EXPANSIONISMEXPANSIONISM

44

Movement to the Far WestMovement to the Far West

►American settlement reaches Pacific in American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and 1840s1830s and 1840s

►Settlement encroaches on lands Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico and Englandclaimed by Mexico and England

Borderlands of the 1830sBorderlands of the 1830s

►1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the northeast U.S.-Canadian settles the northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary boundary

►Americans begin settling inAmericans begin settling in Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim)Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim) New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) California (owned by Mexico)California (owned by Mexico)

Territorial Expansion by the Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth CenturyMid-Nineteenth Century

The Texas RevolutionThe Texas Revolution

►1820s--Americans move into Texas1820s--Americans move into Texas

►"Anglos" never fully accept Mexican "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rulerule

►1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery

►1835--armed rebellion breaks out 1835--armed rebellion breaks out

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

►March, 1836--Texans declare independenceMarch, 1836--Texans declare independence

►May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)

► Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlersTexas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers

► Annexation to U.S. refused by JacksonAnnexation to U.S. refused by Jackson

The Mormon Trek: Westward The Mormon Trek: Westward FlightFlight

► Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830founded by Joseph Smith, 1830

► Mormon church seeks revival of pure aboriginal Mormon church seeks revival of pure aboriginal American Christianity American Christianity

► Mormons persecutedMormons persecuted

► Flee New York for Nauvoo, IllinoisFlee New York for Nauvoo, Illinois

► Murder of Smith prompts resettlement to Great Salt Murder of Smith prompts resettlement to Great Salt Lake in Utah Lake in Utah

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny (DISCUSSED (DISCUSSED

LATER) LATER) and the Mexican-and the Mexican-American WarAmerican War

►Widespread call for annexation of Widespread call for annexation of newly-settled landsnewly-settled lands

►““Manifest Destiny” Manifest Destiny” a slogan of a slogan of those believing the U.S. divinely those believing the U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and ordained to encompass Mexico and CanadaCanada

The Triumph of Polk and AnnexationThe Triumph of Polk and Annexation

►Democrats nominate James K. PolkDemocrats nominate James K. Polk

► Polk runs on Polk runs on expansionist platformexpansionist platform annexationannexation of Texas for Southern vote of Texas for Southern vote U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern

votevote

► Polk, Congress interpret his election as Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansionmandate for expansion

► Texas annexed before Polk inauguratedTexas annexed before Polk inaugurated

The Doctrine of The Doctrine of Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

►""Manifest destinyManifest destiny" first used in 1845" first used in 18451. God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to 1. God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to

become strongerbecome stronger

2. Americans make new territories free and 2. Americans make new territories free and democraticdemocratic

3. growing American population needs land3. growing American population needs land

►Limits to American expansion Limits to American expansion undefinedundefined

Polk and the Oregon Polk and the Oregon QuestionQuestion

►1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the U.S. no longer accepts joint the U.S. no longer accepts joint occupationoccupation

► England prepares for war, proposes England prepares for war, proposes division of the area division of the area

►Senate approves division of Oregon Senate approves division of Oregon along 49along 49oo north latitude, Treaty of north latitude, Treaty of 18461846

Northwest Boundary DisputeNorthwest Boundary Dispute

War with Mexico (US War with Mexico (US Invation)Invation)

►1846 -1846 -War on Mexico declared War on Mexico declared

►General General Taylor wins campaign in Taylor wins campaign in northern Mexiconorthern Mexico

►California taken by early 1847California taken by early 1847

►1847--General 1847--General Scott occupies Mexico Scott occupies Mexico CityCity

Settlement of the Mexican-Settlement of the Mexican-American WarAmerican War

►February, 1848--February, 1848--Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Guadalupe Hidalgo

►Rio Grande becomes southern borderRio Grande becomes southern border

►New Mexico, California, New Mexico, California, cededceded to U.S. to U.S.

►Mexican War politically contentiousMexican War politically contentious Northerners see as Slave Power expansionNortherners see as Slave Power expansion

Internal ExpansionismInternal Expansionism

►Other material achievements …Other material achievements … technological innovation—e.g. telegraphtechnological innovation—e.g. telegraph transportation improvementstransportation improvements growth of tradegrowth of trade mass immigrationmass immigration

►Discovery of California gold inspires Discovery of California gold inspires transcontinental projectstranscontinental projects

► Territorial expansion wanes after 1848, Territorial expansion wanes after 1848, economic, population growth continueseconomic, population growth continues

The Triumph of the RailroadThe Triumph of the Railroad

►1840s--railroad begins displacing 1840s--railroad begins displacing canalscanals

► ►Rail construction stimulates iron Rail construction stimulates iron

industry industry

►Railroads stimulate new forms of Railroads stimulate new forms of financefinance bonds bonds preferred stock preferred stock government subsidiesgovernment subsidies

Railroads, 1850 and 1860Railroads, 1850 and 1860

The Industrial Revolution Takes The Industrial Revolution Takes OffOff

► Mass production, the division of labor makes Mass production, the division of labor makes production more efficientproduction more efficient

► Factory system emergesFactory system emerges gather laborers in one place for supervisiongather laborers in one place for supervision cash wagescash wages

► Agriculture becomes mechanized Agriculture becomes mechanized

► Northern economy based on interaction of Northern economy based on interaction of industry, transportation, agricultureindustry, transportation, agriculture

Mass Immigration BeginsMass Immigration Begins

► 1840-1860--4 million Irish & Germans 1840-1860--4 million Irish & Germans immigrate to U.S.immigrate to U.S.

►Most come for higher wagesMost come for higher wages

► Immigrants fill low-paying jobs in port citiesImmigrants fill low-paying jobs in port cities

► Low immigrant wages contribute to slumsLow immigrant wages contribute to slums

The New Working Class The New Working Class

► 1840s--factory labor begins shifting from 1840s--factory labor begins shifting from women & children to menwomen & children to men

► Immigrants dominate new working classImmigrants dominate new working class

► Employers less involved with laborersEmployers less involved with laborers

► Post-1837 employers demand more work Post-1837 employers demand more work for less payfor less pay

► Unions organized to defend worker rightsUnions organized to defend worker rights