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Exploring place and time dynamics of vandal in a Scottish Context
Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalismin a Scottish Context
• Why am I interested in Vandalism and Crime and Place?
•What questions do I plan to ask?
• How will I explore it with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA?
VandalismMotivations to
do it?
Play
ProtestPleasure /
Thrill
Territorial
VandalismTypology
Stan Cohen (1973, 1984)
acquisitivetactical
vindictive
play
malicious
conventionalvandalism
ideologicalvandalism
institutionalised rule breaking
(tolerated)
ritualisme.g. Halloween
play
protection e.g. publicschoolboys
writing off(too minor)
walling in(e.g. school,
prison)
VandalismMotivations to Prevent It
Volume crime>20%
Social Control
Signal Crime
PreventingIncivility
Place
Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979
Crime
LikelyOffender
SuitableTarget
Absence of Capable
Guardian
PlacePlace
Time
Crime Pattern Theory– Paul Brantingham and Patricia Brantingham
Crime and Place
Routine Activities,Rational Choice,
Crime Pattern Theory
Social Disorganisation
Tradition(Collective Efficacy)
Cultural Criminology
(after Anthony Bottoms, 2007)
Situational Action Theory of Crime
Causation
Place
Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979
Vandalism
LikelyOffender
SuitableTarget
Absence of Capable
Guardian
PlacePlace
Time
SituationalAction Theory
Collective Efficacy
Temporal Constraint
TheorySCP
Research Questions
• Vandalism appears to occur with more frequency at certain places and at certain times, but where, when and why those times and places, in particular?
• Does vandalism always occur only where there is also other disorder?
• Do local responses to vandalism affect reporting and recording of vandalism?
What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA )
Tools for EDA and ESDA
• Spreadsheet s and statistical software e.g. Excel / Open Office calc / SPSS
• GIS e.g. ArcGIS / MapInfo
• ESDA packages e.g. Geoda, CrimeStat III, GIS extensions / tools
Why study Edinburgh – EDA Comparison - Excel
Population of each Local Authority distributed betweenScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006 groupings (SIMD deciles)
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
Relative Deprivation - ArcGIS
ESDA with Brushing and Linking 1 - Geoda
Current Income
Health
Employment
Education
SIMD Crime
Domains not shown: Housing, Geographic Access
Data for 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
ESDA with Brushing and Linking 2 - Geoda
WorklessnessPer working population
Vandalismper hectare
Housebreakingper dwelling
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda
Vandalismper hectare
Vandalismper population
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda
Vandalismper hectare
Vandalismper population
For a given area A in Edinburgh –
The Standardised rate = Observed rate of A / Expected rate of A
Expected rate of A = area of A in hectares * by vandalism per hectare for Edinburgh
Observed rate = actual number vandalisms in area A
Standardised rate = 1 if the area experiences level of vandalism expected for that area
ESDA with Brushing and Linking 3 - Geoda
Worklessness Housebreaking
Vandalism
High value dwellings
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
- KDE Mapping and 3D VisualisationCrime Stat III, ArcGIS and ArcScene
Other EDA and ESDA Methods
- KDE Mapping and OverlayCrime Stat III, ArcGIS
- Nearest Neighbour Hierarchical ClusteringCrimeStat III, ArcGIS and Excel
- Graphs of Time by Hour Excel
Thank youEllie Bates
GeodaGeoda is free for academic or personal use, or if a US Government employee. All other uses require contacting the authorsSee:-http://geodacenter.asu.edu/geodasum
CRIMESTATCrimeStat is “intended for the use of law enforcement agencies, criminal justice researchers, and educators. It can be distributed freely for educational or research purposes”.See:-http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CRIMESTAT/index.html
