepositions used in denoting place.1.
, .. . . ,, . , .. .Composethe
,
...
2.
...
...
3.
...
4.
5.
6.
-
...
8.
...
...
(,9.
...
day, month, year).
.
(.)
-
2.
7.
. .. ., . ; ; ; ;;; .; ; ; ;. -; . .. . . -,. . . .11. 12.
. . .. . . .(.) (.)3. 4.
(.) 6.
(.)
5.
.. -
-
15.
207.
out the following sentences, ing in the blanks with words and phrases from those given below.
....
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.)10. 13. 14.fill-
.(.) (.)
(.)
8.
9.
1.
...
2.
...
3.
4.
...
5.
...
6.
...
7.
...
8.
...
.
...
10.
...
...
208.
sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial modifiers of place are. Point out their position in the sentence.
Read the following1.
4.
10.
. . --. .. . . .- . .2.3.
.6.
5.
. .12.7.111
9.
...-
-
8.
9.
11.
. ,,CTOHTB
.
.:orat
NOTEmodifiersat of
Adverbial
placeIn
mayat
be either
the
beginning
the end of the sentence.
sentences with the normal word order adverbial modifiers of place are
HO
,209. 210.
, . ,, . , ,,, ,,, , , ,,,,, . ,., -. ;, ..:modifier of place ate.g.:
, ,,a
..is
the end of
the sentence, e.g.:
sentence contains both an adverbial modifier of place and an adverbial modifier of time,the latter generally placed atthe end of
the beginning and the adverbial
the sentence,
-
If
sentence
begins
with
.-
an
adverbial
modifier of place,
the
.:
predicate
is
generally placed bee.g.:
fore the subject,
.
sentences, using the following words and phrases as adverbial modifiers of place.
Compose
,
-
Read the following
cause.
Name1.
sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of questions do they answer? What parts of speech are they? the prepositions used in expressing cause.
What
.. (.)
(. .)3.
2.
4.
.
(.)
, .5.
(.)
112
. , .. - . . ..6.
(.)
7.
(.)
8.
9.
10.
11.
,,,.
, . ,- , , , . ,, ,, . . , ,, ,,,-
-
.
NOTE
-
-,
As adverbial modifiers of cause we most often use nouns preceded by the prepositions
,
.
-, , ,'owingin
.:
-
-
'because
The preposition of is usedcause
-
to,*
expressinghinder-
a
preventing
or
ing an action, e.g.:
, (,. .)Oh
:
The
prepositionif
'out
of*
-
is
used only
the speaker meanslove,curi-
that
some
feeling (respect,
(,
. . .)
pity or compassion, hatred,osity,etc.)
-
causes
a
deliberate
action,
e.g.:
.
Unlikeused
the
preposition
'with',
'for*
the preposition
is
if
the speaker means that
,
some
feeling (love, hatred, curios-
ity, joy, pity or
compassion, fear,action,
.:
etc.)
causes an Impulsive
e.g.:
.
.
81919
:, , , . ,, , .,CO
-
The prepositionwiththeis
is
synonym -
ous
preposition
but
used only in the phrases:
The
preposition
maynot
be
used
in
expressingalso
only anexternal
internal
but
an
.:
cause bringing about an action or
state, e.g.:
,
-. , ,:, , , .. . ., . .maysay:
. : ,,
.,no no
The prepositionusedin
is
chiefly
expressing
an
action
caused by some negative feature inperson's character. In this case, the subject of the sentence must
be the word denoting the personin
question.
:no no
.cannot
For
example,
one
But
one
say:
The prepositioncause:
is
also used
in the following phrases
express-
ing
no
211.
out the following sentences. Note the different use of the italicized nounand-preposition phrases.1.
.
-
2.
-
3.
14
I
4.
6.
; ; ;.212.
and-preposition phrases.
. . -. .,5.
.. ..
Compose
sentences, using
the following noun-
-
-
.1.
;
-
,
213
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, replacing the italicized constructions and sentences by adverbial modiModel:
fiers of cause.
.^, ... , . . .. , . . . .;; . ; ;; ; ,;, .6. 7.list
.2.
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