Energy Impacts Research Coordination Network >>> www.energyimpacts.org

Synergies and Innovations in Coordinating Energy Impacts Research: The Case of Shale Development ImpactsNovember 10, 2016, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m. CST

Synergies and Innovations in Coordinating Energy Impacts Research: The Case of RenewablesDecember 15, 2016, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m. CST

New Voices in Energy Impacts Research: Graduate Research Highlights February 16, 2017, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m. CST

Anne Junod, Ohio State University (host)Rebecca Colvin, University of Queensland Dylan Bugden, Cornell University Emily Grubert, Stanford University Shawn Olson-Hazboun, Utah State University

Coordinating Research on Energy Law and PolicyApril 13, 2017, 1:30 – 2:30 p.m. CST

Nov

SynTheDec

NewFeb

Energy Impacts Research Coordination Network >>> www.energyimpacts.org

TToday’s Speakers

• Dustin Mulvaney, Ph.D., Geographer, San Jose State University• Claire Haggett, Ph.D., Sociologist, The University of Edinburgh• Ben Hoen, M.S., Economist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Each of 3 speakers present 8-10 on intro to their discipline’s approach to studying renewable energy, emerging topics, areas, variables and 1-2 examples of recent research

Followed by • 10-20 minutes of audience questions and general discussion regarding

speaker presentations, areas of commonality, opportunities for synthesis, emerging frontiers, etc.

Exploring the Social & Environmental Dimensions of Solar Energy Transitions

Dustin Mulvaney, Associate Professor & 2016–17 Visiting Scholar

Community Impacts of Renewable Energy Webinar December 15, 2016

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Cadmium toxicity claims

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Cadmium compounds are considered: carcinogens, mutagens, & genotoxins

Chronic effects: lung and prostate cancer; kidney damage; pulmonary emphysema

Itai-itai ‘ouch-ouch’ disease in Japan: osteomalacia, osteoporosis, renal disfunction

“GreenPeace is deeply concerned with the possibility of the California Power Authority choosing to purchase solar modules that contain toxic metals…Current CdTe panels

result in Cd (gaseous) emissions of 0.5 g/GWh, equivalent to that of a coal fired power plant. The majority of these emissions (77%) result from mining and utilization of the

modules…” - public comment 2002

desert rock coal fired power plant

Life Cycle Cadmium Emissions to the Environment yversus occupational and environmental exposures

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CdTe production facility

OSHA limit:2,000-50,000 ng/m3

• “We are taking a waste product and turning into a green product.” - PV manufacturer

• “We are phasing out cadmium because its not compatible with our sustainability ethic.” - PV manufacturer

What policies and practices can help ensure the best environmental health, and safety outcomes ?

• Locate facilities in regions with strong labor laws and enforcement

• Ensure workers have freedom of association

• Prohibit forced or child labor

• Enact extended producer responsibility laws

• Develop green chemistry alternatives to toxic and high volume chemicals

the ‘social gap’ in renewable energy deployment...strong, consistent support for renewable energy, but widespread local resistance to siting renewable energy projects.

Interior approved v. built USSE projects

Explanations from earlier research emphasize importance of… • De-emphasizing self-interested NYMBYism as explanation, • Process/structure of public participation, “democratic deficit” hypothesis, • The acceptability of the major impacts in the decision-making context (the “qualified support” hypothesis), • VValues and beliefs, • Degree of collaboration with stakeholders, degree of ownership, • IInequitable power relations

Photo: Chris Clarke

“We’re all for solar projects. We need more of them. But not in this place.”- Thomas Lovejoy & E.O. Wilson

22.5 million acres studied 300,000 acres of Solar Energy Zones

Western Solar Plan

California Energy Commission, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bureau of Land Management, & Fish & Wildlife Service.

Table 1. Land Allocations in California’s Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan across six western states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah.

Acres Development Focus Areas 388,000 Variance Process Lands 40,000 Total BLM LUPA Conservation Designation 6,527,000 Recreation Management Areas 3,595,000 General Public Lands 419,000

Total 10,818,000

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What can we learn from experiences siting utility-scale solar projects to make them more sustainable?

• Broaden the considerations for alternative places to site solar energy

• Site with “no regrets” (Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan’s scientific advisory panel recommendations)

• Participatory & collaborative planning, science-based approach

• Better incentivize distributed generation and disturbed lands

References Araújo, K., (2014), ‘The emerging field of energy transitions: progress, challenges, and opportunities’, Energy Research & Social Science, 1, 112-21.

Calvert, K., (2016), ‘From 'energy geography' to “energy geographies”: perspectives on a fertile academic borderland’, Progress in Human Geography, 40, 105-25.

Hernandez, R.R., S.B. Easter, M.L. Murphy-Mariscal, F.T. Maestre, M. Tavassoli, E.B. Allen, C.W. Barrows, J. Belnap, R. Ochoa-Hueso, S. Ravi and M.F. Allen (2014), ‘Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 766-79.

Hernandez, R.R., M.K. Hoffacker, M.L. Murphy-Mariscal, G.C. Wu and M.F. Allen (2015), ‘Solar energy development impacts on land cover change and protected areas’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 13579-84.

Lovich, J.E. and J. R. Ennen (2011), ‘Wildlife conservation and solar energy development in the Desert Southwest, United States’, BioScience, 61, 982-92.

Miller, C.A. and J. Richter (2014), ‘Social planning for energy transitions’, Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports, 1, 77–84.

Mulvaney, D. “Are Green Jobs Just Jobs? Cadmium Narratives in the Life Cycle of Photovoltaics.” Geoforum 54 (2014): 178–186.

Mulvaney, D. (forthcoming, 2017). Geographies of Solar Power. K. Calvert and B. Solomon. Handbook on the Geographies of Energy. Edward Elgar, New York.

Mulvaney, D. (2016). Energy and Global Production Networks. Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy. B. Sovacool, Van de Graaf, T., Kern, F., Ghosh, A., and Klare, M. B (Eds.). London, Palgrave.

Mulvaney, D. (2014). Solar’s Green Dilemma. Must cheaper photovoltaics come with a higher environmental price tag? IEEE Spectrum, September, 26–29.

Mulvaney, D. (2013). Opening the Black Box of Solar Energy Technologies: Exploring Tensions Between Innovation and Environmental Justice. Science As Culture, 22(3), 214–221.

Newell, P. & Mulvaney, D. (2013). The Political Economy of the Just Transition. The Geographical Journal, 178(3), 1-12.

Pasqualetti, M.J. (2011), ‘Social barriers to renewable energy landscapes’, The Geographical Review, 101, 201–23.

Phadke, R., (2013), ‘Public deliberation and the geographies of wind justice’, Science as Culture, 22, 247-55.

Rignall, K.E., (2016), ‘Solar power, state power, and the politics of energy transition in pre-Saharan Morocco’, Environment and Planning A, 48, 540-57.

Sumner, S.A. and P.M. Layde (2009), ‘Expansion of renewable energy industries and implications for occupational health’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 787-89.

Yenneti, K., R. Day and O. Golubchikov (2016), ‘Spatial justice and the land politics of renewables: dispossessing vulnerable communities through solar energy mega-projects’, Geoforum, 76, 90-9.

’Community Impacts of Renewable Energy’ Webinar Thursday, December 15th, 2016

Dr Claire HaggettUniversity of Edinburgh

A Sociological Perspective on Community Impacts and Renewable Energy

Scotland is the windiest country in Europe, 25% of its wind resource

Hello from Scotland!Sociological approaches

• Some of the big issues– Social change, power, interaction, agency…

• Energy developments as a microcosm• Asking questions which speak to these issues…• Exploring issues around communication, engagement,

culture, value and meaning• Moving beyond attitudes – thinking in a much fuller

way about perceptions and responses

• Some examples in practice…

emenentt,t

Sociological focus: acknowledging and identifying that there are community impacts from renewables

Local issues not global warming

• (Inter)National benefits, local disadvantages• Disparity between the global benefits of wind power

and the effect on the local vicinity• Tangible (dis)benefits

A Sociological understanding: But impacts doesn’t mean that those who protest are NIMBYs…

• Classic explanation, still widespread

• Assumptions:– Agreement about the usefulness of a

project– Everyone prefers it in someone else’s

backyard

• Claims can therefore be safely dismissed

Unpacking ‘Nimby’• Research from across the UK , US and Europe• Largely incorrect as an explanation

• Majority value on wider public interest rather than their own individual cost-benefit calculations

• Objections from non-proximate residents: ‘NIABYs’

• Generally used as a pejorative• Label likely to breed resentment

• Broadly used as a descriptor for all protest• Actual causes of opposition obscured

• Need to understand support, opposition, and impact

1) A Sociological focus: on the importance of social context

• Local social and historical context– Particular siting and local

relations crucial• One size does not fit all

– Experience dependant on local situation

• But there will be something…

•

•

•

2) Importance of value and meaning, and local expertiseLocal people are not NIMBYs – very knowledgeableHave a nuanced understanding of landscapeLocal landscapes matter locally; they are embodied with memory and meaning

Current landscape assessment procedures/environmental and social impact assessments fail to fully capture meaning and value in a landscape setting

Reimagining current land-use planning processesAsking people to creatively articulate their perceptions, ideas, and valuesInclude beauty, naturalness, meaning, memory and community

Landscape as composed of life events and social meaning, with no separation of self from scene: Landscape not as looked at but lived inAccounting for the interface between landscape and community when making decisions about developments to the Scottish landscape

3) Importance of trust, communication and consultation in shaping impacts

• Imposition of (inter)national interests– Heavy handed ‘education’ not helpful– Opposition not to a development but

the developer– Lack of communication the ‘perfect

catalyst’ for creating opposition

• Nature of consultation- ‘Real’ involvement or going through the

motions?- Conclusions taken into account?

Or ‘Doublespeak’?- Fairness of outcomes and process

(Gross, 2007)

•-

-

-

In summary…

• A sociological approach highlights– The significant role of people – not merely NIMBYs– The role of social context– The role of local experience; and the factors that shape this– That landscapes are locally valuable and meaningful; and that

this is currently not assessed in planning– The interconnection between policy, participation, and

responses

Dr Claire HaggettUniversity of Edinburgh

claire.haggett@ed.ac.uk

1

Economic Theory and Research: Household & Community Impacts of Wind and Solar Power

Ben HoenLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Synergies and Innovations in Coordinating Research on the

Community Impacts of Renewable Energy Community Impacts of

Renewable Energy

Webinar SeriesNCRCRD

December 15th, 2016

2

Schedule

• Intro to Economic Valuation and Renewable Energy, Topics & Variables

0:00

• Examples of Related Research0:05

3

(Some) Economic Valuation Methods

• Stated Preference (SP) methods– Examine impacts to individuals or groups– It is based on hypothetical situations– Types: Contingent Valuation & Choice Experiments

• Revealed Preference (RP) methods– Examine impacts to individuals or groups– Based on observing real actions– Types: Travel Cost & Hedonic Pricing Models

• Regional or Technology Specific Economic Models– Examine impacts across a broad area– Based on supply chain, construction and operation– Ex-Ante or Ex-Post– Types: Input-Output Models & Export-Import Models

4

Schedule

• Intro to Economic Valuation and Renewable Energy, Topics & Variables

0:00

• Examples of Related Research0:05

5

Hedonic Study Of Home Price Impacts Near Massachusetts Wind Farms

Summary•312,677 total sales, 26 facilities•1,503 post-construction sales w/in 1 mile•Urban settings, mostly small facilities•First study to test wind turbine and other environmental amenities/disamenities together

5

6

Model Uncovered Clear Home Price Sensitivities To The Surrounding Environment

Despite the presence of effects for other environmental characteristics, no effects were discovered for turbines

7

I/O Model: Economic Impacts From Wind Energy Are Significantggggy Are Significantgy g

Impacts from the 25 largest wind facilities in IL (3.6 GW) equate to $6.4 billion or $1.7 million/MW

8

Wind Counties Have Been Found To Have Lower Taxes (And Higher School Quality)

“…property tax rates have fallen and public school quality has

improved in those counties where wind farms have been built.”

(p. 800)

Kahn (2013): Statistical analysis of West Texas county tax rates, school expenditures, teacher-student ratios, county level pollution, and population migration.

9

Solar, When Owned, Has Been Found ToIncrease Home Values Consistently

$3.7

8

$4.3

1

$3.4

5

$3.8

2

$2.6

8

$4.2

0

$3.2

4

$- $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00

Average Per Watt Premium For Homes Sold With Solar

Preliminary results from third party owned solar, though, indicate

lower or no value increase

10

Thank You & Questions?

Ben HoenLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

845-758-1896bhoen@lbl.gov

This work was supported by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Wind and Water Power Technologies Office) of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123.

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Additional Material

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References• Adomatis, S. and Hoen, B. (2016) An Analysis of Solar Home Paired Sales Across Six States. The Appraisal

Journal. 84(1): 27-42.• Brown, J., Pender, J., Wiser, R., Lantz, E. and Hoen, B. (2012) Ex Post Analysis of Economic Impacts from

Wind Power Development in U.S. Counties. Energy Economics. 34(6): 1743-1745.• Hoen, B., Adomatis, S., Jackson, T., Graff-Zivin, J., Thayer, M., Klise, G. T. and Wiser, R. (2015) Selling into

the Sun: Price Premium Analysis of a Multi-State Dataset of Solar Homes. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Berkeley, CA. January 19, 2015. 33 pages. LBNL-6942E.

• Hoen, B. and Atkinson-Palombo, C. (2016) Wind Turbines, Amenities and Disamenities: A Study of Home Value Impacts in Densely Populated Massachusetts. The Journal of Real Estate Research. 38(4).

• Hoen, B., Brown, J., Jackson, T., Thayer, M., Wiser, R. and Cappers, P. (2015) Spatial Hedonic Analysis of the Effects of US Wind Energy Facilities on Surrounding Property Values. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. 51(1): 22-51.

• Hoen, B., Cappers, P., Wiser, R. and Thayer, M. (2013) Residential Photovoltaic Energy Systems in California: The Effect on Home Sales Prices. Contemporary Economic Policy. 31(4): 708-718.

• Kahn, M. E. (2013) Local Non-Market Quality of Life Dynamics in New Wind Farms Communities. Energy Policy. 59(0): 800-807.

• Loomis, D. and Stroup, I. (2016) Economic Impact of Illinois Wind Energy Development. Prepared for Illinois State University's Center for Renewable Energy, Normal, IL. June 2016. 28 pages.

• Wiser, R. and Bolinger, M. (2016) 2015 Wind Technologies Market Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. August, 2016. 102 pages. DOE/GO-10216-4885

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Stated Preference Methods

1.Contingent ValuationWhat would you be: …willing to pay for 100% renewable electricity? …willing to accept to live near a large scale solar installation?

2.Choice ExperimentsGiven two choices (e.g., electricity prices X/Y and distances from shore of A/B) which would you choose?

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Revealed Preference Methods

1.Travel Cost MethodHow often do people visit beaches that have views of wind power?

2.Hedonic Pricing ModelHow much do people pay for homes with solar panels? Or those near wind facilities?

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Regional Or Technology Specific Economic Models

1.Input-Output ModelWhat economic effects does wind power development have in TX?

2.Export-Import ModelWhat % of 2016 solar installations was sourced from the US?

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Key Economic Variables:Household/Community Impacts of Wind and Solar Power

1. Home prices2. Consumer energy

cost savings3. Tourist expenditures4. Taxes and community

economic benefits5. Construction/Operation

expenditures6. Employment levels

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