Expert Group Meeting on Strategies Expert Group Meeting on Strategies for Creating Urban Youth Employment: for Creating Urban Youth Employment:

Solutions for Urban Youth in AfricaSolutions for Urban Youth in Africa

Gora MboupGora MboupGlobal Urban Observatory (GUO) Global Urban Observatory (GUO)

UN-HABITATUN-HABITAT

June 2004June 2004

Measurement/indicators of youth employment

TOPICS

•HABITAT Agenda and MDG

•Employment and Unemployment indicators•Slum indicators

•Intra-city differentials: Gender, slum and education •Family responsibilities and employment

•Youth homelessness: case of Addis Abba, UIS 2003

•Youth indicators : comprehensive approach

The UN-HABITAT Agenda, paragraph 118The UN-HABITAT Agenda, paragraph 118 emphasizes the need to promote and strengthen productive emphasizes the need to promote and strengthen productive enterprises, including micro-enterprises and other employment and enterprises, including micro-enterprises and other employment and training opportunities for youth at the international, regional and training opportunities for youth at the international, regional and national levelsnational levels

and MDG8and MDG8

Develop a global partnership for developmentDevelop a global partnership for development Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for Youth

Employment IndicatorsEmployment Indicators

indicator 17: informal employment (HA)

indicator 19: unemployment (HA)

Indicator 45 Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds by gender (MDG)

Unemployed peopleUnemployed people• Not employed during a specified reference • Available for work •Have taken concrete steps to seek employment.

In situations where the conventional means of seeking work are of limited relevance, a relaxed definition of unemployment can be applied, based on only the first two criteria (without work and currently available for work).

The youth unemployment rate and The youth unemployment rate and non-employment ratenon-employment rate

The youth unemployment rate gives the percentage of persons aged 15 to 24 years who are actively seeking, but unable to find employment.

The youth non-employment rate is a measure of the youth who are neither in education nor in employment as a proportion of the total youth population.

The non-employment rate takes into consideration those discouraged youth who have dropped out of the labour market – and sometimes out of society in general.

Youth age groupYouth age group

Youth age group varies across country from 15 up 35 years old

International youth age group: 15-24 years old

Data collection and source

Country data are available from Labour Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMS), censuses, administrative records, and official national estimates .

MIDDLE AND WESTERN AFRICA

ANGOLABENINBURKINA FASOCAMEROONCARCHADCOTE D’IVOIRE

CountriesCountries

GHANAGUINEAMALINIGERIASENEGALTOGO

EASTERN AND SOUTHERNAFRICA

ETHIOPIAERYTHEREAKENYALESOTHOMADAGASCARMALAWIMOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIARDCRWANDASOUTH AFRICATANZANIAUGANDAZAMBIAZIMBABWE

INDONESIAINDIAPHILIPPINESJORDANPAKISTANUZBEKISTANKAZAKHSTAN

ASIA LATIN AMERICA

BRAZILCOLOMBIAPERUPARAGUAYNICARAGUAGUATEMALAMEXICO

Limitation of publication on youth employment

Lack of intra-city differentials figures

Figures of youth unemployment on urban slums encounters a critical problem.

Existing data are rarely disaggregated according to intra-urban location

Data sets such as Labour Force, LSMS, DHS disaggregate by “urban” and “rural,” but go no further.

Few efforts have been made to reanalyze data sets where the geographic

origins of the data can clearly be identified as “slum” and “non-slum.”

2002: EGM on slum definition2002: EGM on slum definition

2003: Review slum definition and country slum 2003: Review slum definition and country slum estimatesestimates

2003; Publication of Slums of the World: The face of 2003; Publication of Slums of the World: The face of urban poverty in the new millenniumurban poverty in the new millennium

UN-HABITAT Efforts to disaggregate city dataUN-HABITAT Efforts to disaggregate city data

lack lack one or moreone or more of the below conditions: of the below conditions:

• Access to improved waterAccess to improved water

• Access to improved sanitationAccess to improved sanitation

• Access to secure tenureAccess to secure tenure

• Durability of housingDurability of housing

• Sufficient living areaSufficient living area

Slum Household IndicatorsSlum Household Indicators

Youth employment: Country estimatesYouth employment: Country estimates

Youth non-employementYouth non-employement

13

20

20

20

21

22

23

26

27

28

30

31

31

36

37

38

39

Togo

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Guinea

CAR

Benin

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

Chad

Uganda

Mali

Nigeria

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

* Percentage of youth neither in school nor in

employment

Young women non-employement Young women non-employement

1524

262728282929

3032

3640404041

4445

4850

5664

Togo

Benin

Madagascar

Guinea

Cameroon

Rwanda

Burkina Faso

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

CAR

Nigeria

Kenya

Namibia

Zimbabwe

Mali

Chad

Uganda

Zambia

Malawi

Mozambique

Tanzania

* Percentage of young women neither in school nor

in employment

Young men non-employement Young men non-employement

10

11

11

12

13

13

17

19

20

21

22

22

23

26

34

Uganda

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Togo

Guinea

Tanzania

Cote d'Ivoire

Mali

Benin

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Ghana

Zambia

Nigeria

Kenya

* Percentage of young men neither in school nor in

employment

Gender differentials

Young women non-employment rates (neither in school nor in employment) are higher than young men non-employment rates. However, employment data do not adequately reflect the situation of women in the labour market, especially in African countries where women are engaged in subsistence work and, more often than men, work in the informal sector.

Young women neither in school nor in Young women neither in school nor in employmentemployment

31

33

33

34

38

42

44

47

54

61

61

18

20

24

26

28

27

36

33

30

39

27

Rwanda

CAR

Cameroon

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Mali

Kenya

Uganda

Malawi

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young women neither in school nor

in employment

Young men neither in school nor in Young men neither in school nor in employment by type of residenceemployment by type of residence

9

12

14

23

27

9

11

23

13

10

18

30

43

16

22

16

CAR

Cameroon

Cote d'Ivoire

Nigeria

Kenya

Uganda

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young women neither in school nor

in employment

Gender differentialsGender differentials

While the proportion of women who are not working is higher in the slum than in the non-slum, the proportion of their counterparts men who are not working is lower in the slum

Possible explanationsPossible explanations Men living in the slum need to be involved in early activity economic, they are less educated than their counterparts men living in non-slum who also have less urgent need to be involved in economic activity.

This can explain the high fertility in poor communities as it has been stated in several studies. In these communities the value of children in term of labour rationalize high fertility rates.

Young women not working but in Young women not working but in schoolschool

10

11

11

13

13

13

13

14

15

15

17

17

19

20

22

24

25

26

26

32

34

16

26

19

28

41

19

20

35

30

49

37

30

53

32

22

38

25

37

39

36

49

Benin

Cote d'Ivoire

Tanzania

Uganda

Rwanda

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Chad

Zambia

Mozambique

Mali

Guinea

CAR

Madagascar

Ghana

Burkina Faso

Togo

Malawi

Cameroon

Namibia

Nigeria

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young women not working but in

school

Young men not working but in school Young men not working but in school by type of residenceby type of residence

33

24

25

13

32

14

26

45

41

44

35

51

36

32

32

36

37

43

44

48

50

53

54

57

58

68

Uganda

Kenya

Tanzania

Benin

Ghana

Cote d'Ivoire

Zambia

Guinea

Chad

Cameroon

Burkina Faso

Nigeria

Mozambique

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young men not working but in school

Young women working in the Young women working in the “informal sector”“informal sector”

1616

1819

212425

313232

34343435

394141

464748

5052

58

MalawiNamibia

ZimbabweNigeria

MozambiqueTanzaniaSenegal*Ethiopia*

UgandaKenya

ZambiaCameroon

GhanaMali

GuineaBurkina Faso

ChadMadagascar

CARTogo

RwandaCote d'Ivoire

Benin

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Young men working working in the Young men working working in the “informal sector”“informal sector”

10

15

16

26

27

28

30

31

32

33

33

34

35

38

42

44

60

61

Nigeria

Senegal*

Guinea

Togo

Cote d'Ivoire

Mozambique

Uganda

Ghana

Mali

Kenya

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

Zambia

Chad

Tanzania

CAR

Benin

Zimbabwe

Non-slum

Slum

* Percentage of young men working in the informal

sector

Percentage of youth working in the Percentage of youth working in the “informal sector” living in slum area“informal sector” living in slum area

464849

5354

6366

7171

7677

8486

8890

939595959798

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

Cameroon

Kenya

Guinea

Zambia

Togo

Benin

Senegal

Malawi

Nigeria

Rwanda

Uganda

Madagascar

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Mali

Tanzania

Chad

Burkina Faso

CAR

* Percentage of youth working in the informal

sector living in slum area

Informal sector as expression of Informal sector as expression of slum conditionsslum conditions

Youth employment in informal sector is the expression of slums conditions in African cities. In most African countries, the majority of young people working in the informal sector are slum in-habitants. Per example in Benin they are 75 % and more than 90 % in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, CAR, Chad, etc.

Youth in non-slum are attending Youth in non-slum are attending school while youth in slum are school while youth in slum are strugling in informal sectorsstrugling in informal sectors

While youth living in non-slum areas are still attending school, youth in non-slum are either working in informal sector or looking for job

Employement and educationEmployement and education

In most countries youth who are working in the informal sectors are low educated or with no education at all. In fact educated people with complete secondary education or higher prefer formal job or are still attending school

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

2

7

10

16

7

4

8

5

4

3

12

5

4

6

12

17

6

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Got married

Got pregnant

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

1

1

1

6

5

0

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

0

6

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Family need help

Take care of childrn

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

11

26

46

21

11

27

8

43

25

4

38

28

15

26

74

26

51

30

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Need to earn money

Could not pay school

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

33

24

2

10

2

35

22

3

13

18

12

4

1

26

2

28

23

15

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Did not like school

Did not pass exams

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

Reasons for stopping to attend schoolReasons for stopping to attend school

1

3

5

1

1

2

4

34

2

2

2

19

23

1

3

11

9

8

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Guinea

Kenya

Madagascar

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia"

Zimbabwe

Graduated, enough

* Percentage of young women working in the

informal sector

School retention delays the School retention delays the transition of young people into the transition of young people into the labour market and potentially into labour market and potentially into

the ranks of the unemployedthe ranks of the unemployed“higher levels of education generally not only reduce the risk of unemployment, they also increase the chance of obtaining a full time job with permanent contract”. That’s why reducing early exits from education is an important challenge in many countries.

Promote school retentionPromote school retention

An important element of governments’ promotional efforts may beto convince more young people to complete school. Despitethe efforts of countries to improve the employability of youth through the education system, many still leave school with very limited skills. DHS data show that exclusion from education, training and employment is often systemic: early school leavers and other at-risk young people are often drawn disproportionately from slum communities.

Remedial education is particularly Remedial education is particularly important for illeterate young peopleimportant for illeterate young people

Remedial education is also important, particularly for illiterate young unemployed people and those with poor competencies in the prevailing national or regional language. Attracting premature school leavers back into education and training is a vital element of remedial education.

Percentage of women living in slum area Percentage of women living in slum area who have family responsibilitieswho have family responsibilities

Benin

Burkina FasoCameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

EthiopiaGhana

Guinea

Kenya

MadagascarMalawi

Mali

Mozambique

NamibiaNigeria

Rwanda

Senegal

Tanzania

TogoUganda

Zambia

Have child or married

Head of household

* Percentage women living in slum area who have family responsibilities

Percentage of women living in non-slum Percentage of women living in non-slum area who have family responsibilitiesarea who have family responsibilities

Benin

Burkina FasoCameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

EthiopiaGhana

Guinea

Kenya

MadagascarMalawi

Mali

Mozambique

NamibiaNigeria

Rwanda

Senegal

Tanzania

TogoUganda

Zambia

Have child or married

Head of household

* Percentage of women living in non-slum area who have family responsibilities

Percentage of men living in slum area who Percentage of men living in slum area who have family responsibilitieshave family responsibilities

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Ethiopia

Ghana

Guinea

Kenya

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Senegal

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia

Have child or married

Head of household

* Percentage men living in slum area who have family

responsibilities

Percentage of men living in non-slum area Percentage of men living in non-slum area who have family responsibilitieswho have family responsibilities

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cameroon

CAR

Chad

Cote d'Ivoire

Ghana

Guinea

Kenya

Mali

Mozambique

Nigeria

Senegal

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zambia

Have child or married

Head of household

* Percentage men living in slum area who have family

responsibilities

Youth family responsibilitiesYouth family responsibilities

Youth residing in slum areas are more likely to have a child, or be married or to head an household than their counterparts living in non-slum areas. As family responsibilities increase, needs of job evolve. However due to the lack of performance of African economies and their low level of education these young people could find only jobs in the informal sector. With a low salary and insecure job, these young people will remain raising their family in slum communities. This is the poverty trap

Percentage of women who are Percentage of women who are working by family responsibilitiesworking by family responsibilities

242830

3536363840

42434547

51555656575859

6671

7579

MalawiMozambique

TanzaniaNigeria

NamibiaSenegalZambia"

ChadZimbabwe

UgandaMali

CameroonKenya

Cote d'IvoireCAR

EthiopiaBurkina Faso

GuineaRwanda

MadagascarGhana

TogoBenin

No Familyresponsibilities

Familyresponsibilities

* Percentage of youth working in the informal

sector living in slum area

Percentage of men who are working Percentage of men who are working by family responsibilitiesby family responsibilities

55

55

57

60

62

67

68

68

72

74

79

79

80

81

82

82

85

90

91

Cameroon

Nigeria

Guinea

Togo

Mali

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Chad

CAR

Ghana

Kenya

Senegal

Zambia"

Burkina Faso

Cote d'Ivoire

Uganda

Benin

Zimbabwe

Tanzania

No familyresponsibilities

Family responsibilies

* Percentage of youth working in the informal

sector living in slum area

Family responsibilities create the Family responsibilities create the needs of job among youthneeds of job among youth

Youth who have family responsibilities are more likely to hold a job than their counterparts. However there is considerable number of youth with family responsibilities who are still looking for a job or are unskilled workers.

What are the needs of youth?What are the needs of youth?What are the needs of youth?What are the needs of youth?

25

12

8

7

Education

Work

Not working Working

25

12

8

7

Education

Work

Not working Working

19

33

Potential needs : 52 %Potential needs : 52 %

Training

Major obstacle to the reduction of youth Major obstacle to the reduction of youth

unemployment: the economy of African countriesunemployment: the economy of African countries The major obstacle to the reduction of youth and general The major obstacle to the reduction of youth and general unemployment is the economy of African countries. It is unemployment is the economy of African countries. It is mainly based on agriculture in rural areas and there are mainly based on agriculture in rural areas and there are very few formal employment activities in the urban centres. very few formal employment activities in the urban centres. Education is deemed very important and there are a Education is deemed very important and there are a number of education initiatives to increase the skills of the number of education initiatives to increase the skills of the work force, but the economy is not necessarily able to work force, but the economy is not necessarily able to absorb a more skilled work force. absorb a more skilled work force.

Homelessness: Addis Abba Urban Inequities Survey 2003

Key findings

Homeless people by age group, Homeless people by age group, Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003

25

30

2

27

30 30

13

13-19 20-29 30+ Don't Know

Male Female

Âge

Pourcentag

e

47

Homeless people level of education, Homeless people level of education, Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003

2825

33

10

None Primary Secondary orhigher

Male Female

Pourcentag

e

5747

Homeless people level of education, Homeless people level of education, Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003Addis Ababa Urban Inequities Survey, 2003

8

19

9

33

20

6

Work-Cashincome

Family Abused athome

other

Male Female

Pourcentag

e

EDUCATION

EMPLOYMENT

Literacy ratesLevel of education

Non-employment ratesType of employment

Youth indicatorsYouth indicators

Maternal and child healthAntenatal and delivery caresChild immunizationChild morbidityMaternal and child nutrition

LIVING CONDITIONSHOUSEHOLDHEADED BYYOUTH

Access to waterAccess to sanitationAccess to housingAccess to informationAccess to energy

HIV/AIDSknowledgeprevalenceorphanhood

HEALTH STATUS

INFORMATION/COMMUNICATION

Access mediaAccess to key info

DECISION MAKINGUse of resourcesUse of health services

SOCIAL CAPITALNetworkingMicro-finances

Youth indicators

Youth indicators (education, employment, living conditions, health, etc.) aim at increasing knowledge on urban inequities and assisting the formation of youth pro-poor policies on the ground. While the global aggregates are needed to shape the global development priorities, youth indicators will provide instrumental guidance on improving the lives of the youth

THANK YOU !!!