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Was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa,concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in

what is now the modern country of Egypt.

The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable

Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known

as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early

Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age

and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt

reached the pinnacle of its power during the New Kingdom,

in the Ramesside period, after which it entered a period of

slow decline.

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THE PHARAOH

THE VIZIER

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Division ofancientegypt

Monarch

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THE TEMPLES

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ECONOMY

Coinage

Barter

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Priests Craftsmen Farmers

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River Nile

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Egypt is rich in building and decorativestone, copper and lead ores, gold, andsemiprecious stones. These naturalresources allowed the ancient Egyptiansto build monuments, sculpt statues, make

tools, and fashion jewelry. Embalmersused salts from the Wadi Natrun formummification, which also provided thegypsum needed to make plaster. Ore-

bearing rock formations were found indistant, inhospitable wadis in the easterndesert and the Sinai, requiring large, state-controlled expeditions to obtain naturalresources found there.

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Nodules of the mineral were carefully flaked to make

blades and arrowheads of moderate hardness anddurability even after copper was adopted for thispurpose. Ancient Egyptians were among the first to useminerals such as sulfur as cosmetic substances.

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The Egyptian language is a northern Afro-Asiatic language closely related to theBerber and Semitic languages. It has thesecond longest history of any language(after Sumerian), having been written from c.

3200 BC to the Middle Ages and remainingas a spoken language for longer. Thephases of Ancient Egyptian are OldEgyptian, Middle Egyptian (Classical

Egyptian), Late Egyptian, Demotic andCoptic. Egyptian writings do not show dialectdifferences before Coptic, but it wasprobably spoken in regional dialects aroundMemphis and later Thebes.

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Ancient Egyptian was a synthetic language, but it becamemore analytic later on. Late Egyptian develops prefixaldefinite and indefinite articles, which replace the older

inflectional suffixes. There is a change from the olderverbsubjectobject word order to subjectverbobject.The Egyptian hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scriptswere eventually replaced by the more phonetic Coptic

alphabet. Coptic is still used in the liturgy of the EgyptianOrthodox Church, and traces of it are found in modernEgyptian Arabic.

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Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land.

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Flutes and Harps Senet

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The Great Pyramids of Giza

The temples at Thebes

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The Narmer Palette

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Books of the dead

Shabti statues

Funerary art

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Gods were worshiped in culttemples administered by priestsacting on the king's behalf. At thecenter of the temple was the cultstatue in a shrine. Temples werenot places of public worship orcongregation, and only on selectfeast days and celebrations was ashrine carrying the statue of thegod brought out for public worship.

Normally, the god's domain wassealed off from the outside worldand was only accessible to templeofficials.

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The Egyptians believed that everyhuman being was composed of

physical and spiritual parts oraspects. In addition to the body,each person had a wt (shadow), aba (personality or soul), a ka (life-force), and a name. The heart,rather than the brain, wasconsidered the seat of thoughtsand emotions. After death, thespiritual aspects were released

from the body and could move atwill, but they required the physicalremains (or a substitute, such as astatue) as a permanent home.