Expanding Horizons

Chapter 6

Early Exploration

See Worksheet 6.1 Make sure you know the following:

• Reasons for seeking sea routes• New technologies that aided exploration• Importance of Henry the Navigator• Purpose of the Line of Demarcation

Goals for Exploration and who explored for them

Portugal

• Trade is number one goal• Mostly focused in Indian Ocean• Colonization later becomes necessary• Brazil is only South American Colony

www.abflags.com

Bartholomeu DiasFrom Portugal

Explored• Southern tip of Africa,

Successes• Named Cape of

Good Hope • Proved ships could reach East

Asia by sailing around Africa.

Controversies• None noted

Vasco de Gamafrom Portugal

Explored• India• Along east coast of Africa

• Successes• Regarded as national hero in

Portugal• Pioneered a water route to Asia

Controversies• Failed to convince Muslim

merchants to trade with Portugal

Pedro Alvarez CabralFrom Portugal

Explored• Africa• Asia• Brazil

Successes• Established trade routes along

India’s coast • Colonized Brazil

Controversies• Bloody war with Muslim

merchants along the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand MagellanFrom Portugal

Explored• Atlantic Ocean to South America• Pacific Ocean

Successes• Narrow water named Strait of

Magellan, • Completed the first circumnavigation.

Controversies• Executed a Captain who Instigated

the mutiny,• his ships wrecked, • Magellan was killed in the Philippines

Spain

• Acquire Wealth- mining for gold/silver• Convert natives to Christianity• Explorers are known as Conquistadors

www.abflags.com

Christopher ColumbusFrom Italy but sailed for Spain

Explored• What he believed to be India,

China• We later know that it was present

day America

Successes• First person to cross the Atlantic

Ocean, • and he found gold• Columbian Exchange

Controversies• The crew was scared that they

wouldn’t find land.

Amerigo VespucciFrom Italy

Explored• The Americas

Successes• He suggested that Columbus

found a “New World.”• America is named after him

Controversies• Disproving Christopher

Columbus’ claims

Francisco PizarroFrom Spain

Explored• South America

Successes• Establishing a Spanish Colony

in present day Peru by defeating the Incan Empire

• Captured Atahualpa

Controversies• Massacred thousands of Inca

Hernan CortesFrom Spain

Explored• Mexico area around Aztecs

– Aided by Malinche

Successes• Became ruler of Mexico.• Established Spanish colony • He found gold

Controversies• Defeated Montezuma II• Killed many Aztecs

Netherlands

• Acquire Natural Resources • Expand Commerce– Dutch East India Company monopolized trade

around Indonesia

www.abflags.com

Henry HudsonFrom England but sailed for the Dutch

• Explored• Atlantic coast of North

America

Successes• Claimed New Amsterdam for

the Dutch

Controversies• The Dutch power was

declining, because of England’s leading nation

France

• Late in exploration because of religious conflict

• Sought quick profits from trade rather than long term investing– They have some trading posts in West Indies and

India but majority is in North America (Canada) • Christianizing– Missionaries sent to Canada to convert Natives

www.abflags.com

Samuel de ChamplainFrom France

Explored• The Americas

Successes• Founded Quebec• Opened area up for more

exploration

Controversies • None noted

Jacques CartierFrom France

Explored• Eastern CanadaSuccesses• Claimed much of eastern

Canada for France• Named Montreal

Controversies• None Noted

England

• Colonization– Settlers colonized while looking for Religious

freedom• Acquire Raw Materials • Defeat Spanish • They did not focus on Christianizing natives• English East India Company monopolized trade

around India

www.abflags.com

John Cabotfrom Italy but sailed for England

Explored• CanadaSuccesses• Claimed Newfoundland

for England.

Controversies• None noted

Sir Francis DrakeFrom England

Explored• Atlantic Ocean and the North

Sea for Spanish ships.

Successes• Retrieved gold and silver for

England.

Controversies• Raided the Spanish ships in

order to get the gold and silver.

Effects of Exploration

Columbian ExchangeExchange of goods and ideas between the Old world and the New World

• Credited to Christopher Columbus’ first journey to the New world

Correct Answers for Columbian Exchange

• Banana• Carnations• Chickens• Coffee• Daisies • Dandelion• Horses• Influenza• Olives• Oranges• Peaches• Pigs• Rice• Smallpox• Sugarcane• Wheat

• Alpaca• Avocado• Beans• Cacao• Corn• Cotton• Marigolds• Peanuts• Poinsettias• Potatoes• Pumpkins• Rubber• Syphilis• Tobacco• Tomatoes• Turkeys

6.2 Continued

Triangle Trade and the Middle Passage

Triangle TradeThree way trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas

Europe to Africa•Manufactured goods

Africa to Americas•Slaves

Americas to Europe•Raw Materials

Effects on Native Populations

• Many natives converted to Christianity.– Made connections with native cultures to tie into

Christian beliefs– Some Natives were killed if they did not convert

• Used natives for slave labor• Effects of disease– Many native populations were decimated, – Up to 80% death rate in some regions.

• Led to introduction of African slaves• Created Encomienda System in Central America

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos, Natives and Africans

Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal

Colonial born whites whose parents were both from Spain or Portugal

People of mixed ethnicity- one parent was a native or African

People of Importance

Atahualpa

• He was the last ruler of the Incan people.

• He came to power by defeating his brother.

• He was defeated by Pizarro and the Spanish.

• A priest granted him an easier death for converting to Christianity.

Malinche

• She was a slave given to Cortés.

• She willingly traveled with him as a translator.

• She helped Cortés make contact with the Aztec people.

• She is seen as a traitor by her people.

Montezuma

• He was the last ruler of the Aztec people.

• He initially welcomed Cortés with gifts of gold.

• He thought Cortés was their god-king returning.

• He was defeated by Cortés.

Bartolome de las Casas

• He was a Jesuit who traveled with the Conquistadors.

• He fought to end abuse toward native people.

• Laws were passed but rarely enforced.