Exploring American Exploring American HistoryHistory

Unit VII – Beginning of Unit VII – Beginning of Modern AmericaModern America

Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of ReformReform

Section 4- The Progressive PresidentsSection 4- The Progressive Presidents

The Progressives – 3:21 The Progressives – 3:21 min.min.

The Progressive The Progressive PresidentsPresidents

The Big Idea

American presidents in the early 1900s did a great deal to promote progressive reforms.

Main Ideas

• Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive reforms tried to balance the interests of business, consumers, and laborers.

• William Howard Taft angered Progressives with his cautious reforms, while Woodrow Wilson enacted far-reaching banking and antitrust reforms.

Theodore Roosevelt – 5:13Theodore Roosevelt – 5:13

Main Idea 1: Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive reforms tried to balance the interests of business,

consumers, and laborers.

• Theodore Roosevelt called his reform policy the Square Deal.

• Used his policy to help settle the 1902 coal miners’ strike

• Threatened to take over the mines unless managers agreed to arbitration, a formal process for settling disputes, with the strikers

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt 1901-1909- 26th President

(Republican) McKinley’s Death Rough Riders and San Juan Hill Square Deal 1902 Coal Strike Northern Securities Case Meat Inspection Act 1906 Food and Drug Act 1906 Employer’s Liability Act Newlands Reclamation Act 1902

Regulating Big BusinessRegulating Big Business

• Influenced by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, Roosevelt urged Congress to enact meat inspection laws.

• Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. – Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of

mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs

• Roosevelt persuaded Congress to regulate railroad shipping rates.

• Was the first president to successfully use the 1890 Sherman Trust Act to break up a monopoly

• The public largely supported this expansion of federal regulatory powers.

Roosevelt’s View of the Roosevelt’s View of the PresidencyPresidency

• Protecting the ConsumersProtecting the Consumers– Food and Drug industries- selling dangerous Food and Drug industries- selling dangerous

products to unknowing public.products to unknowing public.

– Tainted food and medicines that did not work Tainted food and medicines that did not work or were dangerous narcotics (cocaine, opium or were dangerous narcotics (cocaine, opium and heroine)and heroine)

– Upton Sinclair and Upton Sinclair and The JungleThe Jungle..

– Meat Inspection Act-Meat Inspection Act- federal inspections of federal inspections of meat shipped across state lines.meat shipped across state lines.

– Pure Food and Drug Act-Pure Food and Drug Act- forbid sale, forbid sale, manufacture or transportation or food or manufacture or transportation or food or patent medicine containing harmful patent medicine containing harmful ingredients. Food and medicine must carry a ingredients. Food and medicine must carry a label of ingredients.label of ingredients.

ConservationConservation• Roosevelt strongly supported conservation, the

protection of nature and its resources.

– Considered it an important national priority

• Some preservationists wanted to protect nature to save its beauty.

• Other preservationists wanted to make sure the nation used its natural resources efficiently.

• Roosevelt responded by

– Adding 150 million acres of public land to the Forest Service to regulate use of forest resources by business

– Doubling the number of national parks to preserve natural beauty

– Created 18 national monuments

– Started 51 bird sanctuaries

Roosevelt’s View of the Roosevelt’s View of the PresidencyPresidency

• Environmental ConservationEnvironmental Conservation– Roosevelt believed each generation should Roosevelt believed each generation should

protect and conserve nature for the future.protect and conserve nature for the future.– John Muir-John Muir- Naturalist, wanted to preserve Naturalist, wanted to preserve

nature in its natural state.nature in its natural state.– RooseveltRoosevelt- active management of public lands - active management of public lands

for various uses. Some land as wilderness and for various uses. Some land as wilderness and some for economic uses.some for economic uses.

– Newlands Reclamation Act-Newlands Reclamation Act- 1902- Federal 1902- Federal government created irrigation projects with government created irrigation projects with money from sale of public lands. Irrigation money from sale of public lands. Irrigation would reclaim over 20 projectswould reclaim over 20 projects

– Gifford Pinchot-Gifford Pinchot- 1 1stst chief of the U.S. Forest chief of the U.S. Forest Service which added over 150 million acres to Service which added over 150 million acres to national forests. Followed Roosevelt’s national forests. Followed Roosevelt’s beliefs.beliefs.

– The The Antiquities Act of 1906-Antiquities Act of 1906- created 18 created 18 national monuments.national monuments.

Roosevelt’s Progressive ReformsRoosevelt’s Progressive Reforms

• Recall - What did the Square Deal policy do for the public good?

• Make Generalizations – In what way does the Pure Food and Drug Act Protect Citizens?

• Evaluate – What do you think about Roosevelt’s accomplishments in conservation?

Price of ProgressPrice of Progress

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

1909-1913- 27th President (Republican)

16th Amendment Payne-Aldrich Tariff Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Mann-Elkins Act 1910 Roosevelt returns Election of 1912- Republicans split.

Taft- 45 indictments against trusts; civil service jobs; million acres to national reserves; protected mineral rights; postal saving banks, 2 new states, 16th amendment (income tax); Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of Labor.

Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts, Issues, Progressives (Bull Moose) and New Nationalism

Wilson- Issues and New Freedom Debs- Socialist Outcome of Election

William H. Taft- 3:40William H. Taft- 3:40

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2:William Howard Taft angered Progressives with his William Howard Taft angered Progressives with his cautious reforms, while Woodrow Wilson enacted cautious reforms, while Woodrow Wilson enacted

far-reaching banking and antitrust reforms. far-reaching banking and antitrust reforms.

• William Howard Taft moved more cautiously than Roosevelt had toward reform and regulation.

• Progressives were disappointed in Taft’s approach to reform.

• Taft’s signing of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which raised prices for consumers, was opposed by many Progressives.

The Republican Party SplitsThe Republican Party Splits

• The Progressives split to form their own party, the New Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party, with Roosevelt as its candidate.

• In the 1910 congressional elections, Roosevelt campaigned for the Progressive Republican who opposed Taft.

• Roosevelt proposed a program called the New Nationalism, a set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business.

• Reformers loved the New Nationalism, but Roosevelt’s help wasn’t enough to secure a Republican victory.

• Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 16 years.

• By the presidential election of 1912, the Republican Party was split.

• The Republican party nominated President Taft as its candidate, outraging Progressive Republicans.

• With the Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson easily took the election, receiving almost 350 more electoral votes than Roosevelt and over 400 more than Taft.

• Taft ran for reelection on the Republican ticket.

• Roosevelt, angry at Taft, formed the Progressive Party to run for president.

• Woodrow Wilson ran on the Democratic ticket and was elected president by a wide margin.

• Eugene V. Debs ran on the Socialist Party ticket.

Election of 1912Election of 1912

• Woodrow Wilson won by a wide margin as the Republican voters split between Taft and Roosevelt.

• All four candidates were reformers.

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1913-1921- 28th

President (Democrat)

Leadership Underwood Tariff Act Federal Reserve Act

1913 Clayton Anti-Trust

Act 1914 Federal Trade

Commission Act 1914

Wilson’s Reforms Wilson’s Reforms

• Introduced the modern income tax, made possible by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913

• Addressed banking reform with the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, creating a national banking system

• Pushed for laws to regulate big business– The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened laws

against monopolies.

– The Federal Trade Commission, created in 1914, had the power to investigate and punish unfair trade practices.

Reforms of Taft and WilsonReforms of Taft and Wilson

• Explain – To what was Wilson referring when he used the term “human cost”?

• Sequence – Describe the sequence of events leading up to and including the election of Wilson.

Reforms of Taft and WilsonReforms of Taft and Wilson

•Recall – What allowed the modern income tax to go into effect?

•Explain – What power does the Federal Trade Commission have?