Explosives and Explosives and Blasting in Italy Blasting in Italy International Society of Explosives Engineers – 29th annual conference Nashville, TN, USA - February 2-5, 2003 - INTERNATIONAL LUNCHEON Roberto Folchi, Mining Engineer, Rome (www.nitrex.it) Luigi Minicillo, Mining Engineer, Region Lazio – Department of economy and employment – Regional direction for production – Inspectorate of mining police, Rome Pierantonio Cian, Mining Engineer UNICALCE SpA, Brembilla-Bergamo Italy Neozoic Upper Cenozoic Lower Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Igneous intrusive Igneous effusive Geology
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Explosives and Explosives and Blasting in ItalyBlasting in Italy
International Society of Explosives Engineers – 29th annual conference Nashville, TN, USA - February 2-5, 2003 - INTERNATIONAL LUNCHEON
Some figuresSome figuresArea: 300 thousand squared km (slightly larger than Arizona).Terrain: Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands. Highest elevation point: Monte Bianco 4,748 m (highest mountain Europe).
Natural resources: ornamental stones (marble, limestone, granites, travertine, etc.) sulfur, asphalt, lignite, natural gas and crude oil, gold, talc, kaolin, carbon dioxide, feldspar, barite, fluorite, bauxite, coal, lead and zinc, salt, geothermic, arable land, fish.Land use: arable land: 28%, permanent crops: 9%, other: 63%.Natural hazards: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence.
Population: 58 millionPopulation growth rate: 0% (lowest in Europe).Administratively divided in 20 regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-
Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia,Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto.
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $24,300.GDP - real growth rate: 1.8% GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2%, industry: 30%, services: 68%.
Labor force: 23.6 millionLabor force - by occupation: services 63%, industry 32%, agriculture 5%Unemployment rate: 10%Industries: tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics, furniture.
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 80%, hydro: 17%, other: 3%, nuclear: 0%.
Exports - commodities: engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food, beverages and tobacco.Exports - partners: EU 55% (Germany 15%, France 13%, UK 7%, Spain 6%), US 10%.
Imports - commodities: engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages and tobacco. Imports - partners: EU 56% (Germany 18%, France 11%, Netherlands 6%, UK 5%), US 5%.
Railways: 20 thousand km. Highways: 670 thousand km.Waterways: 2,400 km.Pipelines: crude oil 1,700 km; petroleum products 2,100 km; natural gas 19,000 km Ports and harbors: 17Airports: 135
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Quarries: 5,000 Quarries: 5,000 (non strategic minerals, mining both above and underground)(non strategic minerals, mining both above and underground)
Mines: 100 Mines: 100 (strategic minerals, mining both above and underground)(strategic minerals, mining both above and underground)
Companies using explosives: 1,200Companies using explosives: 1,200Annual consumption of explosives : 15,000 t Annual consumption of explosives : 15,000 t
Use of explosive is to be authorized by the “Ministry of InternaUse of explosive is to be authorized by the “Ministry of Internal Affair” l Affair” / Police / Mayor/ Police / Mayor
Blasters are licensed by Ministry of Internal AffairBlasters are licensed by Ministry of Internal Affair
The workers of mining companies are authorized to use explosivesThe workers of mining companies are authorized to use explosives by by the director of the mine/quarrythe director of the mine/quarry
DIN 4150-3 (table 1); UNI 9916
Damage reference thresholds
0
10
20
30
40
50Velocity(mm/s)
Frequency (Hz)
15
358
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Measurements on basement
Delicate
Residential
Industrial
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Tolerability reference thresholds
*) Hospital, laboratory, delicate activity, ecc.. (**) From 7:00 to 22:00.
0,460,64Offices and factories
0,220,30Housing (day)**
3,6 *10-35,0 * 10-3Critical areas*
X, YHorizontal components
mm/s2
ZVertical component
mm/s2
Acceleration weighted in frequencyUNI 9614
10/18
Explosives and Blasting in Italy
Tunneling (mostly public works - general contractors)
Quarries (both above and underground for aggregates, minerals and
ornamental stones – private companies)
Underwater blasting (mostly public works - general contractors)
Demolitions (mostly private contractors)
Aggregates and ornamental stones (private contractors)
Mines (private contractors)
(World leading companies in production of ammunition and, explosives metal forming
and metal cladding, pyrotechnics, energetic materials for space propulsion,
explosives and ammunition demilitarization, warheads production)
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West portal
East portalTunnel
Controlled blasting in tunnellingGiven by CARIBONI strade e gallerie Srl
West portal
“pipe” Nord
“pipe” Sud
Housing(minimum distance 24 m)
Stone wall (no concrete)
to be safeguarded(minimum distance 15 m)
Maximum peak velocity 65 mm/s
Controlled blasting in tunnelling
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Controlled blasting in tunnelling
Blast design and blast vibration monitoring planning, ...
…, drilling, …
T.5
T.14
T.5 T.4 t.18 T.4 T.4
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.15
T.15
T.155
T.15t.15
T.15
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.15
T.15
T.15
T.15
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.14
T.5
T.7
T.7
t.17.
T.6
T.8 T.11
t.10
t.17
T.12
T.6
T.10
T.13
T.12
t.7
t.14 t.15
t.8
t.11
t.7
t.16
t.7
t.13 t.12t.11
t.12
t.12
T.9
T.8
T.6
T.7t.18 t.18
t.8
t.9
t.15
t.14
t.13
t.10
t.8
t.16
t.17
T.8
t.14
t.16
t.9
t.15t.9 t.10t.11
T.10
T.13
T.11T.11
T.9T.9
t.13
T.15 t.15T.15
T.10
T.12
Controlled blasting in tunnelling
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Controlled blasting in tunnelling
…, loading, blasting and …
… blast efficiency monitoring, ...
DIN 4150-3 Table 1; Norma UNI 9916
Picco dell’onda di sovrappressione in aria
Componente orizzontale radiale della velocità di vibrazione al passaggio del transiente sismico
Componente orizzontale trasversale
Componente verticale
..., seismic and air overpressure monitoring and ...
Controlled blasting in tunnelling
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Velocità di vibrazione del terreno al passaggio del transiente sismico: legge di decadimento e limiti di fiducia
0,1
1,0
10,0
100,0
1,0 10,0 100,0DS (m/MJ^0,286)
vR,V
,T (m
m/s
) vRvVvT
v T,V,R(50%)= 261 DS^-1,36
v T,V,R (99%) = 601 DS^-1,36
… reporting.
Controlled blasting in tunnelling
Controlled blasting in open pit and underground mining
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Controlled blasting inopen pit
Controlled blasting inunderground mining
Seismic monitoringsystem
spot 1Spot 2
Spot 3
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Controlled blasting in underground mining
SUB-LEVEL-STOPING Blasting pattern
Controlled blasting in open pit mining
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Underwater blasting
In hole charges (overburden drilling),
shaped charges,
... contact charges
Underwater blasting
300 m – 4 chiminies
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Demolition
Demolition
Given by Beppe Zandonella TECNOMINE
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Ornamental stones
Ornamental stones
Given by Gianfranco Quarantani of ITALPERLATI SpA, Coreno Ausonio
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Controlled blasting in open
Quarry district
Ornamental stones
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Given by review Quarry and Construction
Carrara marble – entrance to an underground extraction room
