EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY AND …

www.tjprc.org [email protected]

EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY AND CHARACTERIST ICS OF SPIDER FAMILIES

VARSHA W WANKHADE & NARENDRA MANWAR

Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

The order Aranae deserves a special place in the study of ecology as it acts as a biological indicator.

The objectives of the present study were to explore the diversity and characteristics of spider families. The study was

conducted at Sawanga-Vithoba lake (Malkhed Project) district Amravati, Maharashtra India. In this study, by observing

the diversity of Spiders (Class Arachnida, phylum Arthropoda), efforts were made to evaluate the status of ecosystem of

Sawanga-Vithoba Lake (Malkhed Project) district Amravati, Maharashtra. In total 42 species of spiders belonging to 14

families were observed. Araneidae was the most represented family with 15 species. Area surrounding Sawanga-Vithoba

lake (Malkhed Project) Dist Amravati, Maharashtra, India represents 23.72 % of the total families recorded in India.

The high species diversity of spiders in Sawanga-Vithoba lake region can be attributed to the high diversity of plants and

insects. In totality, five different guilds of spiders were observed. 54% of spiders were orb web builders, 24% were foliage

runner. Ground runner and Ambusers were 8%, while scattered line weaver were 6%. Sawanga-Vithoba lake region

could be an important centre of speciation in Pohara forest of tahsil chandur railway dist Amravati. This is the first

report of the spider fauna from Sawanga-Vithoba lake region.

KEYWORDS: Aranae, Sawanga-Vithoba Lake, spider diversity, Malkhed Project, Araneidae

Received: Jan 29, 2016; Accepted: Feb 13, 2016; Published: Feb 16, 2016; Paper Id.: IJZRFEB20163

INTRODUCTION

India is rich in both flora and fauna and is a mega diverse country. Knowledge about the diversity,

distribution and abundance of spider in India is very sparse. Spiders are one of the most diverse groups of

organisms. Study of spiders as always remained neglected .They have, however, largely been ignored. Spiders

serve as bio-control agents (CIKS 2002). Spiders regulate the terrestrial arthropod population as they are important

predators (Reichert and Bishop, 1990; Coddington and Levi,. 1991)

Spiders are copious in number and are ecologically important in almost every terrestrial and

semi-terrestrial (wetland) habitat on Earth, from cold tundra and alpine ecosystems to tropical rainforests and

deserts. There are about 37000 identifies and described spider species which correspond to only a small number of

their total diversity (Adis and Harvey, 2000). Numbers often go beyond 100 per square meter, which is equal to 1

million spiders per hectare (Coleman and Crossley, 1996). Some species are found on the shores of the ocean and

some dive into ponds and streams in search of prey-members of one Eurasian spider family (Argyronetidae) even

live underwater in silken "diving bells" which they fill with air brought from the surface clinging to their hairy

abdomens. Spiders are found high up on Mount Everest, and some of the most northerly animals are spiders, as

well.

Spiders are among the most important predators in many ecosystems. Spiders are an important food

source for birds, lizards, wasps and other animals. Ground-dwelling spiders may be important in transferring

Original A

rticle International Journal of Zoology and Research (IJZR) ISSN(P): 2278-8816; ISSN(E): 2278-8824 Vol. 6, Issue 1, Feb 2016, 15-24 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

16 Varsha W Wankhade & Narendra Manwar

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.9758 NAAS Rating: 2.59

energy directly from the below-ground detritus food wells to the above-ground terrestrial food webs of familiar birds,

reptiles, amphibians, and mammals (Johnston, 2000). Spiders are an important source of food for many birds, especially in

the winter (Peterson et al. 1989; Hogstad, 1984, in Skerl 1997). Spider silk is important to bird species for

nest building; 24 of 42 families of passerine birds and nearly all species of hummingbird depends on silk from spiders and

caterpillars for nest construction (Hansel 1993, Skerl 1997).

Spiders are omnipresent in terrestrial ecosystems, and few species occur in freshwater and marine environments

(Foelix 1996). To identify spiders on the basis of morphological characteristics are often tricky. Problems in arachnids

identification is also due to molting in many species which continue to and grow as adults, leading to gross size

differences. For example, some Nephilia males are twice the length of others (Cohn 1990). Species-level identifications are

only promising with adults by analyses of genital morphology.

Due to the scarcity of workers, much of the Arthropoda diversity in most of the parts of Maharashtra remains

unexplored. This may lead to the undocumented disappearance of many species. If any species go extinct, it will affect the

ecological balance, food chain, food web and further utilization of the species. Considering the importance of spiders in the

natural suppression of many insect pests and as bioindicators, urgent efforts are needed to understand their diversity.

The present knowledge of the spiders of Western Ghats remains confined to the works of Pocock (1895, 1899, 1900), Hirst

(1909), Gravely (1915, 1935), Jose and Sebastian (2001), Smith (2004), and Jose et al. (2006) tried to document the

diversity of spider fauna in and around Western Ghats but there is no work on spider at Sawanga-Vithoba lake

(Malkhed Project) area dist Amravati, Maharashtra, India

The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of spiders and its guild structure at Sawanga-Vithoba Lake

(Malkhed Project) ecosystem. This study is the first record of the spider fauna from this area. Though the study of spiders

from Sawanga-Vithoba Lake is still far from complete, the present study forms a basis for further investigations on this

group.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

Study area of present work is in district Amravati. Amravati district is located in Maharashtra state of India

between 200321 and 210461 north latitudes and 760371 and 780371 and 760271 east longitudes (Khan, 2009) as shown in

fig.1. Sawanga-Vithoba lake also called as Malkhed Talav is located in Chandur Railway Tahsil of Amravati district. It is

surrounded by hilly area and dry deciduous forest (fig.2). This forest is rich in plant species such as Teak

(Tectona grandis), Khair (Acacia catechu), Palas (Butia monosperma), Salai, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Subabool

(Leucaena leucocephala), Calotropis procera, Zyzipus, Ficus plants etc. The catchment area of lake is 90 km2. The study

was conducted at Sawanga-Vithoba Lake (Malkhed Project) region during January 2011 to December 2011.

Explorative Study on The Diversity and Characteristics o

www.tjprc.org

Table 1: Morphological and geographical characteristics of Sawanga

Study Site Geographical Location

Sawanga-Vithoba Lake (Malkhed Project), dist-Amravati, Maharashtra Area about 90 km2

20’57’N and 77’57’E

Study Period

The present study was conducted from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2011 at different study sites at Sawanga

(Malkhed Project), dist-Amravati, Maharashtra (Table

INDIA MAHARASHTRA AMRAVATI

Figure 1: Location of

Figure 2: Satellite photograph of

Study on The Diversity and Characteristics of Spider Families

Morphological and geographical characteristics of Sawanga-Vithoba Lake (Kasambe and Wadatkar, 2007)

Geographical Location

Habitat type

20’57’N and

The vegetation consist of both natural forest i.e. evergreen semievergreen, dry-deciduous, grassland and teak (Khair (Acacia catechu), Palas (Butia monospermaplantation

The present study was conducted from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2011 at different study sites at Sawanga

Amravati, Maharashtra (Table-1).


1: Location of District Amravati in India ( Khan, 2009

Satellite photograph of Sawanga- Vithoba lake, District Amravati

17

[email protected]

Vithoba Lake

The vegetation consist of both natural forest i.e. evergreen semi-deciduous, grassland and teak (Tectona grandis),

Butia monosperma), and Salai

The present study was conducted from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2011 at different study sites at Sawanga-Vithoba Lake


Khan, 2009)

District Amravati



Sampling Methods

Surveys were conducted in all season at different sites. Five 20x20 m quadrants were taken for extensive surveys.

All surveys were conducted in the morning hours between 7:00am to 11:00 a.m.

Spiders were collected by adopting standard sampling techniques as described below.

1. Sweep netting: Spiders from herbaceous-shrub-small tree vegetation was collected using Standardized insect

collecting net. 20 standard sweeps were employed per quadrant.

2. Beating sheets: Spiders from trees and woody shrubs were dislodged and collected on a sheet by beating trees

and shrubs with a standard stick. 10 beats per tree or shrub were employed in each quadrat.

3. Active searching and hand picking: Spiders from the trees, shrubs and ground were collected by this method. In

this method spider specimen were actively searched for 30 minutes per quadrant for searching under rocks, logs,

ground debris, and loose dead barks of trees etc.

Photography

Collected spiders were photographed and identified by the digital camera (Make –Sony Model no W-310) and

later were released into their natural habitat.

Identification

All specimens were initially separated from other material and identified to the family level using the taxonomic

keys for Indian spiders given by Tikader (1987) and Gajbe (2004). Few spiders were observed under stereo zoom

microscopes (model no. MS 24).

Environmental Variables

Structural attributes of vegetation were measured using 1m2 quadrant at each trap. Vegetation was classified into

ground layer (< 10cm), lower field (>50cm) and upper field layer (>50-200cm).

Guild Classification

Spider families used in the determination of guilds were those listed in the review of Young and Edwards (1990).

Designation of spiders was based on the ecological characteristics known for the family or a key species representing each

family (Gertsch and Riechert, 1976; Post and Riechert. 1977; Gertsch 1979; Young and Edwards ( 1990; Nyffeler and

Benz. 1987; Nyffeler et al 1992).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Total 42 species under 20 genera and 14 families (Table 2) were recorded during the 6 month survey at Sawanga-

Vithoba Lake region.

This area is rich in floral diversity. In our observation Araneidae is the most represented family with 15 species.

Various families of spider as Araneidae, Lycosidae, Oxypidae, Tetragnathidae, Eracidae, Thomicidae,

Theridiosomatidae, Clubionidae, Thirididae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Miturgidae, Salticidae and Gnaphosidae were

recorded.

Explorative Study on The Diversity and Characteristics of Spider Families 19


Fifteen species with seven genera belonging to family Araneidae, 5 species belonging to family Oxypidae, 4

species belonging to family Tetragnathidae and Eracidae , 2 species each of family Thomicidae, Pholcidae, Salticidae and

Gnaphosidae , and one species belonging to each family Theridiosomatidae, Clubionidae , Thirididae, Philodromidae,

Miturgidae and family Lycosidae were recorded. Thus family Araneidae is the most dominant family exploring 37% of

species, second dominant family is Oxypidae with 12% species, families Tetragnathidae and Eracidae exhibit 10% species

, family Thomicidae, Pholcidae, Salticidae and Gnaphosidae reveal 5% of total species while other families display 2% of

the total species diversity. Distribution of different families of spiders at Sawang - Vithoba lake is illustrated in fig 3.

Figure 3: Percentile Distribution of Families of Spiders at Sawanga-Vithoba Lake

Guild Preference Exhibited by Spiders at Sawanga Vithoba Lake Region

Spiders at Sawanga Vithoba Lake exhibited a good diversity in guild preference. It was observed that in totality,

five different guilds of spiders were observed. 54% of spiders are orb web builders, 24% are foliage runner. Ground runner

and Ambushers are 8%.while scattered line weaver are 6%. Diversity exhibited by spiders of Sawanga Vithoba lake region

district Amravati Maharashtra for Guilds preference is shown in fig. 4.

Figure 4: Diversity in Guilds of Spider Fauna at Sawanga Vithoba Lake Region Dist Amravati Maharashtra



Family Diversity

Out of the 59 families recorded in the Indian region (Sudhikumar et al 2005), 14 families were observed at

Sawanga-Vithoba lake (Malkhed Project) area dist Amravati, Maharashtra India. This represents 23.73 % of the total

families recorded in India.

Species Richness

A total of 42 species are discovered from a limited area of 16 km2. This number is very high compared to other

regions like Andaman and Nicobar islands – 65 species, Sikkim – 55 species and Calcutta – 99 species (Tikader (1987),

Tikader 1977 and, Tikader and Biswas, 1981.

The above three studies were conducted over a period of one to two years while the present study was conducted

for six months.

Affinities

The present studies conducted at Sawanga-Vithoba lake (Malkhed Project) dist Amravati, Maharashtra, India

revealed that the spider fauna of this ecosystem bears affinities with the fauna of Melghat Sanctuary, Amravati and Spider

Fauna of Lonar Creature, Buldhana. Of about 1442 species reported from India (Siliwal et al. 2005), Recently, Vairale and

Vankhede, 2010 reported 517 spider species from Melghat Sanctuary. In total 42 species of spiders from Sawanga-Vithoba

lake (Malkhed Project) dist Amravati, Maharashtra, India was recorded. Thus high species diversity of spiders in this area

can be attributed to the high diversity of plants and insects. High plant diversity (Tectona grandis, Acacia catechu, Butia

monosperma etc) sustains a high faunal diversity by providing diverse microhabitat especially for invertebrates. There is no

previous work in this area regarding the diversity of spiders. This indicates the need for further study in this area. The

complex interaction of various climatic factors like rainfall, temperature availability of water source nearby may create

many smaller but diverse environmental niches in this area. The presence of diverse habitats like forests, bushes and sand

and water can make Sawanga (Vithoba) lake area an important centre of speciation.

Many environmental factors affect diversity of species (Rosenzweig, 1995). There is always correlation between

structural complexities of habitats and diversity of species (Hawksworth and Kalin-Arroyo 1995).Greater variety of habitat

types increases diversity ( Ried and Miller 1989). Structurally complex shrubs hold good spider diversity (Uetz 1991).

Spiders are sensitive to minute alteration in the structure of habitat such as habitat complexity, litter depth and

microclimate characteristics (Downie et al. 1999 and New 1999). Spiders generally have humidity and temperature

preferences that limit them to areas within the range of their “physiological tolerances” which make them ideal candidates

for land conservation studies (Riechert and Gillespie,. 1986).

Reporting and documenting diversity of spider in the present selected ecosystem can give important information

to justify the conservation of this ecosystem. Study of species richness is a good tool to assess habitat quality the

uniqueness of species compositions is important in establishing regional conservation priorities (Platnick 1991). This

Sawanga lake habitat has a diverse spider community and further research should be encouraged in this ecosystem.

However, to maintain and manage this high diversity biome other factors also needed to be identified. Factors at the

microhabitat scale, which may be important in influencing the diversity, have to be investigated.

Thus the existing data suggest that sawanga vithoba Lake could be rich centers in Vidarbha region of India.



CONCLUSIONS

Sawanga-Vithoba lake (Malkhed Project) dist Amravati, Maharashtra, India is rich in spider diversity with 42

species belonging to 14 families. Family Araneidae is the most represented family. Spider fauna also exhibits good

diversity in guild structure with most represented guild as a web builder. Sawanga-Vithoba lake region could be an

important centre of speciation in Pohara forest of dist Amravati, India.

Table 2: Check List of Spiders at Sawanga-Vithoba Lake (Malkhed Project), Dist-Amravati, Maharashtra

Sr.No. Famiy Percent

abundance Species

1 Araneidae

37

Gasteracabtha sipnaensis nov. Vairalle Female

Neoscona sp. Female

Neoscona sp. Female

Neoscona sp. Female

Larinia sp. Female

Larinia sp. Female

Larinia sp. Female

Zygeilla sp. Female

Zygeilla sp. Female

Zygeilla indica Male

Neoscona sp. female

Neoscona sp. female

Neoscona sinhagadensis female

Cyclosa simony Female

Araneus sp. Female

2 Lycosidae 2 Arctosa littoralis Female

3 Oxypidae 12

Oxyopes sp. Female

Himataliwa sp. Female

Oxyopes pawani Female

Oxyopes sp. Female

Oxyopes sp. Female

4 Tetragnathidae 10

Leucauge decorata Female

Laucauge sp. Female

Leucage sp. Male

Tetragnatha mandibulata

5 Eracidae 10

Stegodyphus sp. Female


Stegodyphus sp. Male


6 Thomicidae 2 Thomisus sp. Female

Thomisus sp. Female

7 Theridiosomatidae 2 Theridiosoma sp. Female

8 Clubionidae 2 Clubiona sp. Female

9 Thirididae 2 Theredion sp. Female



Table 2: contd.,

10 Philodromidae 2 Philodromus sp. Female

11 Pholcidae 5 Pholcus sp. Female

Pholcus sp. Female

12 Miturgidae 2 Cheracanthium danieli Female

13 Salticidae 5

Phidippus sp. Female

Phidippus sp. Female

14 Gnaphosidae 5 hippasa sp. Female

Hippasa holmerae Female

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our special thanks to Director of ISRO-UoP for providing us financial assistance.

The authors are also thankful to The Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (PCCF), Government of Maharashtra

for giving permission to conduct present study.

REFERENCES

1. Adis, J and Harvey, M.S. (2000). How many arachnida and myriapoda are there world-wide and in amazonia? Stud. Neotrop.

Fauna Environ. 35: 139–141.

2. CIKS. (2002). Source, indigenous agricultural news unit on “Traditional Indian agricultural, (CIKS - Center for Indian

Knowledge System) India, pp 1-2.

3. Coleman, D.C. and Crossley, D.A. Jr. (1996). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press, NY.

4. Cohn, J. (1990). Is it size that counts? Palp morphology, sperm storage and egg-hatching frequency in Nephila clavipes. J.

Arachnol.18: 59–71.

5. Coddington, J.A. and Levi, H.W. (1991). Systematic and evolution of spiders (Araneae) . Annu. Rev. Eco. Syst ., 22 :565-592.

6. Foelix, R.F. (1996). Biology of spiders. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford

7. Downie, I.S., Wilson, L., Abernethy, V.J., Mccracken, D.I. and Foster, G.N. <I>et al</I>. (1999). The impact of different

agricultural land-use on epigeal spider diversity in Scotland. – Journal of insect Conservation, 3: 273-286.

8. Gajbe, P.U. (2004). Spider of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Arachnida: Araneae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 154

pp.

9. Gertsch, W.J. and Riechert. (1976). The Spatial and Temporal Partitioning of a Desert Spider Community, with Descriptions

of New Species. American Museum of Natural History, New York Pages: 25

10. Gertsch, W.J. (1979). American Spiders. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York

11. Gravely, F.H. (1915). Notes on Indian mygalomorph Spiders. I. - Records of Indian Museum, 11: 257-287.

12. Gravely, F.H. (1915). Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. II. - Records of Indian Museum, 37: 69-84.

13. Hansel, M. (1993). Secondhand silk. Natural History 102: 40-46.

14. Hawksworth, D.L. and Kalin-Arroyo, M.T. (1995). Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity. In: Heywood V. H. (ed.):

Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme. London, Cambridge University Press, 107-191.



15. Hirst, A.S. (1909). On some new or little-known mygalomorph spiders from the Oriental Region and Australasia. Records of

Indian Museum, 3: 383-390.

16. Hogstad, O. (1984). Variation in numbers, territoriality and flock size of a goldcrest Regulus regulus population in winter. Ibis

126: 296-306.

17. Johnston, J.M. (2000). The contribution of microarthropods to aboveground food webs: A review and model of belowground

transfer in a coniferous forest. American Midland Naturalist 143: 226-238.

18. Jose, S.K. and Sebastian, P.A. (2001). Occurrence of Psechrus alticeps Pocock (Araneae: Psechridae) in western Ghats,

Kerala with a redescription and notes on its habit and habitat. - Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 98: 304-306.

19. Jose, S.K., Sudhikumar, A.V., Davis, S. and Sebastian, P.A. (2006). Preliminary studies on the spider fauna (Arachnida:

Araneae) in parambikulam wildlife sanctuary in Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J. Bombay Nat. History Soc., Vol. 102. (In

Press).

20. Kasambe, R. and Wadatkar, J. (2007). Birds of Pohara-Malkhed Reserve Forest, Amravati, Maharashtra–an updated

annotated checklist. Zoos' Print Journal. 22(7): 2768–2770.

21. Khan, I.A. (2009).The spatioi – temporal spacing of cattle market places in Amravati district Maharashtra. Shod, Samiksha

aur Mulyankan (International Research Journal). Vol. 2. Issue 6: 855-856

22. New, T.R. (1999). Untangling the web: spiders and the challenges of invertebrate conservation. - Journal of Insect

Conservation, 3: 251-256.

23. Nyffeler, M and Benz, M. (1987). Spiders in natural pest control: A review. J. Appl. Entomol., 103:321–339.

24. Nyffeler, M., Dean, D.A and W.L. Sterling. (1992). Diets, feeding specialization, and predatory role of two lynx spiders,

Oxyopes salticus and Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae), in a Texas cotton agroecosystem. Environ. Entomol.,

21:1457–1465

25. Peterson, A.T., Osborne D.R. and D.H. Taylor,. 1989. Tree trunk arthropod faunas as food resources for birds. Ohio Journal

of Science 89(1): 23-25.

26. Platnick, N.I. (1991). Patterns of biodiversity. – In: Eldredge N. (ed.): Systematics, ecology and the biodiversity crisis. New

York, Colombia University Press, 15-24.

27. Pocock, R.I. (1895).Notes on the identity of some of the types of Mygalomorphae in the collection of the British Museum. -

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16: 223-230.

28. Pocock, R.I. (1899). Diagnoses of some new Indian Arachnida. - Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 12: 744-753.

29. Pocock, R.I. (1900). Great Indian spiders - The genus Poecilotheria: its habits, history and species. – Journal of the Bombay

Natural History Society, 13: 121-133.

30. Post, W.M. and Riechert, S.E. (1977). Initial investigation into the structure of spider communities. J. Anim. Ecol., 46:729–

749.

31. Riechert, S.E. and Gillespie, R.G. (1986). Habitat choice and utilization in web-building spiders. - In: Shear W. (ed.): Spiders:

Webs, Behavior and Evolution. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 23-48.

32. Riechert, S.E. and Bishop, L. (1990). Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in a garden test system.

Ecology 71:1441–1450.\



33. Ried, W.V. and Miller, K.R. (1989). Keeping options alive: A scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. Washington D.C.,

World Resources Institute.

34. Rosenzweig, M.L. (1995). Species diversity in space and time. 1st Edn., New York, Cambridge University Press. Pages: 234

35. Siliwal, M., Molul, S. and Biswas, B.K. (2005). Indian Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae): Updated checklist 2005. - Zoos’ Print

Journal, 20 (10): 1999-2049.

36. Skerl, K.L. (1997). Spider conservation in the United States. Endangered Species Update 14. 11

37. Smith, A.M. (2004). A new species of the arboreal theraphosid, genus Poecilotheria, from southern India (Araneae,

Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) with notes on its conservation status. - Journal of British Tarantula Society, 19: 48-61.

38. Sudhikumar, A.V., Mathew, M.J., Sunish, E., Murugesan, S. and Sebastian, P.A. (2005). Preliminary studies on the spider

fauna in Mannavan shoal forest, Kerala, India (Araneae). EuropEan Arachnology. 1: pp. 319-327.

39. Tikader, B.K. (1977). Studies on some mygalomorph spiders of the families Ctenizidae and Theraphosidae from India. Journal

of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 306-319.

40. Tikader, B.K. and Biswas, B. (1981). Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity: Part-I. Zoological survey of India, Controller of

Publications, Delhi. Calcutta, Pp: 1-149.

41. Tikader, B.K. (1987). Handbook Indian Spiders (Anon. Ed.). Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta. 251 pp.

42. Uetz, G.W. (1991). Habitat structure and spider foraging. In: Habitat Structure: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in

Space. (E.D. McCoy, S.S. Bell & H.R. Mushinsky, eds.). pp. 325–48. Chapman and Hall, London.

43. Vairale, A.B. and Vankhede, G.N. (2010). Diversity and ecology of spiders in Satpuda. Ph.D. Thesis, Sant Gadge Baba,

Amravati University, Amravati.

44. Young, O.P. and Edwards, G.B. (1990). Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests. J.

Arachnol., 18:1–27.

Date post:	19-Mar-2022
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	6 times
Download:	0 times

EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY AND …

Documents