EXPERT TOPIC 1401- SHRIMP

8/13/2019 EXPERT TOPIC 1401- SHRIMP

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January | February 2014EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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2/942 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2014

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Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.

SHRIMP

EXPERT TOPIC


3/9

Global

EMS Impact on globalshrimp industry and

future prospectsby Dr Farshad Shishehchian, presidentand CEO of Blue Aqua International andpresident-elect of the Asia Pacific Chapterof the World Aquaculture Society

The early mortality syndrome (EMS)

in shrimp has been ravaging pro-

duction systems, spreading verti-

cally in Asia and horizontally to

countries as far away as Mexico since first

reported in 2009.

Looking at the impact of EMS on the three

largest global shrimp producers Thailand,

Vietnam and China - there have been sub-

stantial effects on supply and prices to the

global shrimp market.

"Thailand used to be the largest shrimp

exporter with over 500,000 metric tonnes of

shrimp production.

"In 2013, its production fell almost 50 per-

cent from the previous year because of EMS.

This offers a window of opportunity for other

potential shrimp producers such as Indonesia,India and Ecuador. Indonesia farmers have

experienced the highest profit record in their

shrimp history as a result.

"Culture expansion is putting in full force

during this lucrative period. India is another

potential producer to

keep an eye on. Since the

permission of vannamei

culture a few years back,

India increased its shrimp

production by more than

two fold last year. Ecuadoris pushing with much high-

er production in the past

two years."

In conclusion, and due

to the impact of EMS, Dr

Shishehchia says shrimp

prices will continue their

high level for some time

because of the insufficient

supply.

"This is likely to con-

tinue until Thailand, the

worlds leading shrimp

exporter and most tech-

nologically advanced pro-

ducer, gets into recovery

mode and creates a shift in supply and prices."

However, the long-term impact will be

consolidation and integration of shrimp farms.

The current disease situation and environ-

ment will push for consolidation in the mar-

ket. Small farms without aquaculture practice

standards and sufficient funds will be driven

out of the business. Those large farms with

strong finance, good farm management, lowcost, high access to markets will be the future

of the shrimp industry, he adds.

EMS ForumAsian Aquaculture Network (AAN), in

corporation with International Aquafeed

and the Association of International

Seafood Professionals is organising a EMS

Forum: 'Managing the Shrimp Epidemic' in

terms of bringing practical solutions to the

shrimp industry. The forum will be held on

March 28-29, 2014 at KU Home, Kasetsart

University, Bangkok, Thailand. This event

is supported by Department Fisheries ofThailand, Department Fisheries of Indonesia,

Shrimp Club of Indonesia (SCI) and Blue Aqua

International. Participants are expected from

India, Vietnam, Malaysia and Mexico in addi-

tion to Indonesia and Thailand.

Dr Farshad Shishehchian President and CEO of BlueAqua International and President-elect of the AsiaPacific Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society

(right) with Tuti Tan of International Aquafeedmagazine, Roger Gilbert President of Association

of Sdeafood Professionals and publisher of IAF andNun Chongwitookit, Marketing Communications

at Blue Aqua International during the APA13exhibition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in

December 2013

January-February 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED| 43

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4/9

Biofloc systemsUsing super-intensivebiofloc systems for Pacificwhite shrimp production

by Tzachi Samocha, Terryl Hanson,

Timothy Morris, Vitalina Magalhes, BobAdvent and Andr Braga, Texas A&MAgriLife Research Mariculture Lab, FlourBluff, Texas, USA

The demand for protein by an

increasing world population

together with decreasing harvests

from fisheries has resulted in

rapid growth of aquaculture. Global aquac-

ulture currently accounts for 40 percent of

seafood production and provides 60 percent

of shrimp demand. The world shrimp farmingindustrys annual growth over the last decade

has been estimated at 10 percent. The rapid

expansion of this industry has stimulated the

intensification of production systems, which

has unfortunately resulted in the release

of nutrients and organic waste, and some-

times the spread of diseases, all damaging

receiving streams. Uncontrolled growth has

imposed heavy losses, and raised major

criticisms that threaten further development

of the industry. To reduce losses to disease

outbreaks, producers have been looking

for more sustainable and cost-effective

practices.

Despite the world trend in favour of

aquaculture, in the United States the sector

has shown no substantial growth. The country

thus remains a net seafood importer, with

annual shrimp imports of 1.2 billion lbs

worth $4.5 billion. New approaches must

be devised if US shrimp farming is to avoid

the environmental drawbacks of traditional

flow-through ponds. US systems must have

a very low impact on the environment andfully contain rather than export any

water quality or disease problems that

arise. One approach is to shift from low-

intensity outdoor ponds to super-intensive

indoor recirculating aquaculture systems

(RAS). With little or even

no water exchange, properly

managed RAS thus reduces

or eliminates the amount of

nutrients released to the envi-

ronment, escape of non-native

culture species, and spread

of pathogens to the environ-

ment. Because of these factors

they easily conform to effluent

standards set by the national

regulator.

Biofloc technology (BFT)

systems are a special type of

RAS that maintain a commu-

nity of suspended (flocculated)

microalgae and autotrophic

and heterotrophic bacteria

(biofloc) together with the

shrimp in limited-exchange

grow-out units. Pacific white

shrimp (Litopenaeus vanna-

mei) growth rates are muchhigher in BFT systems than

in clear-water systems, and higher still at

greater floc levels. The composition of the

biofloc affects nutrient cycling. Heterotrophs

and autotrophs are preferred in floc systems

because they provide two very important

services: they assimilate ammonia and nitrite

(both highly deleterious to shrimp), and act as

a supplemental feed.

Biofloc success: a water

quality issue?Feed and feeding practices are importantfactors affecting water quality and profit-

ability of any aquaculture operation, moreso

when dealing with hyper-intensive, biofloc-

dominated systems. As mentioned above,

shrimp can derive nutritional benefits from the

microbial aggregates in BFT systems. Studies in

our lab also showed good shrimp growth (2.4

g per week) and survival (96.8 percent) when

5 percent of the fishmeal in a 35 percent

crude protein diet was replaced with biofloc.

However, this replacement resulted in a

reduction in shrimp growth (0.4 g per week)

compared to the control diet with no f ishmeal

replacement. Analysis of the biofloc produced

in our system suggested low protein (20.4

percent), low fat (0.29 percent) and high ash

(43.4 percent) content.

Because feed represents one of the major

costs in shrimp production, accounting for

over 50 percent of the total production costs,

it can significantly affect profitability. The

interactions between feed, water quality and

productivity have been evaluated in relation

to the characteristics of each culture system

resulting in the development of specially

designed feeds to enhance shrimp perform-

ance in each system.

The effects of commercial feeds on water

quality and shrimp performance are important

factors affecting feed formulations. The end

product of feed catabolism is ammonia, which

can be toxic to shrimp. Ebeling et al. describe

three pathways for ammonia removal in tradi-

tional aquaculture systems: photoautotrophic,

autotrophic and heterotrophic. The dominant

of these pathways in BFT systems can be

affected by biotic and abiotic factors.

With an adequate supply of organic

carbon, heterotrophic bacteria can quickly

convert (in around 8 hours) all available

ammonia into bacterial biomass, a process

which requires a large amount of oxygen and

the generation of high volume of bacterial

biomass. On the other hand, when organic

carbon is provided solely from feed, any

ammonia not consumed by the heterotrophic

bacteria will be slowly converted into nitrate

by autotrophic bacteria. This nitrification proc-

Table 1. Litopenaeus vannamei performance in a 92-d grow-out trial in four 40 m3RWs stocked with juveniles (1.2 g) at adensity of 530/m3and operated with no water exchange

IDWt(g)

Growth(g/wk)

Yield(kg/m3)

Sur.(%)

FCRWater Use

(L/kgShrimp)

ST 18.45a 1.27 8.96 84.4 1.28 148

FF 17.35b 1.26 8.24 80.2 1.35 149

* Values with different superscript letters indicate stat

Table 2. Summary of a 108-d grow-out study performed in2009 with juveniles (0.99 g) Litopenaeus vannamei stocked at450/m3 under no water exchange

Tank ID

Av.Wt.

Growth Survival YieldFCR

O2Usage

(g) (g/wk) (%) (kg/m3) (LPM)*

RW (ST) 21.88 1.37 94.5 9.43 1.58 0.17

RW (FF) 22.45 1.37 96.6 9.63 1.55 0.27

Table 3. Combined mean production values from two grow-out studies conducted in 2011 withjuveniles Litopenaeus vannamei from Fast-Growth (a) and Taura resistant lines (b) in the 40 m3 andthe 100 m3 raceways.

System

Volume

NDensity

(shrimp/m3)

Salinity

(ppt)

Initial

Wt. (g)

Final

Wt. (g)

DaysGrowth

(g/wk)

Sur.

(%)

Yield

(kg/m3)

FCR

40 m3 4 500a 18 1.9 23.2 82 1.82 82.3 9.5 1.43

40 m3 1 500a 30 1.4 25.1 85 1.95 78.9 9.9 1.44

100 m3 2 390b 30 3.1 25.3 106 1.46 83.0 8.4 1.77

44 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2014

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5/9

ess, which consumes alkalinity as an inorganic

carbon source, requires far less oxygen and

produces around 40 times less bacterial bio-

mass than the heterotrophic pathway. When

operating biofloc systems under low light

intensity with restricted organic carbon supply,

autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria will

dominate the microbial populations. These

mixotrophic systems require careful monitor-

ing and control of selected water quality to

maximise production.

2007-2011: early studiesIn recent years, studies at the Texas

A&M AgriLife Research Mariculture Lab have

focused on the use of a commercial feed

made by Zeigler Bros. (HI-35, Zeigler Bros.,

Gardners, PA) formulated for use in high-

density, biofloc-dominated no-exchange sys-

tems for the production of market-size L.

vannamei. These studies were conducted in

four to six greenhouse-enclosed 40 m3/68.5

m2raceways. Each lined raceway is equipped

with a centre longitudinal partition positioned

over a 5.1 cm PVC pipe with spray nozzles.

Every tank had six banks of three 5.1 cm airlift

pumps positioned equidistantly on each side

of the partition. In addition, each raceway had

six 0.91 cm long air diffusers, a 2 hp centrifugal

pump, and a Venturi injector capable of intro-

ducing atmospheric air or a mixture of oxygen

and air. The following is a short summary of

the progress made in operating this system

over the last six years.

The 2007 study was conducted in four of

the raceways described above, which were

equipped with the YSI 5200 inline dissolved

oxygen monitoring system. The tanks were

stocked to a density of 530/m3 with 1.2 g

juveniles using water from a 77-day nursery

trial. The study compared two methods of

biofloc control: homemade foam fractionators

and settling tanks. Shrimp were fed on the

HI-35 feed mentioned above. Until Day 73

(estimated 7 kg shrimp/m3), oxygen demand

was met solely by the Venturi injector and

atmospheric air. From Day 74 on, atmos-

pheric air was enriched with pure oxygen.

The dissolved oxygen monitoring system was

instrumental in managing feed and preventing

low oxygen events. All shrimp submitted for

disease diagnosis showed no signs of viral

infections. The results from this trial are sum-

marized in Table 1.

In 2009 a second study was conducted to

determine whether or not smaller commercial

foam fractionators (in the case, Aquatic Eco

Figure 1: Ammonia-N (100 m3 RWs) Figure 2: NO2-N (100 m3 RWs) Figure 3: NO3-N (100 m3 RWs)

Figure 4: Alkalinity (100 m3 RWs) Figure 5: Turbidity (100 m3 RWs) Figure 6: TSS (100 m3 RWs)

Figure 7: VSS (100 m3 RWs) Figure 8: SS (100 m3 RWs)


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6/9

Systems VL65 fractionator) could be used

to minimise the differences in shrimp final

weights observed in the 2007 study. The 108-

day study was conducted in the same four 40

m3 raceway tanks equipped with the previ-

ously described YSI 5200 dissolved oxygen

monitoring system. Raceways were filled with

water from a preceding 62-day nursery study,

and stocked to a density of 450/m3with 0.99

g juveniles. Freshwater was added weekly to

offset water losses. Shrimp were fed the same

HI-35 feed mentioned earlier. Settling tanks

and the foam fractionators were operated

intermittently, targeting total suspended solids

concentrations between 400 and 600 mg/L.

The results showed no significant differences

in shrimp final weights between the raceways

operated with settling tanks and those oper-

ated with foam fractionators. Furthermore, no

statistically significant differences were found

in shrimp performance between treatments

(see Table 2).

In an effort to reduce production costs(e.g. the use of pure oxygen and electricity)

the lab began to test non-Venturi injectors for

aeration and mixing in two 100 m3raceways

under biofloc conditions. These injectors (a3,

All Aqua Aeration) are currently used in

several wastewater treatment facilities in the

United States and require little maintenance

compared to other aeration and oxygenation

methods. This technology may be successfully

transferred to biofloc and other types of aqua-

culture systems. Based on the manufacturers

specifications, the injector provides a 3:1air-to-water ratio, compared with the 6 kg/m3). Each

tank was equipped

with 14 injectors,

and one injector

powering a home-

made foam frac-

tionator for biofloc

control. Raceways

were stocked to a

density of 270/m3

with 8.5 g juveniles

and were fed the

Zeigler Bros. HI-35

feed. At the end

of the 87 days of

the 2010 trial, a

yield of 6.4 kg/m3

was obtained from

marketable shrimp

(26.1 g), with 90.1

percent survival

rate and a feedconversion ratio of

2.46.

The trial in 2011

was conducted

in five of the 40

m3 raceway tanks

described above,

filled with a mixture

of seawater and biofloc-rich water previously

used in a 42-day nursery trial. Salinity in four of

the tanks was adjusted to 18 parts per thou-

sand using chlorinated municipal freshwater.Raceways were stocked to a density of 500

shrimp/m3with 1.90 g juveniles. For compari-

son, a fifth tank was operated with salinity of

30 parts per thousand, and stocked with 1.40

g juveniles stocked at a density of 500/

m3. All raceways were stocked with

shrimp from a Fast-Growth line provid-

ed by the Oceanic Institute, Makapuu

Point, Hawaii. Shrimp were fed the

same HI-35 feed as in previous studies.

The raceways were operated with no

water exchange throughout the study.

Results from this study showed high

yields of food size shrimp, with good

growth, survival and FCR (see Table 3).

The second 2011 trial was conduct-

ed in the two 100 m3 EPDM rubber-

lined raceways, each filled with a mix-

ture of seawater, municipal chlorinated

freshwater, and biofloc-rich water from

a previous nursery study. The tanks

were stocked with 390 shrimp per

m3, with Taura-resistant L. vannamei

juveniles (1.90 g) supplied by Shrimp

Improvement System, Florida. Shrimpwere fed the same HI-35 feed used

in previous studies. Raceways were

equipped with the YSI 5200 dissolved

oxygen monitoring systems and were

maintained with no water exchange

throughout the 106-day duration of the study.

The results are summarised in Table 4.

2012: trials point tocommercial viabilityThe studies in 2012 used both systems for

the production of marketable shrimp. The first

study was conducted in six 40 m3 raceways

and had four objectives:

1. Evaluate the effect of two commercial

feeds on juvenile shrimp produced

from a cross between Fast-Growth and

Taura-Resistant lines

2. Monitor the changes in selected water

quality indicators under no exchange

3. Monitor L. vannamei performance under

high density and no exchange

4. Evaluate the benefit of using the YSI

5500 continuous dissolved oxygen

monitoring system with optical probe

in operating a biofloc-dominated, super-

intensive shrimp production system

The second study took place in the two 100

m3raceway tanks and had three objectives:

1. Evaluate the performance of the same

juvenile shrimp used in the previous

study under the same stocking den-

sity when fed the HI-35 feed under no

exchange2. Further evaluate the ability of the a3

injectors to maintain adequate mix-

ing and dissolved oxygen levels in a

high-density, biofloc-dominated, zero-

exchange conditions

Table 4. Summary of mean final weight, weekly growth, yield, survival,FCR, and water usage from a 67-d grow-out study of Litopenaeus

vannamei in 40 m3 greenhouse-enclosed raceways operated with nowater exchange.

FeedYield Survival Av. Wt. Growth

FCRWater Use

(kg/m3) (%) (g) (g/wk) (L/kg shrimp)

HI-351 9.74 87.3% 22.12 2.03 1.25 124.7

SI-352 8.71 88.3% 19.74 1.76 1.43 138.3

Diff 1.03 2.38 0.27 0.18 13.6

1RWs where shrimp were fed the HI-35 Zeigler Bros. feed2RWs where shrimp were fed the SI-35 Zeigler Bros. feed

Table 5. Summary of Litopenaeus vannamei) performance following a63-d grow-out period in two 100 m3raceways using the a3 injectors formixing and aeration.

RW

Stocking Harvest Growth Survival Yield

FCR

Water

Use(L/1 kg)(Juveniles/m3)(g) (g) (g/wk) (%) (kg/m3)

1 500 3.6 22.76 2.13 80.82 9.20 1.43 139.5

2 500 3.6 22.67 2.12 78.19 8.86 1.53 148.9

Average 22.72 2.12 79.50 9.03 1.48 144.2

Table 6. Summary of production and sales forsuper-intensive biofloc dominated no exchangeshrimp production systems comparing the resultsfrom the 2011 trial to the 2012 trials.

Treatment 2011HI-3540 m3

SI-3540 m3

HI-35100m3

Stocking density(Juvenile/m3)

5005000%

5000%

5000%

Survival rate(%)

81.687.3

+7.0%88.2

+8.1%79.5-2.6%

Growth rate(g/wk)

1.852.03

+9.7%1.76-4.9%

2.13+15.1%

Stocking size(g)

1.82.7

+50%2.7

+50%3.6

+100%

Harvest size(g)

23.622.3-5.5%

19.8-16.1%

22.7-3.8%

FCR 1.431.25

-12.6%1.430%

1.48+3.5%

Crop length(days)

8367

-19.3%67

-19.3%63

-24.1%

Production(kg/m3)

9.589.74

+1.7%8.71-9.1%

9.03-5.7%

46 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | January-February 2014

EXPERT TPIC


7/9

3. Evaluate the benefit of using the YSI 5200

continuous dissolved oxygen monitoring

system in operating the system

We also aimed at reducing FCRs below

the values achieved in the previous trials,

primarily through continuous feeding.

The six 40 m3 raceway tanks were filled

with a mixture of water used in a preceding

49-day nursery study, seawater and municipal

freshwater to reach a salinity of 30 parts

per thousand. Each tank was equipped with

a small commercial foam fractionator and a

homemade settling tank. Shrimp used in this

study were produced from a cross between

Taura-resistant and Fast-Growth genetic lines

developed by Shrimp Improvement Systems.

Raceways were stocked with 2.66 g juveniles

at a density of 500 shrimp/m3. The study was

performed with three replicates using a semi-

intensive feed (SI-35) which had 35 percent

crude protein, 7 percent lipid and 4 percent

fibre, and a hyper-intensive feed (HI-35) with

35 percent crude protein, 7 percent lipidand only 2 percent fibre, both produced by

Zeigler Bros.

The raceway tanks were maintained with

no exchange throughout the study and fresh-

water was added to compensate for water

losses. Oxygen supplementation was initiated

on Day 17 and continued until termination.

The YSI 5500 monitors and their optical

probes allowed trouble-free, real-time oxygen

supplementation

while avoid-

ing excess use.

Concentrations

of total ammo-

nia-nitrogen

remained

below 0.5 mg/L

throughout the

study, while

NO2-N level

remained below

1.22 mg/L with

no significant

differences

between treat-

ments. While solids were controlled by the

use of the foam fractionators and settling

tanks, levels of total suspended solids, turbid-

ity and volatile suspended solids levels in the

SI treatment remained significantly higher

than the HI treatment. These results may be

related to the higher levels of non-digestiblecomponents in the SI-35 feed fibre and ash.

Oxygen use for the HI treatment was 21

percent lower compared to the SI treatment

and the volume of water used to produce

1 kg of shrimp was slightly lower for the HI

treatment than the SI.

Analyses of shrimp performance based

on harvest data (see Table 4) showed no

differences in survival rate, but better mean

final weights, yields, growth, and FCR for the

shrimp fed with the HI-35 feed. This study

showed that market-size shrimp can be pro-

duced with no water exchange, and although

the cost difference between the HI and SI

feeds was significant ($1.75/kg vs. $0.99/kg), a

preliminary profitability analysis indicates thatboth feeds would be commercially viable with

the profit advantage in favor of the HI feed.

The second trial lasted 63 days and was

conducted in the two 100 m3raceway tanks

described earlier. The tanks were initially

filled with a mixture of seawater, municipal

chlorinated freshwater, and biofloc-rich water

from a previous nursery study. Whereas the

juvenile shrimp (3.14 g) in the 2011 study

Table 7. Summary of production and sales for the extrapolated commercialscale super-intensive biofloc dominated no exchange shrimp productionoperation, with 2011 trial results compared to three 2012 trials.

2011HI-35 40

m3SI-35 40

m3HI-35 100

m3

Production, kg/crop 38,320 38,960 34,840 36,120

Crops per year 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.8

Production, kg/year 168,608 214,280 191,620 209,496Production MT/year 169 214 192 209

Selling price, $/kg 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20

Total Sales per year, $ 1,213,978 1,542,816 1,379,664 1,508,371


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8/9

were of a Taura-Resistant strain and stocked

at 390 juveniles per m3, the shrimp (3.60 g)

used in the current study were a cross pro-duced from Taura-resistant and Fast-Growth

genetic lines, stocked at a density of 500

per m3. The shrimp were fed a HI-35 feed

using four 24-hour belt feeders for each

raceway. The tanks were maintained with no

water exchange and freshwater was added

weekly to maintain salinity and compensate

for evaporative losses. Mean water tempera-

ture, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH levels

were 29.6 C, 29.3 ppt, 5.5 mg/L, and 7.1

respectively. Total ammonia nitrogen and

NO2-N remained low throughout the study,


9/9

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Successful moisture

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Current challenges and opportunities

in amino acid nutrition of salmonids

VOLUME 17 I SSU E 1 2014 - J ANUARY | FEBRUARY

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Whisky by-products: a sustainableprotein sourcefor aquaculture

Closing the food waste loop: a new angle for insect-basedfeeds

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above.

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE
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Date post:	04-Jun-2018
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EXPERT TOPIC 1401- SHRIMP

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