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Exploring Perceptions and Functioning of RKS in West Bengal
Emphasis on Maternal & Child Health
A Formative Research Study Initiative
Conducted by CINI Regional Resource Center
Supported by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
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About CINI RRC Child In Need Institute (CINI), a NGO with national level recognition
Prominent works in the domains of health, nutrition, education and protection for more than three decades now
Guided by its mission – Sustainable development in health, nutrition, education and protection of child, adolescent and woman in need
In 2002 CINI recognized as Regional Resource Center for West Bengal, Jharkhand and A&N island by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under the RCH-II project of NRHM
Key responsibilities : Capacity building and nurturing of MNGOs through trainings, documentation and dissemination of best practices, networking and advocacy – Overall, Strengthening RCH programme implementation and promoting GO-NGO partnership
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Background (1)
Health intricately linked with development
Developing countries still struggling with poor indicators, particularly with respect to MCH & Nutrition
MCH - area of concern in India since independence
Need for improved health service delivery, community ownership and decentralized processes of planning and action
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National Rural Health Mission (2005-2012) aims at addressing these concerns so as to accelerate achievement of MCH targets
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Background (2)
Rogi Kalyan Samiti, a key initiative of NRHM in strengthening health delivery systems
Originated as a committee of people’s representatives at a hospital in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Later incorporated in NRHM
RKS committed for the optimal utilization of services, rendering transparency and accountability of the health service providers to community
Rogi Kalyan Samiti in West Bengal constituted at PHCs (from mid 2006), BPHCs, sub divisional hospitals, and district hospitals. Also in state medical colleges and state general hospitals
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Background ( 3 )
Members drawn from health, administration, PRI, NGO and IMA. Leading PRI representative as chairman and health representative as convener and secretary
Funding source – Annual Maintenance Grant Untied fund Proportion of user charges at specific levels (Not applicable at
BPHC & PHC level)
Self generated fund
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Need for the study
Certain facts emerged from the field visits, common opinion and available reports
Extent of the association of the RKS Members (particularly from non-health field) with the structure varies
Common apathy of community members towards utilizing public health facility services
Low awareness in community regarding the existence of RKS in the facility service centers
Very few studies on RKS available
Need emerged to understand and explore possibilities in popularizing MCH issues through RKS by collating first hand field experiences
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Significance of the present study
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The study is nearly an unprecedented attempt in the region to instigate political will to act upon “less focused” component of NRHM
Brings rural experiences for discussion
Can lend strong voice to urge for improvement of health services and commensurate with the overwhelming endeavor of bringing community closer to the institutional services
Substantiate evidences for making health system responsive to community demands
Can enhance GO-NGO collaboration in health service delivery
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Study Objectives
1. Understand perceptions of constituent members about RKS
2. Analyse functioning of RKS with reference to maternal and child health activities
3. Collate perceptions of users and local community members about institutional health service
Community opinions collected to understand health seeking practices, particularly MCH from facility centers
4. Identify the limiting factors in RKS
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Study Methodology (1)– area selection• Cross-sectional explorative study done in three districts of the
state. Major focus on qualitative investigation
• District selection on the basis of Institutional delivery as it has some linkage with the institutional set up where women and other users go for services linked to MCH.
• Inst. Delivery in West Bengal 49.2 % (DLHS-III, 2007-08). This was the cut-off point
• Districts divided into three groups as ‘better performing’, ‘average performing’ and ‘under-performing’ in respect to its institutional delivery. One district from each of the 3 categories were randomly chosen.
• While Birbhum(52.8%) was chosen from the category of average performing districts, Nadia(76%) and U.Dinajpur(39%) were chosen from categories of ‘better performing’ and ‘under performing’ category respectively.
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Study Methodology (2)
3 blocks per district chosen through simple random method. CMOHs helped in block identification
1 PHC under each selected BPHCs were selected. Transportation feasibility was considered during PHC selection
Primary data gathered through:– Semi-structured interview with RKS members, as many as
possible but emphasis on key members– FGD with community members – Checklist for facility survey enquiring about IPD,OPD, Kitchen,
toilets, medical equipments/medicines and general logistics– Analysis of the minutes of the RKS meetings and the financial
statement within a reference period of 6 months.
Field work conducted from March-early June 2008
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Study Points
Sample
Emphasis on BPHC and PHC levels. Information from District hospitals was collected for cross checking
District Block Primary Health Centre (1 lac approx.)
Primary Health Centre (30000-25000 popl.)
Uttar Dinajpur
Hemtabad Baharail
Goalpokher Goagaon
Islampur Sujali
Birbhum Muraroi 1 Chatra
Md Bazar Rampur
Nanoor Kirnahar
Nadia Krishnanagar 2 Nowapara
Tehatta Chotonolda
Nakashipara Dharamada
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Limitations Availability of RKS members (various factors: PRI
elections, busy schedule, not available during study period, outbreak of bird flu etc.)
Sample too small to represent the district situation– this is more exploratory than a methodic investigation
Unavailability of documents at some places
Very short study period and remotely located study point
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Obj 1: To understand awareness of RKS among its members Perception of Members
According to majority of the respondents importance of RKS are: “platform for public-private partnership” “leading to greater transparency in financial dealings” “promoting convergence between health and PRI”, opportunity for
monitoring services “
Perceptions are large and distant without emphasizing RKS’ immediate role in improving service delivery component
Only district level health personnels could refer explicitly to guidelines.
Many members not sure about their roles and responsibilities. Comparatively, health personnel (MO,BMOH) and signatories (health and PRI representative) have a idea on their role as signatory. BAM has better idea of financial transactions
Overall, different representatives from the non-health sectors exhibited a wide range of understanding and involvement with RKS
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Obj. 1: Contd..
Some members (IMA and NGO) feel they can’t contribute as discussion are mostly on financial matters
Members like Nurse and Laboratory technicians highlighted constraints of health services, like unavailability of medicines, equipments, staff residential insecurity which could have been resolved through the RKS
At the BPHC and PHC level none could assertively draw linkage between RKS and improvement in maternal & child health services
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Obj 2: Analysis of functioning of RKS with reference to MCH activities
Functioning (Regularity of monthly meetings) Regular meeting and more participation are important It ensures frequent interaction of members as stage setting for
joint action
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District Level of instn.
No. of meetings
held
Comments
Uttar Dinajpur
BPHC 9/12 Elected representatives remain absentBMOH engagements on emergency dutyMO occupied with too many admin. responsibilitiesPanchayat ElectionOutbreak of Bird flu Meeting get merged with block health samity meetingArrange meeting only when fund is received
PHC 7/12
Birbhum BPHC 9/12
PHC 8/12
Nadia BPHC 10/12
PHC 13/12
Nadia exhibits more number of meetings despite same hardships across the state
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Functioning (Member Representation in meetings)
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Dept. Representative member
U Dinajpur Birbhum Nadia
Health BMOH 9/9 9/9 10/10
2nd MO 6/9 6/9 5/10
MO-PHC 7/7 8/8 13/13
Administration BDO/Jt. BDO 9/9 8/9 6/10
Sabhapati 6/9 7/9 6/10
Swasthya Karma dhakshya
- 6/9 7/10
MLA 7/9 3/9 5/10
ZP member repr. 6/7 8/8 13/13
Pradhan 6/7 6/8 13/13
Civil Society IMA represen- tative
- 0/9 1/10
NGO 11/16 3/17 14/23
• Attendance of BMOH as convener at all levels
•Less participation of members from non-health sectors due to their loose association with health domain
•Representation of PRI members more at PHC than BPHC
•Very low participation of civil society representatives at all levels
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Functioning (MCH as priority issue)
By and large, MCH issues and activities get less priority in meetings and action (e.g fund expenditure)
Overall, MCH issues discussed ( in order of frequency): - JSY availability status - Resolutions for Purchase of equipment and supplies - Updating cases of Referral transport - Sterilisation camps/services - Repairing labour room and making renovations
Decision to spend funds on infrastructure expansion & up gradation, making arrangements for electricity and water, change of signatories and convey major decisions etc. are gross agendas in meeting
Quality of services and care for the users are least prioritised/highlighted in discussions. CINI RRC
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Most of the BPHC study points are equipped with General instruments like, B.P machine, Weight machine, thermometer, stethoscope, autoclave etc.
Few points have child specific instruments like, Baby resuscitation kit, sucker machine
However, Though X-Ray and Ultra Sonography are present at BPHCs but rarely used due to
non-positioning of operators Even in Rural Hospitals, beds number far below than sanctioned (30 as against 50) Most places solely relies on referral of sick new borns due to non availability of neonatal
health support system in contrast to the heavy demands from the community In some points there are sheer evidences of lacunae in logistic arrangements (Bed
sheets and pillows were missing
Absence of basic health facilities is a serious issue across the PHC study points In many places basic facilities like, electricity hampering cold chain and beds were missing or
unclean Basic equipments like thermometer and first-aid is dysfunctional for long Security of staff and the equipments were basic problems Staff vacancy is a major issue like pharmacist Rarely OPDs open on time and usually close early
Functioning of RKS in monitoring & responding to MCH
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RKS members can assume greater responsibility in monitoring, identifying service gaps, reporting and taking action for sustaining health service development
Quality of care and services is also needed
Some common issues at both levels where serious attention is required:
Cleanliness, a serious gaps
No mechanism to get User Feedback Subsequently, grievance redressal systems not functional fully
Poor Female privacy during checkup and treatments Poor Bed facility, thereby seriously affecting post partum care
In most places even minor repair of essential equipments take long time for decisions to come from higher authority
A regularized monitoring of health services by RKS is rarely practiced
Facility staff seldom takes initiative to report paucity of any services/facilities
Functioning (RKS in monitoring and responding to MCH services
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Functioning (Financial management)
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During the study period (2007-08) all the study points received fund
Nadia has evidences of generating fund through utilization of institution’s resources
Also only study points in Nadia has evidences where PRI members channelised their fund into health institution development at both BPHC & PHCs.
Aggregately study points utilized fund in MCH services, like• One time purchasing and repairing of labour room and related
materials• Purchasing equipment (e.g, nebuliser, mucus suckers, baby
resuscitation kit and medicines etc.)• Organising sterilisation camps• Referral cases.• Developing IECs for MCH
The expenditure amount however varied in a wide range
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Functioning (Financial Management)
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More expense for construction, expansion and upgradation of infrastructure
In contrast low on quality of services like appointing a sweeper, waste disposal, cleaning undergrowths, repairing ambulance shed, water purifier, urinals, window panes of maternity wards etc.
Unspent amount a major area of concern
Financial guidelines not percolated beyond the district in many places Most head of expenditure were non-recurring (like, renovations,
construction etc.) Low practice of regularly stock checking the existing equipments. So
recurring costs are not frequently reflected Absence of signatories, particularly PRI representative Late arrival of fund Planning for fund expenditure done after fund arrival and not beforehand Importantly places where basic ammenities were absent like electricity and
security
Maintaining documents for Financial transactions need serious attention
Financial dealings for many PHCs are done at the Block level, thereby dampening the spirit of decentralisation
Overall, funds spent scantily benefit mothers and newborns
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Waste disposal point in a RH Wall writing and sound system in a BPHC
Provision for drinking water in a BPHC Visitors waiting place in a
PHC
Some General Positive Initiatives for Health improvement
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Installation of Referral Map in a R.H
Well maintenance of a public notice board at a PHC
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Some General Positive Initiatives for Health improvement
Involvement of NGO in premise beautification of a BPHC
Display of medical services available through tie-up with a private agency
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Wooden racks made to keep medicinesPrivacy for female patients
Glimpses of promising initiatives towards MCH service improvement
A sick new born care system and a newly renovated labor room
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Obj 3. Collate perceptions of users and others about institutional health services
– Perception based on personal experiences
“We prefer going to the PHC as it always opens on time”- A common man
“ Medicines for my daughter-in-law were free [at BPHC]” – A mother-in-law
o “ I do not go to PHC. They have no medicine except for minor ailments”- In a general FGD
o “They [BPHC/PHCs] only refer us”- A woman o “Woman do not wish to go to the BPHC if they are once turned out
saying their labor pain is false. It becomes difficult to motivate others- A Community health worker
o “ Toilets unclean. Dirty stains on bed linens. I did not want to stay there (BPHC)”- FGD with women
o “ Food is tasteless and insufficient ”- A male acquaintance of an admitted pregnant woman
o “Saw rodents in my bed. Could have bitten my child in the cot at my bedside”- An admitted women in the R.H CINI RRC
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Obj 3. (Contd..)
– Opinions formed through anecdotes “Mothers and children alike die most in hospital due to infection ”-
In a FGD
“Medicines (given) there [PHC] for children are outdated”- FGD with Mothers
RKS need to take appropriate action for addressing users’ grievance and enhance practice for seeking health care from facility centers
RKS can assume role of facilitator between community & service provider to disseminate “correct” information in the community
Has a greater role in creating community awareness and knowledge
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Obj 4. To identify the limiting factors in RKS
Lack of adequate information about RKS functioning and members’ roles among all the members
Often guidelines and related orders are not percolated beyond BPHC
Lack of sufficient capacity to handle financial management and related aspects by MO-PHC
Delay in fund transfer from higher level
Lack of supportive supervision and monitoring from district levels
Co-ordination issues particularly with NGO representatives and also PRI & Health
All decisions taken by Block with less empowerment for PHCs below
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“We are given so many different activities to perform. Representing at RKS is one of them. If only we had an orientation in it our performance cvould have been better”- A Panchayat Pradhan in a GP of Birbhum
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Dialogue for development- translating evidences to policies A systematic and mandatory orientation of RKS members about their roles
and scope of activity
Continuos capacity building support to health personnels on health management in realistic term (like basic security to IPD patients, female privacy)
Simillarly, sensitising PRI representatives on MCH issues in the area
Strengthening fund flows and related systems of monitoring
Reviewing guidelines in light of evolving experiences Allowing NGOs and ASHAs to actively participate in RKS Linking RKS meetings at PHC with 4th Saturday & other village level
meetings
Putting in place grievance redressal and feedback mechanism - helping RKS to reach out to users and local communities
Strengthening Monitoring mechanism Regularised monitoring from dist./Block higher level Evaluate RKS performance in relation to the village micro plan (DHAP)
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CINI RRC acknowledges the cooperation extended CINI RRC acknowledges the cooperation extended by the by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India &of India & Dept. of Health and Family Welfare, Dept. of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of West BengalGovt. of West Bengal, district administration and , district administration and PRI representatives, all the respondents and PRI representatives, all the respondents and various other individuals who made this study various other individuals who made this study possiblepossible
Thank you!Thank you!
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