CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Water pollution is one of the major threats to public health in Pakistan.

Drinking water quality is poorly managed and monitored. Pakistan ranks at

number 80 among 122 nations regarding drinking water quality. Drinking

water sources, both surface and groundwater are contaminated with

coliforms, toxic metals and pesticides throughout the country. Various drinking

water quality parameters set by WHO are frequently violated. Human

activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and

indiscriminate applications of agrochemicals in agriculture are the main

factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality. Microbial and

chemical pollutants are the main factors responsible exclusively or in

combination for various public health problems. This review discusses a

detailed layout of drinking water quality in Pakistan with special emphasis on

major pollutants, sources of pollution and the consequent health problems.

The data presented in this review are extracted from various studies

published in national and international journals. Also reports released by the

government and non-governmental organizations are included (Azizullah A, et

al , 2011).

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution occurs

when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without

adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects

plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the

effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to

the natural biological communities (C. Michael Hogan, 2010).

Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation

and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to

individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading

worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths

of more than 14,000 people daily, An estimated 700 million Indians have no

access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness

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every day. Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of water

pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In

addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries,

developed countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In

the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45

percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32

percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as

polluted (Environmental Protection Agency,2002).

The effects of water pollution are numerous. Some water pollution effects are

recognized immediately, whereas others don’t show up for months or years.

When toxins are in the water, the toxins travel from the water the animals

drink to humans when the animals’ meat is eaten so the pollutants enter the

food chain. Infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera can be

contracted from drinking contaminated water. This is called microbial water

pollution. The human heart and kidneys can be adversely affected if polluted

water is consumed regularly. Other health problems associated with polluted

water are poor blood circulation, skin lesions, vomiting, and damage to the

nervous system. In fact, the effects of

water pollution are said to be the leading cause of death for humans across

the globe (EPA Standard Operating Procedures (2002).

In Pakistan the problem of water pollution is also growing at an alarming rate.

The phenomena1 increase in country’s population has brought

unprecedented pressure on safe drinking water. Water born diseases account

for 20 to 30% of all hospital cases and 60% infant deaths (Government of

Pakistan, 1999-2000).

In Pakistan, 72% population lives in rural area. More of them have not the

availability of good quality drinking water. So due to polluted water the people

of villages have a many diseases like typhoid, stomach problems, kidney

problem, food poisoning and skin problem (Ilyas, 2005).

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Objectives

1. To study the effects of water pollution on human health

2. To explore the water pollution effects on the people of Maqbool Road

Faisalabad.

3. To give some suggestion to water quality better for the better health of

the people.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Revenga C and Mock G. (2000) It has been known to cause illness and /or

death. Many people are not aware of this sources of water pollution are

generally divided into two categories. The first is point source pollution in

which contaminant is discharged from a discrete location sewage out falls and

oil spills are example of point, source pollution. The second category is non-

point –source of diffuse. Pollution m, and rain and unconfined runoff from

agricultural or urban areas are examples of non-point source pollution.

Pink, Daniel H. (April 19, 2006). Virtually all water pollutions are hazardous to

humans as well as lesser spices sodium is implicated in cardiovascular

disease. Nitrates in blood disorders Mercury lend can cause nervous

disorders. Water pollution is a serious problem in the global context, it has

been suggested that it is the biding worldwide cause of deaths diseases m

and that it account for the deaths of mote than 14.000 people daily.

Beychok, M. R (2005) Air water and land pollution are environmental

phenomenon quite fruiter to most of the city dwellers and a good number of

people in the rural areas. Environmental pollution which has threatened mot

only human health life exception and welfare but also animalism plants crops

as well as property and planning for the 21st century.

Jehangir (2011) reported that pollution is caused by the things that benefit the

people e. g. exhaust from automobiles cause a large percentage of all air

pollution but automobiles cause a large percentage of all air pollution but

automobiles provide transportation to million of people. Factories discharge

much of the material that pollutes the air and water nut factories provide out

put and jobs for people. Too much fertilizers and pesticides scan ruin the soil

but fertilizers and pesticides are more important aids to the growing of crops,

likewise the textile industry effluents. Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution

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immediately , people would have to stop using man things that benefit them .

Most of the people do not want to do that, of course.

Tripathy and Ddhar (2000) reported that continued advancement in

industrialization and the ever increasing demand for energy resources and

minerals ace led to a spurt in mining activities, bringing in its wake imbalances

in ecological equilibrium and many environmental hazards . the air and water

pollution causes hazards, reducing the quality of life. The weather conditions

also greatly affect the pollution levels in the atmosphere.

Grievink at al.( 2000) reviewed proposes 2 mechanisms for a respiratory

effect of oxidative air pollutants, summarizes studies on modulation of acute

respiratory effects of air pollution by supplementation of antioxidants (vitamin

c, vitamin E and arytenoids) and discusses the role plated by antioxidants in

asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Revenga C. and Mock G. (2000) stated that the sight and smell or grossly

polluted waterways provided some of the original impetus to the

environmental movement in the 1970s. Nearly a century before that, the

dangers of polluted water to human health drive what became known as the

“sanitary revolution” in Europe and the United states emphasizing clean water

supplies and sewer systems in cities. Today, despite progress in cleaning up

waterways in some areas, water pollution remains a serious global problem

with impacts in the health of freshwater ecosystems and the human

communities that rely on them for water supply.

Dockery ct al: (2001) Discussed in this article, the associations between

cardiovascular diseases and inhalation of airborne particles and co-pollutants.

Epidemiological studies providing guidance to possible pathways of

particulate air pollution health effects are described.

Hajra Elahi (2001) our cities are likely to experience a higher incidence of

smog in the coming winter because air pollution has erased all safety levels.

According to a recent environmental report, the presence of pollutants

suspended in the atmosphere exceeds worlds Health organization (WHO)

guidelines by 6.4 per cent in cities. Smoke emitted from vehicles and industry

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with natural dust combines to create a blanket if fog over the city. Some

becomes a leafing factor in road accidents due to poor visibility and

inadequate street lighting. It also aggravates allergies and asthma, affecting

people’s health. In a study carried out by the world bank, the annual cost to

the Pakistan economy in terms of urban air pollution was estimated at $369

million. This includes expenditures on heath and productivity loss due to

absenteeism in schools and at the workplace.

Dawn (2001) reported “According to the National Environmental Quality

standards, 98 per cent of industrial units discharge underrated effluent into

rivers lakes and sea. Dumping of the untreated municipal and industrial

wastes have caused contamination of surface and ground water resources

and threatened aquatic life to diminishing level. About 40 per cent of Pakistan

population has no access to safe drinking water and nearly 84 per cent of

rural population is with out sanitation facilities. Water bore diseases account

for 20 to 30 per cent of all hospital cases and about 60 per cent of infant

deaths in the country. Also, environmental pollution and unhygienic conditions

are directly responsible for the spread of tuberculosis and malaria.

Dr Robert Brook (2002), a specialist in the biology of blood vessels at the

university of Michigan and his group in study stated that “Air pollution causes

the blood vessels of healthy people to close up, which helps explain why high

levels of pollution are linked to heart attacks and other cardiovascular

problems”. Brook said the experiment involved fairly high levels of pollution,

as found in Mexico City, for instances or on bad days in loss. Angeles but he

said the harmful pollution could not be seen or smelled, and people would not

feel the effects,

The Nation (2002) concluded that it has been variously reported that between

the year 1980 and 1996,carbon dioxide emission have move than doubled in

Pakistan from 31.6 metric tons to 94.3 metric tons in terms of pre capital

emission. During the same period the discharge of organic water pollutants

increases from 75, 1,125KG /day to 114,726/day Moreover, in [Pakistan, only

39% of the population has access to sanitation facilities. (International Labor

organization in its 2002 publication) Has stated that in many countries urban

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and industrial waste is dumped into large land fill sites without consideration

of geography soil texture the water table or potential seeping into ground

water which might be used for drinking waste from industries like those

producing alkaline salts, affects the fertility of the soil by making it salty being

disrupted, and water related diseases cause millions deaths each years,

especially in developing countries, pollution is henceforth regarded as a major

public health concern.

Tripathy & Dhar (2002) Concluded that the continued advancements in

industrialization and the ever increasing demand for energy resources and

minerals have led to a spurt in mining activities bringing in its wake

imbalances in ecological equilibrium and mange environmental hazards. The

air and water pollution cause hazards reducing the quality of life. The weather

conditions also greatly affect the pollution levels in the atmosphere.

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Chapter III

Methodology

The main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques

employed for the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, related to the

study under investigation.

1. UNIVERSE

Selection of universe in very important in research study. It provides more

accuracy and precision. In statistical sense the term” Universe” means the

aggregate of person are objects under study. Universe is a theoretical and

hypothetical aggregation of all elements as defined for a given research

(Babble, 2001).

The study was conducted in city Faisalabad. The study population was

consisted on all living people at Maqbool Road Faisalabad.

3.2 SAMPLE

“Part of a population is called sample”

25 respondents from Maqbool Road were selected for this research work.

3.3 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

Interview Schedule

The data was collected with the help of interviewing schedule; an interviewing

schedule was referred to the questions formulated according to the

requirements and relevance of the objectives of research. It was a technical

procedure to get the required information accurately. Interviewing schedule

was prepare in English but translated into Urdu and Punjabi for data

collection, if deem necessary. It was formulated with supervision and great

attention of supervisor.

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Conceptualization of concepts

Concepts of the abstraction used by the scientist as building blocks for the

development of the preposition and theories, which explain and predict the

phenomenon (Good and Hatt., 1952).

Conceptualization is much more difficult in social science as compared to

other discipline, because some concepts are sometimes used with different

meanings by different researchers. Some of the concepts used in the present

study are operationalzed as under:

Statistical techniques used

Following techniques of data analysis were used:

Percentage

Percentage indicates proportion. It is a useful technique for

comparison and estimation. Percentage will be calculated by following

method.

P = F/N x 100

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Number of observation

N = Total number of frequencies

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Chapter IV

Data analysis

Analysis and interpretation of data are the most important step in

scientific research. Without these steps generalizations and prediction cannot

be achieved which is the target of the scientific research.

Data collection about related problem is imperative to find out the facts

and figures. Analysis of data leads to inferences. Generalization and

conclusion are drawn on the bases of characteristics and attitudes of the

respondents. The data was collected through a questionnaire from the living

peoples of Maqbool Road. Three alternatives viz A, B, C &Yes, No, were

given against each item regarding awareness about water pollution to

measure the existing attitude of responded towards ill effect of water pollution

at Maqbool Road. The required data analysis is given bellow.

Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents in Regard to Monthly Income.

Percentage

Income per Month Frequency Percentage

Les than Rs3000 1 1.25

5001/-to 6000/- 20 25.

6001/-to 8000/- 33 41.25

8001/-to+ 10000 26 32.5

Total 80 100

This table shows that the monthly income of the respondents. According to

the table the highest numbers of the respondent had up to 6001-8000

monthly income with the percentage of 41.25

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Table 2

Distribution of the respondents in regard to Family Type

Family Type Frequency Percentage

Joint 70 87.5

Nuclear 10 12.5

Total 80 100

This table shows that 87.5 percent of the respondents were living in joint

family type. While 12.5 percent were living in nuclear type of family.

Table 3

Distribution of the Respondents in Regards to Marital Status

Martial Status ``Frequency Percentage

Married 77 96.25

Unmarried 03 3.75

Total 80 100

This table shows that s that a very large majority 96.5% of the total

respondents were married whereas unmarried percentage was only 2.5.

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Table 4

Distribution of the Respondents in Regards to Age:

Age (Year) Frequency Percentage

25-34 14 17.5

35-44 10 12.5

45-54 26 32.5

55-64 27 33.75

65+ 03 3.75

Total 80 100

This table shows that the highest numbers of the respondent with the

percentage of 33.75 were in the age of 55-64. While 32.5 were in the age of

45-54.

TABLE 5

Percentage Distribution of respondents according to awareness about pollution.

Frequency Percentage

Water 16 64

Land 5 20

Air 4 16

Total 25 100

The above table shows the Percentage Distribution of respondents according

to awareness about pollution. This shows that the highest numbers of the

respondent with the percentage of 64 had knowledge of water pollution. Wile

20 % having knowledge about land pollution.

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TABLE 6

Percentage Distribution of respondents according to source of drinking water, which

is available.

Frequency Percentage

Wasa’s available 12 48

Under ground water 8 32

Mineral water 5 20

Total 25 100

The above table shows that 48 % of the respondents were use drinking water

provided by WASA. While 32 % of the respondents used under ground water.

TABLE 7

Distribution if the Respondents in regard to about the diseases that create to

the health problem.

Frequency Percentage

Eye burning 5 20

Lungs disease 14 56

Skin disease 6 24

Total 25 100

This table shows the Distribution if the Respondents in regard to about the

diseases that create to the health problem. This shows that 56 % of the

respondent suffers in lung diseases due to water pollution. While 24 % of the

respondents facing skin disease.

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Table 8

Percentage Distribution of respondents regarding to knowledge about the

cause of land pollution.

Frequency Percentage

Smoking of vehicles 8 32

Dirty Water of factories 12 48

Sewerage System 5 20

Total 25 100

The above table shows the Distribution of respondents regarding to

knowledge about the cause of land pollution. This shows that 48% of the

respondents agree that dirty water of the factories is a main cause of water

pollution

Table 9

An opinion can give the public to save for pollution.

You read and leastion on T.v, Radio, Newspaper about pollution.

Frequency Percentage

TV 20 80Radio 2 8Newspaper 3 12Total 25 100

The above table shows that the above table shows that 80 % of the respondents

know about pollution through TV. While 12% by newspaper.

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TABLE 10

Percentage Distribution of respondents suffered due to following type of pollution.

You and your family

have suffered due to

this type of pollution?

Frequency Percentage

Water 16 64

Air 7 28

land 2 8

Total 25 100

The above table shows that 64% of the respondents suffered due water

pollution. While 28% of the respondents suffered due to air pollution.

Table 11

Distribution of the Respondent in regard to General Attitude about Environmental

pollution.

General attitude about

water pollution.

Frequency Percentage

Positive 5 20

Negative 18 72

Indifferent 2 8

Total 25 100

The above table shows that 72 % of the respondents had negative attitude about

water pollution. While 20% respondents give their opinion in positive sense.

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TABLE 12

Percentage Distribution of respondents according to knowledge other side of human

being pollution is effects.

On the other side of

human being Pollution is

effects on these?

Frequency Percentage

Animal 4 16

Plants 5 20

Human 16 64

Total 25 100

This table shows that 64 % of the respondents know that every kind of

pollution effects on human being.

TABLE 13

Percentage Distribution of respondents regarding to how water use

in their houses.

Division of people use of

water.

Frequency Percentage

Hand Pomp 2 8

Stream Water 2 8

Water pump 21 84

Total 25 100

This table shows that 84% of the respondents use water pumps for water

using while 2 % use hand pump and same ratio use stream water.

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TABLE 14

Percentage Distribution of respondents to regarding to knowledge about

pollution.

You know what is effects

of pollution?

Frequency Percentage

Yes 21 84

No 4 16

Total 25 100

The above table shows that 84% of the respondents agree that they have

knowledge about the effects of water pollution.

TABLE 15

Percentage about any industrial unit.

You know about any

industrial unit that

working in your locality.

Frequency Percentage

Yes 22 88

No 3 12

Total 25 100

This table shows that 88% of the respondents know about the industrial units that

were working in the area. While 12% of the respondents reply in negative.

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TABLE 16

You know about any agency working to give awareness in public about

pollution.

Awareness about any

agency that give

information about water

pollution

Frequency Percentage

Yes 4 16

No 21 84

Total 25 100

This table shows that 84 % of the people were not agree with the

statement that they have knowledge any agency that give information about

water pollution.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

In the light of the results found in the present study, the following conclusions are

drawn.

The Chemical Factories are

1. The biggest source of continuous nuisance and bad smell. When the wind

blows the air polluted by this mill takes into full grip all the area around it.

Every body feels very much upset and disturbed. The mill is creating

nuisance in two ways, one by the polluted air and the other by its sullage

flowing in spacious open drain. If the mill had been installed with full

consideration of its pros and cons, the situation would have been different.

2. Due to this chemical plant, the social atmosphere will become very ugly. It

has created many social problems, making the life of dwellers miserable

other than the fact that they are always living in polluted air bad, it has been

discharging gas which destroys vegetables, fruit and crops. Its effects are

very harmful for animals, which prove a great economic loss.

3. People do not feel socially and economically secure. They feel very uneasy

when peaceful atmosphere is spoiled by chlorine gas. Its set up has played

a vital role in damaging the healthy living conditions. If remedial measures

are not taken to arrest this situation rights now, the life if the dwellers in

surrounding communities will be awful.

4. Clean and healthy atmosphere is essential for good health of suburban

communities around the chemical mills, people cannot inhale smoothly in

polluted air where the ratio of the air composition is disturbed by means of

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pollution of solid waste, liquid waste dropping in drainage and leakage of

chlorine gas.

5. Residents of the said area cannot work properly. Pollution bring out only

health problems for them but also economic problems by damaging crops

and social problem e.g., discomfort and tension etc. the chemical plant is

damaging the entire nature if the surrounding community by its pollution

and by accumulating unhealthy environment.

MAIN FINDINGS

The highest numbers of the respondent had up to 6001-8000

monthly income with the percentage of 41.25.

87.5 percent of the respondents were living in joint family type. a

very large majority.

96.5% of the respondents were married

the highest numbers of the respondent with the percentage of

33.75 were in the age of 55-64.

The highest numbers of the respondent with the percentage of 64

had knowledge of water pollution.

48 % of the respondents were use drinking water provided by

WASA.

56 % of the respondent suffers in lung diseases due to water

pollution.

48% of the respondents agree that dirty water of the factories is a

main cause of water pollution.

80 % of the respondents know about pollution through TV.

64% of the respondents suffered due water pollution.

72 % of the respondents had negative attitude about water

pollution.

84% of the respondents use water pumps for water using.

84% of the respondents agree that they have knowledge about the

effects of water pollution.

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88% of the respondents know about the industrial units that were

working in the area.

84 % of the people were not agreeing with the statement that they

have knowledge any agency that gives information about water

pollution.

SUGGESTIONS

The Maqbool Road is a industrial area of Faisalabad situated at Samundari

Road. There are so many workshops of Industry Items manufacturers, Textile

Units, Waving Factories and other type of industries.

Researchers visit their own and suggest some suggestions for betterment of the

living people of Maqbool Road Faisalabad.

1. The industry should adopt the following applicable options to minimize

wastes:-

I. Source reduction.

II. Recovering and recycling.

III. Modification or replacement of process.

IV. Change in raw materials.

V, Change in raw materials.

2. Environment issues must become pan of our political agenda.

3. There is a need to convert the message of IPCC and its scientific work in

to simple understanding of how the lives of the poor will be affected with

climate change. IPCC (intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

4. For the purpose of clean drinking water the ultimate solution may be o

have home based water filtration/sanitizing system. This would eliminate

the problem of trying to prevent hundreds of mills of pipes.

5. We could request and purchase processed chlorine-free paper, not just in

writing paper but in paper towels, napkins, tissues, and toilet paper. It's a

vote for our environment and our health. It may seem to be a small tiling,

but collectively it really can make a substantial difference.

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6. The industry should be beneficial for the local community. They should

provide jobs to the local! People and built hospitals, dispensaries and

schools.

7. The environment protection ordinance 1983 should be more effective after

updating it.

8. Awareness in regard to pollution; environment provision should be

Promoted through the media and the educational institutions.

9. Environment impact study to all the new projects should be done. Before

approval and sanction of the loans for the industrial projects, which have

built-in arrangements for treatment of waste materials. The civic bodies at

every level should take environment protection measures in areas under

their jurisdiction by framing by-laws for the propose.

10.A working level advisory panel of labour, management, academic and

public representatives should be established- The function of the panel

should be to provide advice, technical assistance and information on

environmental, health and safety matters, as well as to work on the

drafting of regulations and enforcement procedures.

11.Pollution control is the need of the day, which can be controlled not merely

by applying the rules and regulations but with the active co-operation of

the polluters especially the industrialists.

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