Expert opinion on the water-energy nexus

Presented to General Accounting Office, Natural Resources and

Environment Committee investigating water and power

plant siting, Tucson, April 8, 2009

Water and Energy SustainabilityWater and Energy Sustainabilitywith Rapid Growth in the with Rapid Growth in the

Arizona-Sonora Border RegionArizona-Sonora Border Region

Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher ScottDr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott Joseph HooverJoseph HooverSchool of Geographical SciencesSchool of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Dept. Geography Dept. Geography

Barrett Honors College Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Dept. Geography & Regional Development & Regional Devt.& Regional Devt.

Arizona State UniversityArizona State University University of Arizona University of Arizona Univ. of ArizonaUniv. of Arizona

pasqualetti@asu.edu cascott@email.arizona.edu

This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute

OutlineOutline

Growth, energy and water Growth, energy and water Energy resources (including renewables) at the borderEnergy resources (including renewables) at the border Water resources at the borderWater resources at the border Tucson case studyTucson case study Preliminary conclusions and next stepsPreliminary conclusions and next steps

1.1. Growth, Energy & WaterGrowth, Energy & Water

Arizona’s Rapid Growth

Population Trends in Mexico – Population Trends in Mexico – 1970 - 19951970 - 1995

Source: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte

Population vs Energy DemandPopulation vs Energy Demand(1990-2005)(1990-2005)

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

Po

pu

latio

n

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

80000000

An

nu

al M

Wh

r co

nsu

me

d

MWhr consumed

Population

Average Gallons per MWhrAverage Gallons per MWhrfor Arizona-Based Facilitiesfor Arizona-Based Facilities

Re

vise

d 9

/29

/08

785

510

415

350 350311

195

<1<5 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

NUCLEAR COAL NATURAL GAS LANDFILL BIOFUEL SOLAR - thermal NATURAL GAS -CC

GEOTHERMAL SOLAR - pv

APS’ projected energy demandAPS’ projected energy demand

317

1,281257

511

5,506

1,989

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2015 2025

Meg

awat

ts

Renewables

DSM / Conservation

Still needed

2,563 MW

7,298 MW

Source: Allan T. Marks, 2008. http://www.iamericas.org/documents/energy/ljc08/Allan%20Marks.pdf

Water-Energy Joint ManagementWater-Energy Joint Management

Water Energy

Water Energy

EnergyWater

EnergyWater

United States

Mexico

Current resource management

in the border area

Potential binational, joint management of water and energy

2. Energy and renewables at 2. Energy and renewables at the borderthe border

Arizona has several promising areas located primarily from St. Johns northwest to Gray Mountain

Arizona’s Wind

Energy Resource

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal EnergyMexico is 3Mexico is 3rdrd Largest Geothermal Country (over 300 sites identified) Largest Geothermal Country (over 300 sites identified)

On May 2007, the Wagner Trench off Puerto Peñasco was surveyed by researchers from the Institute of Geophysics and the Institute of Marine Science using UNAM’s hydrographic nautical cruiser

Map prepared by Patrick Laney and Julie Brizzee, INEEL for US DoE, based on data from Geo-Heat Center Geothermal Database, 2002 & NOAA, 1982.

Land Ownership

Geothermal Categories

Arizona’s Geothermal ResourceArizona’s Geothermal Resource

Solar Potential in the USSolar Potential in the US

Solar Potential in MexicoSolar Potential in Mexico

Solar radiation in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, allowing for Solar radiation in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, allowing for an average solar power generation of 5 KW /m2 per day. an average solar power generation of 5 KW /m2 per day. A hybrid combined cycle power station, with a 25 MW thermo-solar A hybrid combined cycle power station, with a 25 MW thermo-solar system, is scheduled to begin operations in 2009, in Agua Prieta, system, is scheduled to begin operations in 2009, in Agua Prieta, Sonora.Sonora.

Source: Renewable energies for sustainable development in Mexico 2006, Sener.

3. Water resources at the 3. Water resources at the borderborder

Photos by Ashley Coles and Joseph Hoover

Source: Robert Varady (2007) Water issues and institutions: transboundary basins and global water initiatives (PowerPoint)

Arizona and Sonora share Arizona and Sonora share multiple rivers, basins, and multiple rivers, basins, and aquifersaquifers

Transboundary rivers:

Transboundary basins:

Colorado

Sonoyta-Bámori

Santa Cruz

Bavispe San Pedro

Colorado BasinDesierto de Altar-Río Bamori

Douglas/ Río Yaqui

Concepción-Arroyo CocósperaSanta Cruz

Transboundary aquifers:

San Pedro

Santa CruzSan Pedro

Subterránea

30.3%

Superficial

69.7 %

Current Water Use (CONAGUA Northwest Region)

Público urbano ( 5.07% ) 377 Mm3

Agrícola ( 93.50% ) 6,949 Mm3

Pecuario ( 0.70%) 51.7 Mm3

Industrial ( 0.73% ) 54.5 Mm3

Recreación y Turismo (N/SIG.) 1 Mm3

Usos consuntivos

de

7,433.2 Mm3

Growing Exports of Ag. Produce = Growing Exports of Ag. Produce = Growing (Virtual) Water TradeGrowing (Virtual) Water Trade

Arizona/Sonora Border Aquifers Arizona/Sonora Border Aquifers StressedStressed

US Legend

Mexico Legend

Stressed by over-pumpingImpacted by over-pumping

Impacted by salt water intrusion

Changes in Depth to WaterChanges in Depth to WaterIrrigation Well Average Depth to Water (Feet)

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

19941998

2003Arizona

NewMexico

Source: USDA FRIS

Sonora Ag. Power Consumption

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

MW

h

Night

Reg./ day

Chihuahua Ag. Power Consumption

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

MW

h

Night

Reg./ day

Coahuila Ag. Power Consumption

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

MW

h

Night

Reg./ day

Guanajuato Ag. Power Consumption

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

MW

h

Night

Reg./ day

Night-time ag. Night-time ag. pumpingpumping

3. Tucson Case Study3. Tucson Case Study(preliminary results)(preliminary results)

Acknowledgments:Acknowledgments:Asia Philbin, Tucson WaterAsia Philbin, Tucson Water

Tim Kacerek, Central Arizona ProjectTim Kacerek, Central Arizona Project

Wendy Gort, Pima County Wastewater Wendy Gort, Pima County Wastewater ManagementManagement

Tucson WaterTucson WaterCurrently serves Currently serves 675,000 people675,000 people

Over 220,000 potable Over 220,000 potable connectionsconnections

4,500 miles of 4,500 miles of pipelinepipeline

51 reservoirs51 reservoirs

5 wellfields5 wellfields

Tucson Water. 2004. “Water Plan: 2000-2050.” City of Tucson Water Department. November 22, 2004.

Projected Water DemandProjected Water Demand

Tucson Water. 2004. “Water Plan: 2000-2050.” City of Tucson Water Department. November 22, 2004.

Unit SenseUnit Sense

1 acre foot of water 1 acre foot of water = 325, 851 gallons= 325, 851 gallons

1 kWh = 1000 watts. 1 kWh = 1000 watts. Ex: 100 watt Ex: 100 watt lightbulb left on for lightbulb left on for 10 hours10 hours

End UseEnd Use kWh/YearkWh/Year

Total Total HouseholdHousehold

10,65610,656

RefrigeratorRefrigerator 1,2391,239

Desktop Desktop ComputerComputer

262262

Coffee MakerCoffee Maker 116116

Color TVColor TV 137137

Ceiling FanCeiling Fan 5050

DOE. End-Use Consumption of Electricity 2001. <http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/enduse2001/enduse2001.html> Accessed September 19, 2008.

ConveyanceConveyance

3,140 kWh/AF to get to Tucson

Ex: 2007 CAP delivery 90,300 AF = 283,542,000 kWh

Water Extraction Water Extraction Energy CostsEnergy Costs

Water Treatment Water Treatment Energy CostsEnergy Costs

Direct delivery of CAP water in 1993 and 1994 caused increase in treatment costs

Water Water DistributionDistribution

Wastewater Wastewater Treatment Treatment

Weighted Average for three

major Tucson area wastewater treatment plants:

1, 145 kWh/AF

*21, 313 kWh/AF for Mt. Lemmon wastewater treatment

*

Reclaimed Water Reclaimed Water SystemSystem

3,981 kWh/AF

28 kWh/AF

355 kWh/AF

2,203 kWh/AF

Energy Use Numbers

Implications of FindingsImplications of Findings

Energy for potable water delivered to Tucson Energy for potable water delivered to Tucson Water customers: Water customers: ~4,400 kWh/AF~4,400 kWh/AF57%57% of energy for potable water is CAP of energy for potable water is CAP

Energy for reused water: Energy for reused water: ~2,200 kWh/AF~2,200 kWh/AF48%48% of energy for reuse is reclaimed distribution of energy for reuse is reclaimed distribution

Future WorkFuture Work

Continued work with Tucson WaterContinued work with Tucson Water

Expand work to include other water providers in Expand work to include other water providers in ArizonaArizona– Salt River ProjectSalt River Project– Phoenix Water ServicesPhoenix Water Services– Small water providers throughout the stateSmall water providers throughout the state

Nogales, Sonora - preliminary results by Nogales, Sonora - preliminary results by OOMAPAS water provider for potable delivery: OOMAPAS water provider for potable delivery: ~1,900 kWh/AF~1,900 kWh/AF (43% of Tucson Water) (43% of Tucson Water)

Water and Energy SustainabilityWater and Energy Sustainabilitywith Rapid Growth in the with Rapid Growth in the

Arizona-Sonora Border RegionArizona-Sonora Border Region

Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher ScottDr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott Joseph HooverJoseph HooverSchool of Geographical SciencesSchool of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Dept. Geography Dept. Geography

Barrett Honors College Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Dept. Geography & Regional Development & Regional Devt.& Regional Devt.

Arizona State UniversityArizona State University University of Arizona University of Arizona Univ. of ArizonaUniv. of Arizona

pasqualetti@asu.edu cascott@email.arizona.edu

This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute