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Exploration- 1400’s- 1500s
Glory- Renaissance creates new spirit of adventure and curiosity
Gold- go overseas in search of eastern luxury items: spices, silk, ect. to sell and trade
God- it was their duty to save the heathens from themselves
Development of new technology makes it possible (pg 465) 1 st European nations head east. Control trade in most of
Southeast Asia. China/ Japan refuse to trade with Europe. People in conquered area outside of port towns controlled
by Europe mostly not affected from European presence and trade
Countries
Portugal is 1st (pg 467) late 1400s– Outposts in Africa ( Diaz) and then around tip of Africa
east into Indian ocean (Vasco de Gama)– In 1500’s controls much of south east Asia– 1600’s other countries take their lands
Spain – Sends Columbus west, 1492– Takes over Philippines
Dutch – Take spice islands from Portugal– Controls east Indies– Largest fleet( # of boats) by 1600s
2nd nations move west to AMERICA Create Colonies (pg 493)
Spain lands in Caribbean – explores/ claims central America and Mexico, South
America and south west USA– Conquers Aztecs (Cortes), Incas (Pizarro) and
Mayans, better weapons, disease France lands in Canada, south into north USA, islands
in Caribbean (1500s) England lands in central N. America, islands in the
Caribbean- 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, John Smith- 1620 Plymouth, Mass, Mayflower, purtians
The New World-
Dutch- NY area and Hudson bay, river, Caribbean islands. Later surrender NY to England without a fight.
Immense trade in plants, food and animals between continents- Columbian Exchange
1500’s- Beginning of the slave trade to the Americas- – Needed new labor force, not familiar with the land
and more immune to disease– Triangular Trade/Middle passage
1754- French VS. England- (French and Indian War) France loses all land
Commercial Revolution-
Trade increases/ more money to go around Towns grow Capitalism- Private (people) own business and invest
in business. Merchant class arises Joint- stock company- several people going in on
business together Mercantilism- Power = money, develop colonies
– Find gold/silver– Sell more than you buy
But Most Europeans still live in the country/farm Most are still poor
Absolutism in Europe-
Meanwhile- (517 #2)
Absolutism in Europe- Moving away from power of the Nobles and their self contained empires
Reformation weakens church power/monarchs gain power
Absolutism= monarch controls every aspect of countries affairs, to rule without limits
Divine right- God gave them their position, power and responsibility
Spain
Beginning of Absolute power of the king 1500’s- Charles V is King of Spain- (Hapsburgs)
Controls– American colonies- lots of $– Emperor of Holy Roman empire (Germany and parts of Italy)– Austria– Netherlands
1550’s- At his death divides kingdoms between 2 sons- – Philip (son)- Spain, Netherlands and colonies – Ferdinand (bro)- Germany, Austria
Spain loses power-– Unfavorable balance of trade, inflation– wars drain treasury and raise taxes- fight for world power– 1580- Netherlands gain freedom (Catholic vs. protestant)
France
After Charlemagne, feudal territories- Paris Noble power grows become King, power grows after defeat of England (100 years war)1300-1400s
1589 Henry IV– Strong ruler– Converts to Catholicism to gain popularity– Helps to fix religious wars by ending persecution of
protestants – Edict of Nantes, 1598 – Rebuilds France and return to strong Monarch
France- grows in power
1610 Henry’s son is weak but his advisor Cardinal Richelieu makes up for it and rules behind him, – Strong ruler is continued– Power taken from Nobility
1643 Louis XIV (pg 525)– Rules absolutely- under Cardinal Mazarin 1st– France grows in power, wealth (after 30 yrs war)– Controls Nobility– Palace of Versailles- showed power and wealth, huge,
lavish, beautiful His costly wars and lavish living left resentment that would
build into a revolution.
England
Celts, Early invaders- Anglo-Saxons, Romans, Vikings
1066 Norman Invasion- (from n. France) control Eng., land in France- King gains power, Royal Judges, common law, Jury system
1215 Magna Carta- Kings power limited by nobles, basic political rights,
1295 parliament established- King needs $ for wars1337-1453- 100 years war- France kicks England out1527 Henry VIII- breaks away from Catholicism,
gains power
Germany-
30 years war- 1618-1648 war between Protestant and catholic princes
in the Holy Roman Empire devastated Germany- did not unite until the
1800’s weakened Spain Strengthened France Ends religious wars in Europe
Russia- developed separate from western Europe- focus on Byzantine empire and then controlled by Mongols- not a part of Renaissance or exploration
1462 Ivan III Conquers territory Kicks out Mongols Centralizes government1696 Govt. in turmoil for 100 yrs. new leader is chosen
Peter I- Peter the Great Romanov family rules until communist uprising in 1917 Controls nobles/land owners Controls church Won seaport from Sweden to use for trade and travel Westernization- use them for example for change
– Modernize army with help of western Europe officers– Increase education– Adopted western type newspapers/ fashions
By the end of Peter’s reign Russia was now a power in Europe