Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMV)

FATMA MOHAMED TAHAAssistant Professor of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of

Medicine ,Cairo University

Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMV) are phospholipid bilayer -

enclosed vesicles from eukaryotic cells.

Extracellular vesicle classification can be based on their cellular

origin or biological function; alternatively, extracellular vesicles can

be categorized on the basis of their biogenesis pathways.

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellularvesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013 vol12 May 347-357

Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMV) are phospholipid bilayer -

enclosed vesicles from eukaryotic cells.

Extracellular vesicle classification can be based on their cellular

origin or biological function; alternatively, extracellular vesicles can

be categorized on the basis of their biogenesis pathways.

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellularvesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013 vol12 May 347-357

Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMV) are phospholipid bilayer -

enclosed vesicles from eukaryotic cells.

Extracellular vesicle classification can be based on their cellular

origin or biological function; alternatively, extracellular vesicles can

be categorized on the basis of their biogenesis pathways.

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellularvesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013 vol12 May 347-357

EMV classification according to Cellular origin and biologicalfunction :Ectosomes: vesicles secreted by neutrophils or monocytes

Microparticles: vesicles shed from platelets in blood or endothelial cells

Tolerosomes: vesicles purified from serum of antigen-fed mice

Prostatosomes: vesicles extracted from seminal fluid

Cardiosomes: vesicles secreted by cardiomyocytes

Vexosomes: vesicles linked with adeno-associated virus vectors

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellular

vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013; vol

12 May 347-357

EMV classification according to Cellular origin and biologicalfunction :Ectosomes: vesicles secreted by neutrophils or monocytes

Microparticles: vesicles shed from platelets in blood or endothelial cells

Tolerosomes: vesicles purified from serum of antigen-fed mice

Prostatosomes: vesicles extracted from seminal fluid

Cardiosomes: vesicles secreted by cardiomyocytes

Vexosomes: vesicles linked with adeno-associated virus vectors

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellular

vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013; vol

12 May 347-357

EMV classification according to Cellular origin and biologicalfunction :Ectosomes: vesicles secreted by neutrophils or monocytes

Microparticles: vesicles shed from platelets in blood or endothelial cells

Tolerosomes: vesicles purified from serum of antigen-fed mice

Prostatosomes: vesicles extracted from seminal fluid

Cardiosomes: vesicles secreted by cardiomyocytes

Vexosomes: vesicles linked with adeno-associated virus vectors

Samir EL Andaloussi, Imre Mäger, Xandra O. Breakefield and Matthew J. A. Wood . Extracellular

vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities , Nature review drug discovery, 2013; vol

12 May 347-357

Characterization of different EMV

Distinct biogenesis pathways lead to different types of EMV. These

vesicles include exosomes, shedding microvesicles (SMVs) and

apoptotic blebs (ABs), many of which exhibit pleiotropic biological

functions.

Characterization of different EMV

Distinct biogenesis pathways lead to different types of EMV. These

vesicles include exosomes, shedding microvesicles (SMVs) and

apoptotic blebs (ABs), many of which exhibit pleiotropic biological

functions.

Characterization of different EMV

Cell Mol Life Sci 68 (2011) 2667–2688.

Biogenesis and Release of EMV

JCB 2013;200:373-383 2013 ;12,347-3 57

History of exosomes

They were described in 1983, as secreted by reticulocytes, exosomes

became of interest for immunologists in 1996, when they were

proposed to play a role in antigen presentation.

More recently, the finding that exosomes carry genetic materials,

mRNA and miRNA, has been a major breakthrough in the field,

unveiling their capacity to vehicle genetic messages.

It is now clear that not only immune cells but probably all cell types

are able to secrete exosomes.

Ange´ lique Bobrie , Marina Colombo , Grac¸ a Raposo,∗ and Clotilde Thery. Exosome Secretion: Molecular

Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses . Traffic, 2011; 12: 1659 – 1668

They were described in 1983, as secreted by reticulocytes, exosomes

became of interest for immunologists in 1996, when they were

proposed to play a role in antigen presentation.

More recently, the finding that exosomes carry genetic materials,

mRNA and miRNA, has been a major breakthrough in the field,

unveiling their capacity to vehicle genetic messages.

It is now clear that not only immune cells but probably all cell types

are able to secrete exosomes.

Ange´ lique Bobrie , Marina Colombo , Grac¸ a Raposo,∗ and Clotilde Thery. Exosome Secretion: Molecular

Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses . Traffic, 2011; 12: 1659 – 1668

They were described in 1983, as secreted by reticulocytes, exosomes

became of interest for immunologists in 1996, when they were

proposed to play a role in antigen presentation.

More recently, the finding that exosomes carry genetic materials,

mRNA and miRNA, has been a major breakthrough in the field,

unveiling their capacity to vehicle genetic messages.

It is now clear that not only immune cells but probably all cell types

are able to secrete exosomes.

Ange´ lique Bobrie , Marina Colombo , Grac¸ a Raposo,∗ and Clotilde Thery. Exosome Secretion: Molecular

Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses . Traffic, 2011; 12: 1659 – 1668

Exosome composition

Virol. 2011;85:12844-12854

A complete database of exosomal proteins can be found at ExoCarta(exocarta.ludwig.edu.au/) (Mathivanan et al., 2012).

Exosome composition

Frontiers in Genetics published: 20 April 2012

Diversity of RNA molecules shuttled by exosomes comes from latest reported ExoCarta entries (Mathivanan etal., 2012) comprising 2375 mRNA and 1630 miRNA molecules.

Interaction of exosomes with recipient cells

Exosomes asintercellular

communicators

Exosomes asintercellular

communicators

Exosomes asintercellular

communicators

Proposed antigen presenting functions of exosomes

Cell communication through cell-fate signals carryingexosomes in tumor microenvironment .

J of extracellular vesiclesVol 2, 2013

Proposed immunological functions of exosomes secreted bytumors

The mechanisms of stem cell exosome/microvesicle-mediated regeneration of injured tissues.

Lee Y et al. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012;21:R125-R134

A suggested hypothesis on the role of exosomes released from adamaged heart as a potential intercellular communicator.

Circulation Research. 2014;114:333-344

Postulated roles of exosomes/microvesicles in neural cellcommunication

Front. Physiol., 30 April 2012

Exosomes: vehicles for the transfer of toxic proteins associatedwith neurodegenerative diseases

Frontiers in physiology published: 03 May 2012

Exosomes as a PotentialDiagnostic and their

Therapeutic Approaches

Exosomes as a PotentialDiagnostic and their

Therapeutic Approaches

12,347-3 57 (2013)

In vitro studies have documented that the Hemopurifier captures

exosomes underlying cancer, including colorectal, lymphoma,

melanoma, ovarian, and breast cancer.Aethlon Hemopurifier. (PRNewsFoto/Aethlon Medical, Inc.)

SAN DIEGO, March 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Aethlon Medical, Inc. (OTC Bulletin Board: AEMD)

In vitro studies have documented that the Hemopurifier captures

exosomes underlying cancer, including colorectal, lymphoma,

melanoma, ovarian, and breast cancer.Aethlon Hemopurifier. (PRNewsFoto/Aethlon Medical, Inc.)

SAN DIEGO, March 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Aethlon Medical, Inc. (OTC Bulletin Board: AEMD)

In vitro studies have documented that the Hemopurifier captures

exosomes underlying cancer, including colorectal, lymphoma,

melanoma, ovarian, and breast cancer.Aethlon Hemopurifier. (PRNewsFoto/Aethlon Medical, Inc.)

SAN DIEGO, March 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Aethlon Medical, Inc. (OTC Bulletin Board: AEMD)

EMV-based therapies

www.frontiersin.org June 2012 |Volume 3 | Article 228