EXTENDED ABSTRACTS - IGE...Education in Gemology), to address the latest and more innovative topics...

EXTENDED ABSTRACTS

- International Gemological Congress IGE 2014 -

INDEX

PRESENTATION 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

CONFERENCES 6

POSTERS 85

WORKSHOPS AND DEMONSTRATIONS 105

SPEAKERS 115

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 124

© 2014 Instituto Gemológico Español

International Gemological Congress IGE 2014 – Extended abstracts

1

Dear friends,

Welcome to the International Gemological Congress IGE 2014, the 16th Symposium of the FEEG and the

Awards of the IV Contest of jewelry and gemstone design Antonio Negueruela.

During these three days, Madrid is going to be the meeting place for gemologists and professionals from 12

schools and laboratories from 16 different countries, together with FEEG (Federation for European

Education in Gemology), to address the latest and more innovative topics of the world of gemology.

Throughout the congress you will be able to attend and enjoy more than 20 conferences and as many

workshops related to gemology and its world. Besides, you can get in touch with the leading personalities

of the sector in Europe.

In parallel, we have developed a cultural and entertainment program for all participants and accompanying

persons around this beautiful and historic city of Madrid focused on the gemological world.

I hope you will enjoy it and it will of great interest for you. Do not hesitate to consult any needs you have

along these days with me personally, or with any member of the Spanish Gemological Institute, we will be

happy to help and make your stay in Madrid very pleasant.

See you at the congress!

Sincerely,

Jesus Yanes

President


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The Federation of European Education in Gemology (FEEG) is an association of the leading European

gemological institutes. Its first objective is to encourage the gemological academic training in Europe

through the experience exchange between the European gemological schools and the introduction of the

standard European Gemologist qualification. The FEEG was founded in 1995, and the Spanish Gemological

Institute (IGE) was one of its founding organizations.

The Diploma ceremony for European Gemologist qualifications is celebrated every year in one of the

schools which are part of the Federation, during the annual Symposium and of FEEG. This year the

Symposium is held in Madrid, between January 17th and 19th, together with the International Gemological

Congress organized by the IGE.

It is a pleasure for us to invite a 2013 FEEG graduates, as well as gemology and jewelry professionals, to this

event. It will be a perfect opportunity to attend interesting lectures and workshops, establish contacts with

colleagues and companies from other countries and enjoy the cultural program of the event.

Dr. Egor Gavrilenko

FEEG Vice-chairman

Director of Education of the Instituto Gemológico Español


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COFERENCES FRIDAY, JANUARY 17th 2014 Page:

09:40 – 10:20

GLASS-FILLED CORUNDUM K. Schollenbruch. (Germany)

6

10:20 – 11:00

EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE COLORIMETER (SARIN’S COLIBRI) IN COLOR GRADING OF POLISHED DIAMONDS CIRCULATING IN THE JEWELRY TRADING. Juan S. Cózar and Anthony Cáceres (Madrid. Spain)

10

11:50 – 12:30

THE QUESTION OF GEM TRACKING: SEARCHING THE GEM ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE M. A. Pellicer García and Mª C. Osácar Soriano (Zaragoza, Spain)

17

12:30 – 13:10

BLUE PECTOLITE “LARIMAR” OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: STUDY OF FIBERS AND COLORS J. A. Espí (Madrid, Spain)

21

13:10 – 13:50

CONFLICT DIAMONDS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE M.P. Diago Diago (Zaragoza, Spain)

26

15:50 – 16:30

BEAUTY or THE BEAST – CUTTING CORNERS CUTTING GEMSTONES G.Dominy (Canada)

29

16:30 – 17:10

ANALYSIS OF THE DEFECTIVE AND IMPURITY CENTERS IN STRUCTURE OF DIAMONDS FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTH EAST OF THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM BY IR SPECTROSCOPY, EPR and PL I.V. Klepikov and Y.V. Nefedov (Russia)

31

17:40 – 18:20

DOMINICAN AMBER: ORIGINS, COLOR AND TEXTURES José A. Espí (Madrid, Spain)

38

18:20 – 19:00

FEATURES OF THE SCULPTED SURFACES FACETS OF DIAMOND CRYSTALS OF DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGY FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTHEAST OF SIBERIAN PLATFORM N.V. Erysheva (Russia)

43

COFERENCES SATURDAY, JANUARY 18th 2014 Page:

10:00 – 10:40

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS INTO DIGITAL COLOR ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION OF COLOR IN GEMS M. Sevdermish (Israel)

47

10:40 – 11:20

SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN GEMMOLOGY: WHAT, WHEN, HOW? H. Calvo del Castillo (Belgium)

54

11:50 – 12:30

LUMINESCENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION (PL & DIAMONDVIEW) IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF TREATED, SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL DIAMONDS J. S. Cózar, A. Andrada and V. García (Madrid, Spain)

55


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12:30 – 13:10

THE HANDBOOK OF GEMMOLOGY G. Dominy (Canada)

64

13:10 – 13:50

THE SYMBOLISM OF GEMSTONE CUTTING V. Tuzlukov (Russia)

69

15:30 – 16:15

SCIENTIFIC GRADE RAMAN & PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROMETER IN GEMOLOGICAL LABORATORY M. Åström and A. Scarani (Finland and Italy)

72

16:15 – 17:00

GEMOLOGICAL TRAINING: VIRTUAL LABORATORY G. Moreno Díaz-Calderón (Madrid, Spain)

79

POSTERS Page:

FTIR & RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL-PHYSICS PROCESSES IN THE FORMATION OF FOSSILS RESINS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION. COMMUNIC ACID. Oscar R. Montoro, Juan S. Cózar, Mercedes Taravillo, Valentín G. Baonza, (Madrid, Spain)

85

GEMOLOGY AND LAW: AN EXAMPLE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION Mª Pilar Diago Diago1 and Mª Cinta Osácar Soriano (Zaragoza, Spain)

91

TYPOMORPHIC FEATURES OF DIAMONDS FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTHEASTERN SIBERIAN PLATFORM Anastasenko G.F., Bataeva A.A., Klepikov I.V., Zenchenko E.O.

95

COLLECTION OF DIAMONDS IN THE MINERALOGICAL MUSEUM OF SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY. G.V.Barjudarova, S.Y.Yanson and G.F.Anastasenko

100

WORKSHOPS AND DEMONSTRATIONS Page:

SCIENTIFIC GRADE RAMAN & PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROMETER IN GEMOLOGICAL LABORATORY Mikko Angstrom and Alberto Scarany, M&A Gemological Instruments, GemmoRaman.com

105

GEMRAM™, RAMAN GEMSTONE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM Ignacio Sánchez-Ferrer Robles, Microbeam S.A.

106

DIGITAL GRADING AND PRICING OF GEMS AND FANCY COLORED DIAMONDS WITH GEMEWIZARD SYSTEM Menahem Sevdermish, FGA D. Litt., Gemewizard.com, Ramat Gan, Israel

107

http://gemmoraman.com/

http://www.microbeam.es/

http://www.gemewizard.com/


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DETECTION OF SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS USING DIAMONDVIEW EQUIPMENT Juan Cózar and Anthony Cáceres, Laboratorio de Análisis y Certificación de Gemas, IGE&Minas.

108

INCLUSIONS PHOTOMICROGRAPHY USING MACRORAIL SETUP AND STACKING OF IMAGES Óscar Fernández Arcís, MacroRail.com

109

DEVICES FOR THE DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF DIAMOND CUTTING: OGI SCANOX PLANNER HD Juan Cózar and Anthony Cáceres, Laboratorio de Análisis y Certificación de Gemas, IGE&Minas.

110

AUTOMATED 3D/360º PHOTOGRAPHY APPLIED TO GEMS AND JEWELRY Óscar Fernández Arcís, MacroRail.com

112

ADVANCED METHODS FOR THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF NEW GEMS CUTS: GEMCAD, GEMRAY, DIAMCALC Egor Gavrilenko, IGE&Minas

113

ANALYSIS OF JEWELRY AND PRECIOUS METALS THROUGH THE TECHNIQUE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE Joan Pujol, Fischer Instruments S.A.

114

http://www.ige.org/

http://macrorail.com/

http://www.ige.org/


http://www.gemcad.com/

http://www.octonus.com/oct/products/3dcalc/standard/

http://www.ige.org/

http://www.helmut-fischer.com/


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GLASS-FILLED CORUNDUM

Dr. Klaus Schollenbruch Deutsche Gemmologische Gesellschaft e.V., Idar Oberstein, Germany

ABSTRACT: Glass fillings in corundum are known since over 30 years. In the beginning, this treatment was focused on larger cavities at the surface of the stones. This changed in 2004, when the first lead-glass filled rubies from East Africa appeared in the trade. In only a few years this material flooded the market. In most cases the identification of the lead-glass treatment is not very complicated. Dark bubbles and the blue or orange flash-effect are unambiguous signs for lead glass treated rubies. More recently also other corundum varieties have been observed, among those cobalt-bearing lead glass treated sapphires. The identification is similar to the lead glass filled rubies. In Addition to flash-effect and bubble-like inclusions, colour concentrations on fractures can be seen, indicating the use of coloured glass. Apart from this latest development the market is concerned about the terminology and the stability of the lead glass. The latter refers to ultrasonic bath, heat and different chemicals used during cleaning and jewelry processes. Experiments show that the different methods and chemicals may have a dramatic effect on the stability of the lead glass.

CORINDÓN CON RELLENOS VÍTREOS

RESUMEN: Los rellenos vítreos en corindones se conocen desde hace más de 30 años. Al principio, este tratamiento estaba enfocado en las cavidades grandes en la superficie de las piedras. A partir del año 2004 aparecen en el mercado los primeros rubíes con relleno de vidrio de plomo, procedentes de África Oriental. En pocos años este material inunda el mercado. En la mayoría de los casos la identificación del tratamiento con vidrio de plomo no es complicado. Burbujas oscuras y el efecto flash azul o naranja son signos inequívocos de este tratamiento en rubíes. Más recientemente, fueron detectadas otras variedades del corindón con este tratamiento, entre ellas los zafiros tratados con vidrio de plomo coloreado por cobalto. La identificación es similar a los rubíes con vidrio de plomo. Adicionalmente a las burbujas y efecto flash, se observa la concentración de color azul en las fracturas, indicando el uso de vidrio coloreado. Además de estos desarrollos modernos, el mercado tiene preocupación por la correcta nomenclatura y la estabilidad de este tratamiento, respecto a su resistencia al lavado con ultrasonidos, calor y el uso de diferentes reactivos químicos utilizados para la limpieza en procesos de joyería. Los experimentos demuestran que diferentes agentes químicos pueden tener un efecto dramático sobre la estabilidad del vidrio de plomo.

As one of the most expensive gemstones corundum is subjected to various kinds of treatments to improve

colour and transparency. Apart from heat-treatment, diffusion treatment, dying and some other enhanced

methods, fracture fillings with glass are adapted to corundum and have become more and more important

during the last three decades. Ruby was the first variety and is still today the most important variety

subjected to this treatment. Due to their great rareness a lot of lower qualities are improved in their

appearance. During the formation of a mineral, which may take millions of years, movements in the

surrounding rocks (e.g. earthquakes) may lead to fractures. If the fractures do not heal during the growth of

the mineral they may reduce the stability and the transparency of a gemstone and if numerous enough,

they may also reduce the intensity of the colour. Several techniques are available to close these cracks

physically and optically. One method involves the presence of an artificial flux melt (often containing borax)

which causes a reduction of the melting temperature of corundum and an artificial healing of the cracks

(e.g. EMMETT, 1999; HÄNNI, 2001). The artificially healed cracks have a similar stability and transparency as

naturally healed cracks, but can be identified by the different appearance of the glassy melt residues

Up to the 80s small cavities especially on the pavilion of rubies and sapphires were accepted to find a

compromise between size and perfect cut of these most valuable gemstones. In the beginning of the 80s

the first Si-glass-filled corundum appeared on the market. The fillings involve fractures and cavities on the


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surface and influence both the face-up appearance and weight of the faceted stone. The treatment aims

only at surface-near defects and does not penetrate deep into the gemstone. The glass can be detected

under reflected light by the different luster of corundum and glass (Fig. 1). Also the difference in hardness is

visible by deeper polishing lines in the glass. Additionally, the glass often contains bubbles and sometimes a

recrystallization can be detected (HÄNNI, 1986). The refractive index of the Si-based glasses has been

determined to about 1.51 – 1.52 which is significantly lower than the refractive index of corundum.

Therefore these glass fillings are not very effective to close the fractures optically and are generally easy to

detect.

This changed in 2004, when the first rubies appeared on the market, filled with a high refractive glass. The

process was adopted from a technique, invented in 1982 to fill fractures in diamonds (KOIVULA, 1989).

Different glasses are used containing variable amounts of silica, lead, sodium, potassium, calcium and

metallic oxides. But they all have in common that their refractive index is close to the refractive index of

corundum. Most of the used glass is colourless to yellow, but also pink glass, coloured by copper, is existing

(PARDIEU, 2005). At temperatures between 900 °C and 1200 °C the lead glass penetrates deep into the

fractures and makes them nearly invisible for the human eye. This treatment is not mainly aiming at

“healing” surface damages like the glass fillings of the 80s and 90s, but on an overall clarity and colour

improvement. This improvement is so effective that material which had not even cabochon quality before

can now be facetted. Large amounts of material, mainly from East Africa (MILISENDA et al. 2005), and low

treatment costs let the carat prizes of the lead glass treated rubies fall down to a level comparable to

synthetic rubies. According to demands of cheap and “natural” rubies, the treated material flooded the

market in only a few years. As the quality of the starting material became lower and the percentage of lead

glass in a stone became larger, reaching more than 50 % in some cases, a discussion arose about the

terminology of this heavily treated corundum. Some laboratories use the term composite stone, as some of

the lead glass treated rubies are made of pieces of ruby, held together by lead-glass.

Fig. 1: Si-glass filled cavity with gas bubble. The glass is easily to detect by the different luster of glass and

corundum.

In most cases the identification of the lead-glass treatment is not very complicated. Dark bubbles and the

blue or orange flash-effect are unambiguous signs for lead glass treated rubies (Fig. 2). In rubies with larger

amounts of lead glass the flash effect is more difficult to detect, but the stone has a general swirly bluish

appearance. In reflecting light filled fractures and cavities can be identified by a slightly different luster of

glass and corundum. On larger surface-reaching fillings the low hardness of the lead glass becomes visible

by differences in the quality of the polish. Being impenetrable for X-rays the amount of lead glass can be

estimated by radiography.


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Fig. 2: Lead glass filled ruby. The lead glass itself is not visible, but the presence of lead glass can be

determined by dark bubbles and a bluish flash effect.

Some cases of heavily damaged lead glass in rubies arose the question about the stability of the lead glass

(Fig. 3). Therefore several experiments with different cleaning agents and methods have been conducted.

Although locally strong forces and temperatures appear during ultrasonic cleaning, this method seems not

to alter the glass. Also alkaline detergents like drain cleaner do not harm the lead glass within one hour.

However, the lead glass reacts very sensitive on acid liquids. Within several minutes the lead glass partly

dissolves even in weak acids like citric acid or vinegar essence. Before the lead glass completely dissolves it

becomes white and therefore easily visible to the naked eye. Reported experiments on the stability of lead

glass treated rubies show a melting of the lead glass starting between 600 °C and 700 °C (MCCLURE 2006).

Fig. 3: After the treatment with an acid solution the lead glass partly dissolves and its surface becomes

white.


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Fig. 4: Lead glass filled sapphire appeared on the market in 2007. The detection of the Co-bearing lead glass by dark bubbles and flash effect (pink) is similar as for the lead glass filled rubies. Additionally, blue colour concentrations may be seen, due to the blue colour of the glass.

In 2007 the first lead glass filled sapphires were observed on the market. They are in many cases similar to

the lead glass filled rubies. They also contain dark bubble and show a flash effect. Additionally these stones

display colour concentrations along filled fractures, indicating the use of a dyed glass (Fig. 4). Chemical

analysis show significant amounts of lead and cobalt. Cobalt is frequently used as a blue dye and it is

assumed that it is also responsible for the blue colour of the glass. The lead glass filled sapphires are a

relatively new product and it is still uncertain how this material will influence the market in future.

References:

Emmett, J.L. (1999): Fluxes and the heat treatment of ruby and sapphire. Gems & Gemology 35. 3. 90 - 92.

HÄNNI, H.A. (1986): Behandelte Korunde mit glasartigen Füllungen. - Zt. Dt. Gemmol. Ges. 35. 3/4. 87-96.

HÄNNI, H.A. (2001): Beobachtungen an hitzebehandelten Rubinen mit künstlicher Rissheilung. - Zt. Dt.

Gemmol. Ges. 50. 3. 123-136.

KOIVULA, J.I., KAMMERLING, R.C., FRITSCH, E., FRYER, C., HARGETT, D. and KANE, R.E. (1989): The

characteristics and identification of filled diamonds. Gems & Gemology 25. 2. 68-83.

MCCLURE, S.F., SMITH, C.P.S., WANG, W. and HALL, M. (2006): Identification and durability of lead glass-

filled rubies. – Gems & Gemology 42. 1. 22-34.

MILISENDA, C.C., HORIKAWA, Y. and HENN, U. (2005): Rubine mit bleihaltigen Gläsern gefüllt. - Zt. Dt.

Gemmol. Ges. 54. 1. 35-41.

PARDIEU, V. (2005): Lead glass filled/repaired rubies. – AIGS, Bangkog.


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EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE COLORIMETER (SARIN’S COLIBRI) IN COLOR GRADING OF POLISHED DIAMONDS CIRCULATING IN THE JEWELRY TRADING.

Juan S. Cózar, Anthony Cáceres Instituto Gemológico Español. Laboratorio de Investigación y Certificación de IGE&Minas [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The use of “colorimeters”, from many diamond trading professionals and some gemological laboratories for color grading, often brings disappointments compared with the report result received from laboratories using the color grading method by comparison with diamond color grading master set that, in the end, is currently the only accepted by international regulators.

The Spanish Gemological Institute (IGE) acquired the past year a Sarin Colibri Colorimeter. One objective of this acquisition is research its behavior in a broad overview of diamonds moving in the current trade, taking into account fundamentally parameters, such as; carat, shape and cut, secondary colors and fluorescence, in comparison with the results obtained in the IGE Gemological Laboratory with diamond color grading master set. The conclusions in relation with reliability and limitations are shown.

EVALUACIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS CON EL COLORÍMETRO (COLIBRÍ DE SARIN)

EN LA GRADUACIÓN DEL COLOR DE DIAMANTES TALLADOS DE CIRCULACIÓN EN EL COMERCIO DE

JOYERÍA

RESUMEN: La utilización de los “colorímetros”, por muchos profesionales del comercio de diamantes y

algunos laboratorios gemológicos para la graduación del color, implica la decepción en muchas ocasiones al

recibir el certificado de un laboratorio que utiliza el método de comparación con una escala patrón de

diamantes que, al fin y al cabo, es el único aceptado actualmente por los organismos reguladores

internacionales.

En el pasado año el IGE adquirió un colorímetro (Colibrí) de la empresa Sarin. Uno de los objetivos de esta

adquisición es investigar su comportamiento ante un amplio panorama de los diamantes que se mueven en

el comercio actual, teniendo en cuenta distintos parámetros como son: peso, forma y talla, colores

secundarios y fluorescencia, fundamentalmente, en contraste con los resultados obtenidos con la escala

patrón del laboratorio de certificación del IGE. Se muestran las conclusiones en relación con su fiabilidad y

limitaciones.

INTRODUCCIÓN

La colorimetría se basa en la detección y cuantificación de los fotones de luz visible, de un rango

determinado de longitudes de onda, que provienen de una fuente, en este caso de un diamante.

La utilización de muestras estándar, probetas de las mismas dimensiones, forma transparencia y rangos de

longitudes de onda del color, permite cuantificaciones muy precisas. Sin embargo las gemas no guardan

ninguna de las características de las muestras estándar, por lo que se puede esperar que las medidas estén

sometidas a errores más o menos graves debido a diferentes causas.

Los colorímetros para graduar el color en los diamantes de la serie incolora están calibrados para las

medidas en muestras de la serie Cape, con formas, tallas y tamaños similares a los de una escala patrón de

diamantes. Por lo tanto es lógico que las medidas en muestras que se alejen de esas condiciones

“estándar” sean erróneas.

Recientemente el IGE ha adquirido un colorímetro de la casa SARIN modelo COLIBRI con el principal

objetivo de hacer un seguimiento de su comportamiento ante muestras reales de las que circulan

mailto:[email protected]


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diariamente por el comercio, contrastando sus resultados con los obtenidos por comparación con la escala

patrón utilizada para la graduación de diamantes en el laboratorio de IGE&Minas.

El protocolo que se ha establecido para ello es medir todos los diamantes incoloros que pasan por el

laboratorio, comparar los resultados con los obtenidos con la escala patrón para la certificación y asociar

estadísticamente los errores registrados con los siguientes parámetros: peso, forma y talla, fluorescencia y

presencia de colores secundarios.

Hay que tener en cuenta que los resultados mostrados en esta ponencia se basan en una población

estadística relativamente pequeña (269), por lo que hay que considerarlo de momento como una primera

aproximación que a pesar de todo no deja de revelar datos importantes.

Por otra parte se abre la puerta a un proyecto a más largo plazo en el que se invita a participar a otros

laboratorios de certificación que trabajen con escala patrón de diamantes contrastada con CIBJO y que

dispongan de un colorímetro de las mismas características. De este modo se podría disponer, en un tiempo

relativamente corto, de una población estadística suficientemente importante para confirmar los

resultados de esta primera etapa.

METODOLOGÍA

El primer paso ha sido contrastar las medidas del colorímetro con los grados de la escala patrón del IGE.

Esta colección está compuesta por nueve diamantes de talla redonda brillante de pesos comprendidos

entre 0,75 y 0,90 ct, fluorescencia nula y todas las características que debe reunir una escala patrón CIBJO

(Fig 1). Se ha registrado una coincidencia total del 80%. En el 20% restante se ha apreciado errores de un

grado o menor. Esto confirma que el aparato está calibrado para este tipo de diamantes.

Fig. 1.

RELACIÓN ESCALA PATRÓN IGE Y GRADUACIÓN DEL COLORÍMETRO

Escala IGE Peso(ct) Grado Colibrí Cuantificación

D 0,82 D 1,50

E 0,72 E- 2,70

F 0,85 F 3,57

G 0,79 G+ 4,27

H 0,82 G- 4,60

I 0,94 I 6,35

J 0,77 I- 6,60

L 0,87 L+ 9,27

N 0,92 N-O 11,98


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Las medidas realizadas posteriormente en los diamantes certificados en este laboratorio siguiendo el

protocolo indicado anteriormente y con el equipamiento mencionado ha aportado los siguientes

RESULTADOS

En las piedras talladas en brillante redonda, derivadas y fantasía excepto las talladas en esmeralda y

teniendo en cuenta el tamaño, el rango de 0 a 0,99 ct ofrece el mayor número de coincidencias (51%) o

diferencias de un grado (32%). El resto muestra diferencias entre dos y tres grados.

En el rango de 1,00 a 4,99 ct las coincidencias se reducen entre el 0 y el 24%, sin embargo las diferencias

entre uno y dos grados oscilan entre el 71% y el 100%.

En el rango de 5,00 a 9,99 ct se aprecian coincidencias del 11% y diferencias entre uno y dos grados del 78%

e incluso algún caso aislado entre tres y cuatro grados (Figs. 2 y 3).

Hay que tener en cuenta que en este comportamiento no influye solo el peso y la talla sino también el tipo

de diamante (no Cape) y, aisladamente, la posible fluorescencia y colores secundarios, aunque sobre la

posible influencia de estos últimos no se pueden sacar conclusiones definitivas hasta que se disponga de

mayor número de análisis (Figs. 6 a 12)

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.


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En cuanto a las tallas esmeralda, a pesar de los pocos datos obtenidos hasta la fecha permiten observar una

tendencia que indica frente a un 7% de coincidencias y un 21% de diferencias de un grado existe un 71% de

diferencias entre dos y tres grados (Figs. 4 y 5)

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.


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Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.


15

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.


16

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Por último conviene tener en cuenta que como se puede observar en los resultados obtenidos casi todas las

diferencias detectadas se manifiestan mejorando el grado de color de los diamantes.


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THE QUESTION OF GEM TRACKING: SEARCHING THE GEM ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE

Miguel Ángel Pellicer García1 and Mª Cinta Osácar Soriano2

1: Asociación Gemológica de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza. Avda. Valencia, 51, 50005- Zaragoza, España. [email protected] 2: Dpto. de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009-Zaragoza, España. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Recently, several important gems have gone into the market through auctions; in these pieces their provenance and history have been relevant in their appraisal, thus, raising the question of determining the provenance of these gems. Eventually, this information could be incorporated to the certificate, provided is scientifically based. The techniques that can help in this search are the same used to find out the sources of gems of the historical heritage: PIXE-PIGE, spectroscopy (UV-Visible, infrared, Raman) have yielded good results when applied to emeralds and garnets. The main problem is the availability of a database of these techniques applied to gems of known origin. The desideratum would probably be the characterization of the gems in their source deposits in a reproducible way. Diamonds are a special problem, due to the peculiarity of their geological origin.

EL PROBLEMA DE LA TRAZABILIDAD DE LAS GEMAS: DETERMINACIÓN DE SU ORIGEN Y PROCEDENCIA

RESUMEN: La entrada en los circuitos comerciales de numerosas gemas importantes, y la importancia que se concede en su valoración a su historia, plantean el problema de la determinación de la procedencia de estas gemas. Esta información podría pasar a formar parte de la certificación, si está avalada científicamente. Las técnicas que pueden aportar información en este sentido son las mismas que se utilizan para determinar el origen de las gemas del patrimonio histórico: las técnicas PIXE-PIGE y espectrométricas (UV-visible-infrarrojo, Raman) han dado buenos resultados sobre esmeraldas y granates. El principal problema es disponer de una base de datos de este tipo de técnicas aplicadas a gemas de procedencia conocida. Por ello se considera que la situación óptima sería que los propios yacimientos ofrecieran una caracterización de sus gemas que pudiera ser reproducible. Los diamantes constituyen un problema especial, difícil de abordar por su peculiar origen geológico

Introduction

Recently, several important gems have gone into the market through auctions; in these pieces their history

and, moreover, their alleged geographical provenance, have been considered relevant. These facts have

raised the question of determining the provenance of gems whose history is not well known. Some

laboratories already offer a certificate for geographic provenance “if possible” for certain gems1.

Provenance certification is interesting enough to be included in laboratories certification services in spite of

the difficulty to establish accurately the origin of a gem, for which the laboratory add the “if possible”

expression.

Technical problems to establish the gem provenance

This problem is similar to the determination of a gem origin –natural or synthetic-, which is, in fact, the

starting point to establish a gem provenance. The procedure requires to determine the gem physical

properties, to study its internal features and, if necessary, to carry out analysis to confirm the previous

results. The classic gemologist tools (refractometer, spectroscope and microscope) needs complementary

techniques to precise some identification aspects, its geographic origin, especially. The most often used

techniques are:

1 GIA: “Identification and origin report”, for ruby, sapphire, emerald or tourmaline

http://www.gia.edu/analysis-grading-sample-colored-stone-report



http://www.gia.edu/analysis-grading-sample-colored-stone-report


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Spectrometry: absorption of a range of electromagnetic radiations (wave length / energy); most

often spectra are UV-VIS, infrared and Raman. Non destructive technique.

PIXE-PIGE: non-destructive compositional analysis (detection limit 1ppm, Mg, Al. Si); it does not

alter the sample

EDXRF: non-destructive compositional analysis of the sample surface

Electron microprobe: non-destructive, punctual, compositional analysis

LA-ICPMS: scarcely destructive compositional analysis

Isotopic analysis: stable isotope analysis of certain elements; it is a destructive analysis, for which

it has a limited applicability

Each of these techniques supplies a type of information which helps to solve some of the problems of a

gem the identification.

Some examples of gem characterization

The aforementioned techniques have been used in gem analysis, although not in a systematic way. They

have been used for the gem treatment identification, the gem color characterization (spectroscopies) and

for the determination of the sources of gems from the historical heritage. We present some of the cases

which show the possibilities to establish the gem provenance. They have been selected because of either

the gem importance or their interest for the provenance determination.

Emerald

Analyses on emeralds have been carried out basically to detect enhance treatments, for instance: oiling, or

their nature (either natural or synthetic and the synthesis type), nevertheless, the results have also allowed

to establish their origin. Other studies, chiefly studies on gems from the historical heritage for

archaeological purposes, are aimed to establish the gem provenance and are largely based on the chemical

or isotopic composition.

Fig. 1. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy: a powerful tool to identify natural and synthetic emeralds.Le Thi-Thu Huong, Tobias Häger, and Wolfgang Hofmeister (2010). Gems & Gemology, 46 (1), 36–41 This study differences between natural and synthetic emeralds, however, the results of confocal Raman spectrosco-py, along with the alkali content, discriminate also emeralds of different geographical provenances.


19

Ruby and sapphire

The study of the provenance of ruby and sapphire is more complex because, among other things, the

presence of trace elements in the structure is more limited than in emerald. Nevertheless, the chemical

(compositional and isotopic) analyses have yielded some positive results.

Fig. 3 Provenance study of rubies from a Parthian statuette by PIXE analysis. Calligaro, T. Mossman, A. Carot, J.-P. and Querré, G. (1998). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, Volume 136, Issue 1-4, p. 846-850.

Several rubies of a Mesopotamian statuette were analyzed and compared with rubies of known provenance. Fe, Cr, Ti and V contents proved to be characteristics of their provenance and, as a conclusion a source from Ceylan and Burma was established for these rubies.

Compositional analyses revel, partially, the inclusion composition; in fact spectroscopic analyses have been

even carried out on inclusions, which permit to identify them and help to establish the provenance. Many

efforts in this field have been devoted to authenticate the Kashimir origin of sapphires, when this

expression has been misused as a quality character.

Fig. 4 Kashmir sapphires Krzemnicki, M.S. (2013). Facette, 20, 6-9

Chemical analysis of trace elements by means of EDXRF, LAICPMS allowed to characterize the sapphire of Kashimir.

Garnets

Provenance determination of garnets displays specific problems, because they make up a large group of

minerals and can have different origins. Moreover, it is very important the scarcity of previous analyses of

Fig. 2 Estudio PIXE y PIGE de gemas en el Tesoro Torredonjimeno.Gutiérrez, P.C., Perea, A., Ynsa, M.D. y Climent-Font, A. (2007) Actas VII Congreso Ibérico de Arqueometría (Madrid, octubre 2007). This study identified one of the gems as an emerald; moreover, on the basis of the Na content, they ascribed it to the Habachtal (Austria) deposit.


20

garnets of known provenance, which hinders the provenance identification, even when combining

spectroscopic and compositional analysis techniques.

Fig. 5 Combined external-beam PIXE and μ-Raman characterisation of garnets used in Merovingian jewellery Calligaro, T., Colinart, S., Poirot, J.-P. and Sudres, C. (2002) Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B 189, 320–327 On the basis of chemical composition, this study recognizes 5 types of garnets: I: India, II: Rajastan, II: Ceylon, IV y V: Bohemia. The garnet inclusions are identified by means of their Raman spectra. However, in some cases the geographical identification can be considered as tentative, due to the lack of complete analyses of some types of garnets.

Some considerations: the chain of custody and the gem characterization in origin

It is obvious that the real problem to obtain a good database is the availability of the corresponding

standard gems. This problem can be been solved, as it has been done in some cases, mainly gems of the

historical heritage, by the analysis of standards of various sources. At this stage, an additional problem can

arise: does this standard gem come really from the alleged source?, who grants it?, and finally, have been

all the requirements fulfilled to confirm this origin along all the way of the gem until the laboratory? This is

what in the forensic system is named “to guarantee the chain of custody” of the proofs involved in a legal

process.

This problem would be solved if the gems of each deposit were analyzed by the mining companies, in an

independent way, as part of the marketing process. Thus, they would provide analytical data, with

specification of the analysis characteristics, in such a way that they could be reproduced thereafter in the

gemological laboratories, when it is needed. This analysis, characteristic of the gems of a certain place,

would be a kind of “protected designation of origin” that is used in some trade contexts and it would be an

added value to the gems of this place, because it makes easier the subsequent certification.

This measure could be applied to color gems, because diamonds, due to the singularities of its geological

origin, are more difficult to assign to a specific deposit with the available techniques.

Summary and conclusions

The geographic provenance of gems is an interesting feature for certification, which can be established

by means of some modern analytical techniques of Gemology and a wide database for comparison.

In the best scenery, the mining companies would provide the characteristic feature of the gem they

market, in a reproducible way.

This possibility is ruled out for diamond, for the time being.


21

BLUE PECTOLITE “LARIMAR” OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: STUDY OF FIBERS AND COLORS

José A. Espí Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid

ABSTRACT: Related to its origin, complex, almost miraculous, the colored pectolite Barhouco in the Dominican republic is a list of geologic events. Linked to its genesis and evolution, Larimar texture and color show a series of events from the birth to its occurrence in a deep ravine in the La Española Island. Analyzing images of rock’s and fibrous crystals’ sections forming the first marketable product, this presentation shows figures interpretation that often appear in the polished stone and even be seen in the finished gem.

LA PECTOLITA AZUL “LARIMAR” DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA: ESTUDIO DE FIBRAS Y COLORES

RESUMEN: Ligado a su origen, complejo y casi milagroso, la pectolita coloreada de la Sierra de Bahoruco en la República Dominicana es un listado de acontecimientos geológicos. Ligado a su génesis y evolución, la textura y coloraciones del Larimar muestran una serie de acontecimientos que transcurren desde su nacimiento a su aparición en un barranco profundo de la Isla La Española. Mediante el análisis de las imágenes de secciones de la roca y los cristales fibrosos que forman el primer producto vendible, la presentación va mostrando una interpretación de las figuras que muchas veces se trasladan a la piedra pulida y que incluso se aprecian en la joya terminada.

Introduction and methods

In the Dominican Larimar and its microscopic examination, findings about colors, fibers and their

configuration are very difficult to establish and it is no possible to recognize crystallization sequences and

relationships with its surround geology. Then, it was decided to reproduce its direct image sometimes by

polished sections. The captured image was scanning the polished surface and expanding it to enhance the

desired effect.

Results and interpretation

Color Phases

In Figure 1 it appears phases succeed by depletion of color causes. Transparent pectolite appears linked to

outside, the green pectolite rests always in the country rock and taking it the color cause. Blue color sudden

is changing and its fiber are slightly longer than the green one to run out and go to the white. This is an

almost complete sequence of color temporal relationships.

The pectolite appearance

Not all pectolite reached same way to the crystallization site. Thus, the transparent one has penetrated on

the plant stem through the cylinder walls as the channels showed in Figure 1. Furthermore, in other

situations, especially in small stems, channel is wider and diffuse.

The color and fibers

Green, blue and sometimes white pectolites, are those that show fibrous texture, often long size, as

indicated in Figures 8 and 9. Also, blue, elongated fibers form bundles and change color by collision with

others growing in other directions such as in the texture "honeycomb" (Figures 1) or a “cross” when four

centers crystallization exist along the stem.


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Fig. 1. Larimar entering by a side duct stem and crystallization textures "honeycomb"

Substitutions

Clearly, the bluish pectolite, always posthumous, is able to replace the green one, but also in the early

crystallization stages, when first pectolite phases invade stems and its contents, and then, organic matter is

replaced by pectolite that becomes a black mineral but with pectolític nature. Subsequent arrivals (always

in a short time) replace both the organic matter and gaps on all sides, including cracks in organic material.

Deformations

Figure 2 shows crushed stalks filled with a wet and deformed plastic phase of coked organic fragments.

Rolling stem and internal movement signals are abundant. All these movements were performed while

stem turned on its axis and colored pectolitas were crystallizing.

Fig.2 Organic stems deformation proceeds the filler with very plastic phase and rolling signals

Metals and sulfides

Native copper is always between crystallization stages and always connected to latest and blue pectolite

(Figure 3). Pyrite is relatively abundant, especially in early mineralization stages of organic material,

indicating its possible origin.


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Fig. 3. Copper is always between two crystallization stages and connected to the latest and blue pectolite

Fruits and seeds It is curious and surprising the conservation degree of some fruits and in some cases, matches calls

pectolite "balls", prized by miners (Figure 4). There is also abundant calcite in the core with pure and

translucent blue color.

Fig. 4. Fruits named as "Larimar balls" are prized by miners

Crystallization time There are plenty reasons to understand about the short time happened between the first organic matter

substitutions and the arrival of another blue-green pectolite color. So tread signals in stems (Figure 5),

internal deformations (fractures and plastic phase motion) are contemporary with final settlement signals

(flat bases, pectolite segregations parallel to the steam base and colored pectolite depositions in the inner

core).


24

Fig. 5. Rolling signals stems. Internal deformations are contemporaneous with definite settlement signals

(flat base, parallel to the base segregations, pectolite colored stools in the inner core)

In the case of colored pectolite filled fractures and upward, it just mixed or replaced the primitive or almost transparent pectolite. That is, between the first stage and the following transparent pectolite must have sufficient time for the primitive pectolite have crystallized. Coloring pectolite The color is a crucial aspect, since this mineral makes no aesthetic value whatsoever in the common variety, the white, but it is a jewelry object when it appears with a defined color. Moreover, among the two commercial varieties, green and blue, it is latter (and turquoise) the most sought. There are always much interest to understand causes that have transformed the pectolite color, having

formulated many theories. One of the very few works that have been done on this topic corresponds to the

article entitled "Colored pectolites, so-called Larimar, from Sierra de Bahoruco" of K. Sorbent, R. Thum and J.

Wannemacher (1991). This paper recognizes the pectolite hydrothermal origin, linked to the last stage of

serpentinization basaltic series, providing minerals as calcite, natrolite, chalcedony and hematite. Furthermore,

there are some cases that contain native copper. The pectolite, according to authors, as fibrous crystals, has

been studied in several varieties linked with color (pure white, green, light blue and blue). These samples have

been analyzed for their major and trace elements, in addition to ATD, s on them. Its conclusions refer to the

association of green with color centers (disappearing at 240 ° C) and blue dyes are linked to the presence of

relatively high amounts of vanadium (up to 134ppm).

Furthermore, the work performed by J A. Espí in 1997 relying primarily on trace geochemistry and

petrography, was reached in both hand samples as in microscopy and analytical values, the presence of

manganese was related to the bluish color and there is always a high copper content (according to K. Bente).

However, high vanadium levels do not appeared. Also, Dr. Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt Bernhard RU-University

Bochum, who has studied selected profiles in pectolite crystals with different colors, show no explained

variations in pectolites to move from white to colored, in the same crystal fiber.

Therefore, as a last contribution, in 2010 was held to be sampled by choosing among all those well classified

varieties from the pectolite crystallization sequence. The sampling preparation of geochemistry was carried out

with great care, separating wall rock from the crystallized mineral trying to relate pectolite crystallization with

the color envelope and geochemical profile, but considering also their origin and the forming episode. Thus,

the pure green color was extracted from the large vacuoles that appear inside the basalt and related to the

early stages of mineralization. Then, care was taken to choose it when shows no coloration which corresponds

to an invasive phase in other breakage levels occupying organic matter holes. Finally, it was chosen a sample of

extraordinary blue color, without any mixture of other colors and shades.


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V (ppm)

Cu (ppm) Cr (ppm) Mn (ppm)

Blue Pectolite 1ª 143 58 24 282

Pectolite completely white and transparent 7 19 8 857

Green and Pink Pectolite 6 10 8 864

Pectolite and calcite, white and green. Vacuole 4 14 17 412

Contact Clay-Blue Pectolite 11/067 103 83 573 1167

Rock contacted the Green Pectolite 11/069 129 60 134 911

Basalt with vacuoles 252 111 718 1435

Red clays in core. 44m 144 913 100 558

Table 1. Geochemistry of selected Larimar samples

Conclusions

It is clear that corresponds to bluish pectolite relatively high vanadium and copper contents. The other colors lack these levels of both metals. Furthermore, these vanadium high levels and copper are typical of rock types in which are located bluish pectolites as paleosoils and volcanic basalts, configuring the leach-deposition pattern between the surrounding rock and the holes in basic volcanites and the paleo-stream clays.


26

CONFLICT DIAMONDS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Mª Pilar Diago Diago Dpto. de Derecho Privado, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009-Zaragoza, España. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The main objective of the Kimberley Process certification system (KP) is to exclude the flow of the so-called conflict diamonds from the legal market. To this end a series of measures have been developed and each participating country has to adopt them according to its internal rules and jurisdiction. One of the immediate consequences of the system is the limitation of the "free trade" on a global scale. This is a milestone in the field of international trade and deserves special attention.

After a period of implementation of the Regulations (KP), it is necessary to analyze the results achieved and one of the most important issues facing today is the possible modification of the definition of "conflict diamond" in order to cover situations involving violations of human rights that nowadays escape the filters set by the system and its rules, an issue that also will be analyzed in this paper.

LOS DIAMANTES DE CONFLICTO Y EL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL

RESUMEN: El objetivo fundamental del Sistema de certificación del Proceso Kimberley (PK) es el de excluir el flujo de diamantes de conflicto al mercado legal; para ello se elaboran una serie de medidas que cada país participante adopta conforme a su propia normativa interna y en su jurisdicción. Una de las consecuencias inmediatas del sistema es la limitación del “libre comercio” a escala mundial, esto constituye todo un hito en el ámbito del comercio internacional que merece una atención especial.

Tras un periodo de implantación del Reglamento (PK) resulta necesario analizar los resultados alcanzados y una de las cuestiones más importantes que se plantean en la actualidad es la posible modificación de la definición de “diamante de conflicto” para abarcar otras situaciones que también entrañan violación de los Derechos humanos y que, sin embargo, escapan los filtros establecidos por el Sistema y su normativa, cuestión que también será objeto de análisis.

I. Introducción

Entre todas las gemas, puede que el diamante sea una de las que más fascinación despierta, como

demuestra el porcentaje tan elevado de negocio internacional que se genera alrededor de su

comercialización2. Ahora bien, lo que no sería más que una realidad comercial se convierte en fenómeno

siniestro cuando es el tráfico de diamantes el que ha provocado, y sigue provocando, efectos devastadores

sobre la paz y la seguridad de países exportadores de estas gemas. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad

exponer la problemática que generan los conocidos como “diamantes de sangre”. Se abordará, un análisis

de los mecanismos jurídicos que tratan de poner fin a este triste fenómeno y se concluirá con una reflexión

acerca de la necesidad de que el sistema avance para poner coto a otras situaciones que, igualmente,

generan violación de Derechos humanos y que se relacionan, directamente con el comercio internacional

de diamantes.

II. Origen del Sistema de Certificación del Proceso Kimberley (PK)

Los diamantes extraídos a finales de los años 90 en Angola, Congo, Liberia y Sierra Leona, financiaron

grupos armados y alargaron conflictos sangrientos. El filme “Blood Diamond”, protagonizado por Leonardo

Di Caprio, conmociono a la opinión pública al describir la situación que vivió Sierra Leona y que era la

2 DIAGO DIAGO M. P “El Comercio internacional de gemas” en Osácar Soriano, M.C (ed.) Actas de las I

Jornadas Internacionales sobre Gemología científica en la sociedad actual (Zaragoza, 9-12 de abril de

2008). Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza (España), 2008. p. 58 a 71.



27

misma que se produjo en el resto de países señalados. El Frente Unido Revolucionario controlaba las minas

y con el beneficio de las ventas de diamantes, adquiría armas y apoyo bélico que alimentaba una guerra

cruenta en la que la violación de Derechos humanos fue sistemática: desde la esclavitud, las torturas,

mutilaciones, violaciones, hasta el asesinato.

A ello se unía la iniciativa conjunta de Amnistía Internacional y Global Witness, generándose una presión

internacional que obligo a Nacionales Unidas a aprobar medidas concretas a través de la Resolución 55/56

(2000), en la que se insta a la Comunidad Internacional a preparar escrupulosa y urgentemente medidas

eficaces y pragmáticas para solucionar este grave problema3. Es así, como se crea el Sistema de

Certificación del PK cuyo objetivo fundamental es excluir los diamantes de conflicto del mercado legal.

III. Funcionamiento del Sistema de Certificación Proceso Kimberley (PK)

La resolución citada dio lugar al Reglamento nº 2368/2002 por el que se aplica el sistema de certificación

del P.K para el comercio internacional de diamantes en bruto modificado por el Reglamento de ejecución

(UE) nº 786/2013 de 16 de agosto de 20134. El resto de países participantes adaptaron el sistema a su

normativa. Todos los países participantes se comprometen a que cada remesa de diamantes se acompañe

del certificado que declare que los diamantes en bruto no son diamantes conflictivos. Tales certificados

tiene que cumplir unos requisitos mínimos. Además, entre otros compromisos, es vital el que cada país se

asegure de que ninguna remesa de diamantes en bruto se exportará o importará de un país no

participante.

Esta normativa entraña una clara limitación al principio de libre comercio a escala mundial, que viene

justificada por el intento de ruptura de la relación triangular reconocida por Naciones Unidas entre

comercio de diamantes, conflictos armados y violación de Derechos Humanos. Ahora bien, son muchos los

problemas que genera, pues téngase en cuenta que opera en el marco del Derecho del Comercio

internacional, en el que está en juego la soberanía de los Estados y los principios de igualdad, beneficio

mutuo y consenso5.

IV. Definición de diamantes de conflicto: clave para la delimitación del ámbito de actuación del

Proceso Kimberley (PK)

Los diamantes conflictivos son diamantes en bruto utilizados por los movimientos rebeldes o por sus

aliados para financiar conflictos encaminados a desestabilizar gobiernos legítimos, según los describen las

resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Nacional Unidas (CSNU) vigentes al respecto u otras

resoluciones similares del CSNU que puedan adoptarse en el futuro, y tal como los entiende y reconoce la

Resolución 55/56 de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (AGNU) u otras resoluciones similares de

la Asamblea que puedan adoptarse en el futuro.

Este sistema incorpora, además, una serie de definiciones especialmente importantes, pues supone una

homologación de descriptores de los diamantes y de su consideración de no tallados:

DIAMANTE: mineral natural que consiste esencialmente en carbono puro cristalizado en el sistema

isométrico, con una dureza 10 en la escala de Mohs, un peso específico de 3,52 y un índice de

refracción de 2,42;

3 Dentro del ámbito de la UE destaca otras iniciativas como la Posición Común del Consejo de 29 de

octubre de 2001 para luchar contra el tráfico ilegal de diamantes a efectos de contribuir a la prevención y resolución de conflictos v. DO L 286/2 de 30-10-2001. 4 DOUE L222/2

5 Para un análisis exhaustivo de esta cuestión v. DIAGO DIAGO M.P “El comercio internacional de

diamantes: Sistema de certificación del Proceso Kimberley” en Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional (marzo 2009) vol. 1. N1 1 p. 72 a 91 disponible en www.uc3m.es/cdt

http://www.uc3m.es/cdt


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DIAMANTES EN BRUTO: diamantes no trabajados o simplemente aserrados, exfoliados o

desbastados, descritos en el Sistema Armonizado e incluidos en las partidas 7102 10 00, 7102 21

00, y 7102 31 00 de la nomenclatura combinada

Obsérvese que sólo recibe la consideración de diamantes en conflicto, los diamantes en bruto6. Ello es así

porque una vez manipulados, se evapora su origen. Fluyen al mercado legal y terminan integrados en

piezas de joyería que el consumidor final adquiere, sin conocer el origen del diamante. Obsérvese,

igualmente, la limitada configuración que recibe la descripción de diamantes de conflicto. Sólo serán

aquellos utilizados por movimientos rebeldes para desestabilizar gobiernos legítimos.

De esta forma se trataba de poner fin a las guerras civiles ya mencionadas. No debe olvidarse, sin embargo,

que muchos sistemas políticos de países de producción de diamantes son dictatoriales y que se siguen

cometiendo violación de Derechos Humanos al calor de la extracción y, posterior, comercialización de

diamantes, aunque estos, no entren en la estrecha definición consagrada en el PK.

V. X Aniversario del Sistema de Certificación Proceso Kimberley (PK): ¿es necesaria la

renovación?

Kimberley celebró su Asamblea general en Sudáfrica los días 19 a 22 de noviembre, acogiendo el X

Aniversario del PK. Uno de sus logros mayores es la adhesión de gran parte de los países exportadores e

importadores de diamantes. La puesta en marcha del sistema de certificación con el apoyo de los países

participantes, ha hecho posible frenar el comercio de diamantes de conflicto. De ahí, que pueda

considerarse éste un instrumento de prevención de conflictos, cuya cobertura jurídica es única y singular.

Tal cobertura podría ser, también, utilizada para evitar los conflictos que genera la extracción de otras

materias primas como el coltán.

Ahora bien, no se ha terminado del todo con este mercado de diamantes de conflicto y todavía existe un

gran desconocimiento y falta de implantación. Hasta ahora la crisis más importante ha tenido lugar en

diciembre de 2011 cuando la ONG Global Witness decide abandonar el PK al no producirse una evolución

para acabar con los vínculos existentes entre diamantes-violencia-tiranía.

Al respecto, resulta especialmente importante resaltar la propuesta de la presidencia norteamericana del

PK (2012) que sugirió la reformulación del ámbito en el cual debe estar llamado a desplegar sus efectos el

sistema de Certificación. Los conflictos que generan los diamantes ya no son sólo los descritos, sino que se

ha producido una cierta evolución hacía otros: gobiernos tiránicos y opresivos, condiciones de trabajo

infrahumanas, semi-esclavitud.

La violación de los Derechos humanos se sigue produciendo y una redefinición de “diamantes de conflicto”

podría convertirse en un instrumento útil para tratar de contenerla. Corresponderá en todo caso a China,

país participante que asume la presidencia durante 2014, el impulso de las medidas que permitan un

deseable avance del PK en la línea expuesta. Habrá que esperar para saber cual será el papel que

desempeñe, al que no será ajeno los intereses económicos que en estos momentos tiene este país en

África.

6 v. DIAGO DIAGO M.P “Las gemas como objeto de protección en la normativa internacional (Proceso

Kimberley)” en Osácar Soriano, M.C (ed.) Actas de las I Jornadas Internacionales sobre Gemología

científica en la sociedad actual (Zaragoza, 9-12 de abril de 2008). Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza

(España), 2008. p. 72-90.


29

BEAUTY or THE BEAST – CUTTING CORNERS CUTTING GEMSTONES

G. Dominy F.G.A. (with Distinction), Canada

ABSTRACT: Two diamonds, both 6.50mm in diameter, both VS1 clarity, G colour and cut to ‘Ideal’ proportions yet one costs 25% more…….why?

In this thought-provoking seminar, Geoffrey Dominy F.G.A (with Distinction), author of ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ delves into the complexities of cutting gemstones, from the dramatic effect it can have on the overall value to the ‘Grey’ areas that cutters often exploit in grading systems and price guides to enhance their bottom line.

When science and economics collide…..anything can happen.

LA BELLA O LA BESTIA – ASPECTOS COMERCIALES DE LA TALLA DE GEMAS

Dos diamantes, ambos de 6,50mm de diámetro, ambos de pureza VS1, color G y tallados con proporciones ‘ideales’, pero uno cuesta 25% más que el otro… ¿por qué?

En este seminario, Geoffrey Dominy, FGA (con honores), autor del libro “The Handbook of Gemmology”, invita a reflexionar sobre las complejidades de la graduación de calidad de talla de gemas, desde el efecto dramático que puede causar la talla en el precio y hasta las áreas de sombra en listados de precios utilizadas con frecuencia por los lapidarios para conseguir valoraciones mayores.

Cuando la ciencia y la economía colisionan… todo puede pasar.

The moment a mineral is cut and polished, the science of mineralogy ends and the science of gemmology

begins—it is the line that separates the two. Indistinguishable and unidentifiable from the crystal that was

pulled from the earth, the resultant gemstone is now judged purely by the style and quality of the cut, the

degree of inclusions present and of course the colour.

To the hobbyist, gem cutting is an art form, free from any economic pressures or compromises. Often, he

will cut stones for his own enjoyment, oblivious to current market trends or conditions, unaware of any

market constraints.

To the commercial cutter, cutting is a numbers game, a gamble where the difference between making

money and losing money can be very small indeed. Often he will be forced to compromise in order to

realize a profit.


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Unlike other earth sciences, gemmology is full of economic considerations, be it at the mining, cutting,

wholesale/retail levels or from an appraisal standpoint. No function of our industry escapes these economic

factors.

In this thought-provoking seminar, gemmologist Geoffrey M. Dominy F.G.A (with Distinction) and author of

‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ draws on over 30 years of experience to delve specifically into the

complexities of cutting gemstones.

Topics covered include the role of the lapidary and the diamond cutter, the importance of yield and how

shape, clarity, colour, cut, optical phenomena and market considerations affect the overall value of a

gemstone.

He will also explore the ‘Grey’ areas that cutters often exploit in grading systems and price guides to

enhance their bottom line, how their intimate knowledge of the these grading systems can help them

achieve this goal and the role creative marketing plays in todays market.

Join him for this interesting, informative and unapologetic look at gemstone economics and why ‘Cut’ is

perhaps the most important ‘C’.

When science and economics collide - anything can happen.


31

ANALYSIS OF THE DEFECTIVE AND IMPURITY CENTERS IN STRUCTURE OF DIAMONDS FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTH EAST OF THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM BY INFRARED SPECTROMETRY, ELECTRONIC PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE METHOD

I.V. Klepikov1, Y.V. Nefedov2, S.M. Sukharzhevskii3, O.P. Matveeva2, E.A. Vasiliev2, G.F. Anastasenko1

1: Department of Mineralogy, Geological faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia. 2: GRMPI department, National Mineral Resources University, Russia. 3: Resource center "Magnetic resonance methods of research", Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.

ABSTRACT: Authors investigated a collection of Anabar diamonds (120 individuals) by methods of infrared spectrometry, an electronic paramagnetic resonance and a photoluminescence. On IR spectrums for all studied crystals of diamond concentration of nitrogen (in the form of defects) were calculated. For reconstruction of thermal conditions of diamond formation were plotted Taylor Wayne diagrams with calculated isothermal curves. Selection of crystals of various color (yellow, brown, pink, green) was studied and the conclusions about dependence between the color and presence of nitrogen defects in the crystal structure were done.

Also the main photoluminescent defects in crystals of diamond of a studied collection were revealed. Some features of studied individuals were shown only in photoluminescence ranges.

By means of the EPR (electronic paramagnetic resonance) method 20 crystals were divided into 3 types on ranges of EPR and one crystal was investigated in more detail.

ANÁLISIS DE LOS CENTROS DEFECTO E IMPUREZAS EN LA ESTRUCTURA DE LOS DIAMANTES DE LOS DEPÓSITOS ALUVIALES DEL NORDESTE DE LA PLATAFORMA SIBERIANA, POR TÉCNICAS DE ESPECTROMETRÍA IR, RPE Y FL

RESUMEN: Se ha estudiado una colección de diamantes de Anabar (120 ejemplares) por espectrometría IR, RPE y FL. Mediante los espectros de IR de todos los cristales estudiados, se ha calculado la concentración de nitrógeno (en la forma de defectos). Para la reconstrucción de las condiciones térmicas de formación del diamante se han representado diagramas Taylor Wayne con las curvas isotermas calculadas. Se ha estudiado una selección de cristales de varios colores (amarillo, marrón, rosa, verde) y se han obtenido conclusiones acerca de la dependencia del color con la presencia de defectos de nitrógeno en la estructura cristalina.

También se han caracterizado los principales defectos luminiscentes en una colección de cristales de diamante. Algunos rasgos de las muestras estudiadas se han mostrado solo en rangos de fotoluminiscencia.

Utilizando la técnica RPE veinte cristales han sido clasificados en tres tipos según rangos de RPE y un cristal ha sido investigado con más detalle.

Authors investigated a collection of Anabar diamonds (120 individuals) belonging to the museum of

mineralogy department of Saint Petersburg State University. The aim of the research is to detect specific

features of the diamond crystals from diamond placer deposits of Anabar-Olenek interfluve area by means

of infrared spectrometry, electronic paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence.

Infrared spectrometry. The research was conducted on spectrometer Vertex 70 using IR-microscope

Hyperion1000 with 4 cm-1 resolution and 32 scans averaging. Spectra of optical density were normalized to

its own two-phonon absorption. The nitrogen concentration was calculated using the program for visual

selection by the reference absorption spectra A, B1 and C (programmer Kovalchuk O.E.) with known

coefficients of proportionality [Boyd et al, 1994, 1995]. The relative errors in A and B1 defects concentration


32

determining were up to 10%, depending on the shape, thickness, presence of inclusions and surface quality.

In addition to the A and B1 defect concentration, absorption coefficient bandB2 was also studied.

The concentration of nitrogen in diamond crystals N, and the degree of aggregation of nitrogen %B were

calculated. Studies have shown that according to the physical classification the vast majority of diamonds

collection are of the type IaAB, that is, nitrogen is present in the form of A and B defects (Fig. 1).The total

nitrogen concentration N in diamond crystals from the alluvial deposits of the North-east of the Siberian

platform ranges from 0 (minimum) ppm in a colorless dodecahedroids to 2946 (maximum) ppm in brown

fragment of the octahedron.

Figure 2 shows the absorbance spectra of the two crystals, showing the variations in the concentration of nitrogen and

the degree of nitrogen defects aggregation. In the spectrum of the crystal pr 157 only A system is observed, no bands B1

and B2 are represented, while in the crystal 276 there is only B1 system which proves that there were significant

differences in their thermal history. These crystals are extreme cases of nitrogen defects transformation among A- B1,

and B2 range. Significant temperature variations indicatethat there may have been a great number of primary sources.

Fig.2.The absorption spectra of diamond crystals № pr 157 (A-defect) and № 276 (B1-defect).

It is known, that the degree of nitrogen defects aggregation depends on the nitrogen content in the

diamond, temperature and the time of its being exposed to this temperature. These parameters are usually

analysed using the Taylor diagram that shows dependence between nitrogen concentration and nitrogen


33

defects aggregation level [Taylor, 1990]. For studied collections the Taylor diagram was constructed (Figure

3).

Anabar diamonds were compared with the data by Nefedov Y. (2012) about the Ural and the Brazilian

diamonds from alluvial deposits(the collection ofthe Museumof theNational

Mineral Resources University). It has been observed that the Brazilian and Anabar diamonds are very

similar in terms of the formation. However Anabar diamonds very in the total nitrogen concentration less

than the Brazilian crystals. The crystals of the Urals are the most compact on the Taylor chart and they have

a wider range of temperatures than the diamonds of Brazil and Anabar.

Diamonds of Anabaro-Olenek interfluves have absolutely different color (see Fig. 4).

а b c

Fig.3.Taylor diagram for the 120 studied crystals of diamond.


34

d e f

Fig. 4. Color variations of researched crystals of diamonds.

It is well known that absolutely pure diamond is transparent [Solodova et al, 2008]. Its color is always

associated with the presence of its own or impurity defects in its crystal structure. Various colors and tones

depend on different defects and their correlation.

Using spectrometry method the nature of diamond crystals coloration from alluvial deposits of the North-

East of Siberian platform was studied. Absorption spectra in the range 190-800 nm were registered on a

double-beam spectrophotometer UV-2550PC from Shimadzu Company with resolution1 nm.

Yellow color of the diamonds depends on presence and amount of N3 and C nitrogen defects, which were

detected in the studied crystals. Figure 5shows the spectrum of the crystal m33with a characteristic N3

absorption system and spectrum of the crystal pr 19 602 which proves the existence of structural C defect.

Both crystals are characterized with saturated yellow color.

a b

Fig. 5 –Absorption spectrums of the crystals m33 (a) andpr 19 602 (b)

Photoluminescence method. To investigate the photoluminescence spectra modular spectrofluorometer

by Horiba with double monochromator excitation and detection, equipped with a microscope Olympus was

used. Software Fluoressence based on Origin was used. Measurements were made at 77 K. This equipment

has been used to study 95 crystals. The excitation was produced by monochromatic light from a xenon

lamp. Used excitation light wavelengths of 300, 350, 500 nm, helped to reveal all the luminescence centers.

We have established the following systems of radiationin spectra:


35

N3 - with the zero-phonon line of 415-416 nm (95 crystals, 100% of the total sample);N4 - with the zero-

phonon line 344.2nm (72 crystal, 75% of the total sample), H3 - with the zero-phonon line 503.2nm (41

crystal, 43% of the total sample), the band 575 (7 crystals, 7% of the total sample) system 637 (8 crystals,

9% of the total sample), GR-1 system with the zero-phonon line 740.6nm (1 crystal, 1% of the total sample).

Examples of listed spectra centers are shown in Figure 6.

Fig. 6.Diversity of the PL spectra of the investigated crystals of diamond.

Of greatest interest are poorly studied strip 575 and 637nm system (see Fig. 7) associated with nitrogen

centers (NV0) and 637 (NV-) nm that were obtained on synthetic crystals grown by the CVD method at

temperatures from 1000 to 1500 C (Qi Liang, Chih-shiue Yan et al, 2008). According to other data (Evans,

1984), such centers were obtained at temperatures of 1300-1600oS and the pressure of 5-8 GRa.

583 636 689

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Fig. 7. The photoluminescence spectrum of the sample 1581, containing the strip 575 nm and 637

nm.Excitation 500 nm.


36

Titkov S.V. et al (2012) obtained similar results about the photoluminescence of Anabar dodecahedral

diamonds and came to the conclusion that this proves the epigenetic high plastic deformation. Our data on

the photoluminescence supports this conclusion.

EPR method. Using the EPR method, 21crystals of diamonds of different colors (yellow, brown, green,

smoky, colorless) and morphology (dodecahedroids, cuboids, octahedra) on the EPR spectrometer

ELEXSYSE580 (X-band) at temperatures below room temperature were investigated. Experimental

conditions: power Pmv = 1.5 mV; modulation Bmod = 1 G; ΔBscan = 120 G = operating frequency Fsvch

9389.4 MHz, power on the device Psvch = 20 dB, the number of steps-4K; while writing 4 minutes, 200

savings point.

Based on the data obtained, all the studied crystals were divided into 3 types of spectra: 1) the spectrum of

atomic nitrogen 2) the spectrum with intens central impulse 3) the spectrum with a small central wavy

impulse. In some crystals pulses paramagnetic centers were not found.

For more information on the spectrum, for some samples shooting conditions varied - the number of steps

per sweep, the number of accumulations in each point of the spectrum, the sweep rate of the magnetic

field, etc. Figure 8 shows the spectra of the samples m33 and pr19602. By varying the conditions of the

sample spectrum m33 measurement, we were able to show that the structure of this diamond is more

complicated - there are many splits. Both studied samples have yellow color. For shooting they were

oriented at crystallographic direction 110, matching facet of rhombododecahedron. Consequently, the

spectra can be compared with each other. Fig .shows that the spectrum of the sample pr 19 602 an order

more intense than m33. Besides, the sample spectrum pr 19 602 is more simple. In these samples the

nitrogen defects N3 (m33) and C (pr 19 602) were previously detected. EPR spectra confirm the presence of

atomic nitrogen in both samples, this is shown in the form of lateral paired impulses.

Fig. 8. Shooting conditions and EPR spectra of diamond crystals m-33, pr 19 602.

602

m-33

602

m-33


37

REFERENCES:

1. Boyd S.R., Kiflavi I., Woods G.S. The relationship between infrared absorption and the A defect

concentration in diamond // Phil. Mag. B, 1994. Vol.69, P.1149-1153.

2. Boyd S.R., Kiflavi I., Woods G.S. Infrared absorption by the B nitro-gen aggregate in diamond // Phil.

Mag. B, 1995. V.72, P.351-361.

3. Taylor W.R. Nitrogen-defect aggregation characteristics of some Australian diamonds: time-

temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds // Am. Mineral., 1990, V. 75,

P. 1290-1310.

4. Vasilyev E.A., Kozlov A.V., Nefedov Y.V., Petrovskij V.A., Structural features of Uralian, Anabar and

Brazilian diamonds detected by FTIR, Mining Institute reports, 2012. V.200 - P. 18-22;

5. Solodova Y.P., Nikolaev M.V., Kurbatov K.K., Diamond gemology, Agat, 2008. P. 416\

6. Q. Liang et al., Recent advances in high-growth rate single crystal CVD diamond, Diamond and

Related Materials, Volume 18, Issues 5-8, pp 698-703 (2009).

7. Zudina NN, SV Titkov and other. Centers of photoluminescence in cubic diamonds from placers

illuvial northeastern Siberian platform and their genetic significance. Annual Session 2012 Fedorov Session:

'Mineralogy in the whole space of this word. "Proceedings. 2012. s. 117-118.


38

DOMINICAN AMBER: ORIGINS, COLOR AND TEXTURES

José A. Espí Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid

ABSTRACT: Amber on La Española Island appears in various geological environments, although due to similar situations differs because ores are in different tectonic units. Texture and sometimes color are related to the specific conditions of its formation. This “stone” though often studied still has many unknowns.

EL ÁMBAR DOMINICANO: GÉNESIS, COLOR Y TEXTURAS

RESUMEN: El ámbar de la Isla La Española aparece en diversos ambientes geológicos que, aunque obedecen a situaciones parecidas, se diferencian al encontrarse en unidades tectónicas diferentes. La textura y, a veces, el color poseen significados que se relacionan con las condiciones específicas de su formación. Esta “piedra” aunque muchas veces estudiada aún presenta muchas incógnitas por resolver.

General geographic conditions

Simplifying, Dominican amber appears in two major geographic domains: in the Northern Cordillera and

Eastern Cordillera.

1. The Northern Cordillera

In geological terms, amber stratigraphic series participates with three fundamental terms: a conglomeratic

base, an episode dominated by clay levels and sandy rhythmic series.

Amber always is presented together with organic matter, either in their imprints (leaves and branches sings

with iron oxide) by oxidation or by retaining its integrity in carbonaceous shales lying between levels or

inside of amber. Amber is bound to detrital episodes but in low energy: shale clays. Amber occupies a more

or less developed furrows filling them and spreading over a wide stratigraphic level. However margins are

paleo-stream places of maximum amber concentration, where current energy was lower. All series tells us

about a very close situation to the river bank near landmasses with small erosion episodes.


39

2. The Eastern Cordillera

In this domain amber appears in the following geological conditions:

Wrapped with all kinds of organic materials (leaves, roots, etc.) and elemental sulphur efflorescence.

Pieces sometimes are more than medium size and very irregular.

With sandy material and plant debris.

In clays with shells, fossil fragments and presence of organic matter.

Close to grey clays beds.

Amber often shows signs of rolling motion speaking us about its transport way. Dispersion occurs in beds of

varied origin, but stratigraphically next. That is, we are considering that at certain times there was an

amber denudation from its position of buried material to be entrained and deposited to short distances.

Some producers recognize best mining bonanzas properly aligned; probably as paleo-streams carved within

the same clay series.

Petrographic and microthermometric fluid inclusions studies

This work was performed by the Professor R. Castroviejo research team of Polytechnic University of

Madrid. It started from different specimens belonging to the Northern Cordillera in doubly polished plates.

Fluid inclusions are relatively abundant in Dominican amber, dominating the rounded shapes, with sizes

between 10 and 100 microns. According to their content, dominate those of V (gas) and also appear some

type B (two-phase, liquid and gas). These inclusions have been classified in two types: "primary" or more

precisely “conform " to concentric surfaces of structured samples and, likely , are in the oxidation of resin

beads in contact with the air . Other cases occur in tangential arrangement of these structures and could be

secondaries, “unadjusted”.

The criogenetic results were as follows:

V - inclusions type (gas)

They are always monophasic with only gas phase. Therein has appeared unchanged during the cooling

phase.

B - inclusions type (liquid - gas)

Relations L:V variables. There have been the following phase changes:

• Cooling cycle: freezing (metastable) around -45 ° C, preceded by gas bubble disappearance to -38 º C.

• Cycle temperature recovery : first fusion to -1 ° C , final melting temperature between 1.5 ° and 1.8 ° C,

accompanied by vapour bubble sudden appearance .

Conclusions can be proposed as follows:

- The petrographic and microscopic features of V-type inclusions suggest the air presence may coexist with

other gases of organic origin.


40

- B type inclusions seem to be constituted by the same above components and water; possibly little or no

salted (no low melting points of ice formation).

The former results indicate fully sub-aerial environments. Amber already formed, sometimes in tabular

structures, was dragged along with organic matter to build an integral part of the sediment.

Information about the internal structure

Much of the amber used today in jewellery is part of cylindrical bodies in different scales (from a few

millimetres to several centimetres diameter). These rolls or "tubes" retain features that speak us about

their origin. Thus, the bodies are elongated without ever found their original endings.

Concentrically and internally are asymmetric textures, forming layers of varying thickness and not always

completed, that overlap with wedging. Often these layers have different colours and various liquid and

gaseous inclusions linked to certain environments. Insects appear folded and subject to the layer limits,

"floating" on their internal structure. The core is completely regular and cylindrical outer portion has

thinner layers and tends to turn red. In addition, this core can be completely filled with bubbles or vacuoles

and even contain insects, never plant material is preserved.

In short, these facts speak us about circumstances closely linked to a micro climate without much vegetable

matter (in the near environment, a few centimetres) except for the outer layer having plant leaves, and

even the red coloration may be due to alteration. The layers welding and the insects presence tells us about

resin was still fluid and malleable.


41

The growth into distinct phases and the lack of symmetry may be accumulation result on pyramidal

horizontal beds (layered). Moreover is easy wonder same kind of insects in different layers. It means they

were caught in a very short time; amber formation must happen for episodes with great resin contribution.

The formation of Stalactitic body type seems the most plausible, but once on the ground was not affected

by other processes of organic matter incorporation.

Amber evolution as a component of sediments

Sedimentary environment differs from Eastern Cordillera to Northern Cordillera. In the first cordillera it is

predominantly clay in composition. Amber is often devoid of organic shell, except among the sandy levels

and organic matter accompanying it is not form carbonaceous beds but is another detrital element. In

short, in the horizons with clayey elements, amber was transported as result of muddy avalanche and was

buried with all kind organic elements (bone material, for example). It means a primary sedimentation stage

and probably closed to their original place.

Other issues are the detrital beds containing amber in the Northern Cordillera (although not exclusive).

Here amber form paleo-channels filling accompanied by organic matter in abundance. These paleo-

channels occur at different scales, but the most important production levels are linked to high

concentrations of carbonaceous material. Moreover, amber "tubes" are always involved laterally by organic

material (dead leaves, organic needles) and compacted as pure coal beds.


42

They are somehow "traps" on the sides of erosional channels or bottom wrinkles. Moreover, from the

exploration point of view, these tabular bodies are oriented along the flow direction. Sandy and clayey

levels containing amber concentrations are soft, enough to cause weight traits as light as amber material. In

addition, these beds paleo-concentrations were sandier, with all kinds of detrital materials (crushed

seashells, sands of various origins) and even crushed amber. Amber as a sediment suffered other various

process as erosion and transport.

Amber sheets are in discordant carbonaceous sedimentary beds with their environment. Amber is the

product of an earlier crush, when resin was in plastic form, since it retains drag and imprints of other

materials. In short, in this environment type (La Toca, Palo Alto and many others) amber appears as the

final stage of erosion-sedimentation s process, sometimes very complex.


43

FEATURES OF THE SCULPTED SURFACES FACETS OF DIAMOND CRYSTALS OF DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGY FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTHEAST OF SIBERIAN PLATFORM

Erysheva N.V. Department of Mineralogy, Geological faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.

ABSTRACT: In order to research the widespread of sculptural formations on the faces of diamond crystals has been used the atomic-force microscope (ASM) which gives the opportunity to consider in detail the ledges and hollows, the form and amount of tubercles, jagged sculpture, hatch. Found that for each morphological varieties of diamond has a kind of sculptural formation on surfaces of facets. The method of catodoluminiscence revealed the specifics of outer and inner morphology of individuals.

ESTUDIO DE LAS FIGURAS SUPERFICIALES EN DIAMANTES DE LOS DEPÓSITOS ALUVIALES DEL NORDESTE DE LA PLATAFORMA SIBERIANA UTILIZANDO MICROSCOPÍA DE FUERZA ATÓMICA Y CATODOLUMINISCENCIA

RESUMEN: Para investigar la generalidad de las formaciones esculturales en las caras de los cristales de diamante se ha utilizado la microscopía de fuerza atómica (ASM) que ofrece la oportunidad de considerar en detalle los salientes y huecos, la forma y cantidad de los tubérculos, la escultura dentada, las escotillas. Se ha encontrado que para cada variedad morfológica de diamante hay un tipo de formación escultural en la superficie de las caras. La técnica de catodoluminiscencia reveló los datos específicos de la morfología externa e interna de cada individuo.

Study of the morphology and surface microrelief of diamond crystals from alluvial deposits north-east of

the Siberian platform from the collection of the Department of Mineralogy Museum St. Petersburg State

University, revealed sculptural formations dependence on crystal faces of their morphology. These data are

possible for use in the diagnosis of various types of diamond deposits as well as for understanding the

process of growth in a given environment.

I.F. Gorinа studied diamonds Anabaro-Olenek interfluve and established the following forms of crystals:

octahedra dodecahedroids, octahedroids, cuboids, balases and transitional forms [1]. All studied crystals

can be divided into two large groups. These groups are flat and curve-faced crystals. Flat group include

octahedral crystals. Curve-faced group include dodecahedroids and cuboids. Named species were identified

in the study of visual collections under a binocular microscope. They were examined in an electron

microscope Hitachi 3000 -scattered electron (REI) without spraying.

Fig . 1. Octahedral diamond crystal with Fig. 2. Octahedral diamond crystal with

Plate- step development faces plate- wandering development faces


44

Fig. 3. Parallel splice octahedron diamond

with plate- step development faces

We can divide the studied octahedra on several varieties according to the morphological characteristics:

octahedra with flat faces, straight sharp edges and sharp corners; octahedra with plate and plate- step

development of faces, octahedra with rounded edges [2,3].

Microrelief faces of diamond crystals initially studied visually. Surface is perfectly smooth only in

exceptional cases. We can observe different types of sculptures on the same crystal in vast majority.

Microrelief on the facets of octahedra manifested in various forms and formations. Clearly stands out

jagged edges, sometimes in combination with conical tubercles, triangular vicinal, diamond-shaped,

hexagonal shape and bumps of growth, formed sinter forms.

Peaked, less truncated triangular projections and recesses of varying heights are most common on the

facets. They are located both singly and in groups, the number of such sculptures ranging from one to

several dozen within one face.

The character of development of triangular indentations is very diverse. In some crystals, and is not always

observed on all the edges of recesses of various sizes isolated. Example triangular depressions and

elevations was observed in the crystal of alluvial rivers, shown in the photograph (Fig. 4, 5), which was

made under an electron microscope. In addition, on the faces of octahedral crystals from placers clearly

expressed numerous rivers into each other in the same direction peaked, in different sizes and heights,

triangular protrusions (Fig. 5, 6.).

Many facets of octahedral crystals exhibit wavy relief, in which the trough extended alternate sites with

elevated terrain.

Sculpture of numerous tiny bumps on the background of reduced surface facets creates shagreen surface.

Small bumps are shaped like elongated, sometimes blurred pyramid. Arranged as a pyramid alone or in

groups, often merging into larger formations (Fig. 7.).


45

Fig . 4 . Triangular lifting to octahedral Fig. 5 . Numerous oriented in a single

diamond crystal direction on the faces of the triangular protrusions diamond

Fig . 6. Combination of triangular vicinal Fig. 7. Triangular convex - concave with

knobs on the verge of growth crystal diamond education diamond crystal faces

Fig . 8 Triangular vicinals in Fig. 9. Rhombic on vicinal

crystal surface of intermediate type crystal surface of intermediate type

This type of vicinal mostly distributed on wavy surfaces faces octahedral crystals. They are rounded

elevations of different heights, which are located both singly and in a series extending along one line. Shape


46

and surface of small tubercles rounded, larger bumps are triangular shape and are triangular pyramid (Fig.

8, 11.). Small bumps are often grouped together.

The vast majority of the crystals exhibit jagged edges: facets consist of a series of parallel plates.

Wherein the upper plate is always smaller dimensions compared to lower. Very often manifested faces

with speed and sculpture exhibit triangular and hexagonal pyramid in single figures, but more often in the

form of serial clusters.

Fig . 10 . The triangular recesses in conjunction Fig.11 .Triangular vicinal combined with conical crystal

with the conical tubercles on the faces and edges. growth hillocks on the crystal face of diamond.

Dodecahedral crystals habit characterized by a more complex structure of facets, than octahedral crystals.

Relief facets of the dodecahedron is expressed in the presence of mild or rough undulating surface bumpy

vicinal complicated. Some facets show a stepwise structure and how poorly developed, and roughly

pronounced hatch.

Steps are usually gentle and low on the facets of dodecahedroids, often corroded detect load in the form of

drop-shaped tubercles, which are arranged singly and in clusters. Height of the steps is much higher than

the height of the tubercles (Fig. 10.).

We have data on the structure of the crystal faces of the intermediate type represented by semi -rounded

individuals with traces cut. On the crystal facets of the intermediate type are most common teardrop

bumps, which usually do not exhibit faceting. In some cases, bumps are trihedral structure.

Concluding the description of diamond crystals, it should be emphasized that according to all of these data,

we can conclude, that the conditions can differ in the latter stages of growth of the crystal facets. Also,

possible to carry out a correlation between the shape of the diamond crystals and sculptures on their faces,

each of which corresponds to a particular type of selection.

References

[1] . Bataeva A.A. Diamonds from the alluvial deposits of the northeastern Siberian platform, St. Petersburg

2010, 65 p.

[2]. Milashev V.A. Diamond, legend and reality, Moscow, Nedra , 1976,

[3]. Milashev V.A. Environment and processes of natural diamonds , St. Petersburg , Nedra, 1994, 130c.


47

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS INTO DIGITAL COLOR ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION OF COLOR IN GEMS

Menahem Sevdermish FGA D. Litt., Gemewizard, Ramat Gan, Israel. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The accurate description of color of gemstones and colored diamonds presents a major issue both online and offline. As the gem digital business is growing exponentially every year, the online buyer is struggling with color descriptive issues that are lowering confidence in the trade and prevent it from reaching its full potential.

The Gemewizard, a digital color communication and analysis system, which we have been developing over the past decade, provides us with the power to scan, record, analyze and easily describe color data within gem images.

Using our system as a color analysis and research tool, we are able to describe, grade, price and communicate the color of gems and thus we have been exposed to vast information online and offline.

This new data enables us to achieve two major new developments:

A new comprehensive digital color master set and grades for gemstones and fancy colored diamonds which were built into the pricing systems, and the first ever digital color-based online gem marketplace, in which color analysis is performed on a vast scale, and an elaborated color search engine enables the user to search for a certain stone of a specific color.

NUEVOS DESARROLLOS DEL ANÁLISIS DIGITAL Y COMUNICACIÓN DEL COLOR DE LAS GEMAS

RESUMEN: La descripción precisa del color de las gemas y diamantes de colores fantasía supone un gran problema, tanto para comercio tradicional como online. Las ventas de gemas online están creciendo cada año, y los compradores sufren problemas con la descripción de color que minan su confianza en el mercado y limitan su crecimiento.

Gemewizard, un sistema digital de comunicación y análisis de color, desarrollado a lo largo de la última década, proporciona una herramienta para escanear, archivar, analizar y describir fácilmente el color de las imágenes de gemas.

Utilizando nuestro sistema como herramienta de análisis e investigación de color, podemos describir, graduar, valorar y comunicar el color de las gemas, de forma que se ha podido recopilar una gran cantidad de información de las fuentes online y offline.

Esta información nos permite desarrollar dos principales aplicaciones nuevas:

Una nueva y exhaustiva escala digital de patrones de color y grados de calidad de color para gemas y diamantes fantasía por un lado, y, por otro lado y por primera vez en la historia, una plataforma de marketing online de gemas basada en el color digital, donde el análisis de color se realiza a gran escala y las herramientas de búsqueda permiten al usuario buscar gemas de un color específico.


48

INTRODUCTION

The Gemewizard, a digital color communication and analysis system, which has been developed by the

author and his team over the past decade, provides the user with the power to scan, record, analyze and

easily communicate color data within gem images.

As the gem digital business grows exponentially every year, the online buyer is struggling with color

descriptive issues that are lowering confidence in the trade and prevent it from reaching its full potential.

This system can eliminate misunderstanding, uncertainty and disputes between two parties because the

seller on one side of the world is able to use a computer, a Smartphone or a tablet to communicate the

precise color description of the precious gem to his potential buyer.

THE SYSTEM

The suite of products developed by Gemewizard is based on the company’s groundbreaking color

communication technology called GemeSquare™, which has been endorsed by GIA® Education, and since

2006 has been incorporated into the GIA curriculum.

Overall, nearly 500,000 gem images were analyzed by the system and reproduced in 3D in 15 cutting

shapes. From the assembled image bank, 1146 images were chosen and arranged around the spectrum

color pie, followed by the GIA co-researcher team's review, to what was later named the GemeSquare

system.

GemeSquare, Gemewizard’s basic color-communication software application, identifies 31 master color

hues, with each visible in six tones, and each of those in six levels of saturation, creating together the 1146

colors. Every resultant color image can be generated in 15 polished gemstone shapes. The system creates

email messages enabling the color information to be sent to a third party.

The GemeSquare was followed by the GemePro™, a professional product tailored specifically for traders

and manufacturers of colored gemstones, fancy colored diamonds and jewelry appraisers. It is five times

more detailed than Gemewizard’s popular standard color communication system. The GemePro system

incorporates some 200 unique coded colors for each hue, providing a total of more than 7,000 colors. The

system also defines the borders of the “fancy” colored diamond grades (yellow, green, pink, etc.), enabling

a quick definition of the fancy color grade.

The system also allows the user to convert, numerically and graphically, between the Gemewizard digital

color system, GIA®'s color definition terminology, Munsell® book of colors, CIE L*a*b* color space, and

computerized Red-Green-Blue (RGB) and Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Key (CMYK) values.


49

Figure 1: the Gemewizard convertor.

APPLICATIONS

Bundled together within the GemePro, the Sampler™ is a module that analyzes a digital image of a colored

gemstone or fancy colored diamond and automatically defines its color makeup. Using a proprietary

algorithm, the sampler digitally analyzes images of gems in 2,500 to 10,000 sections. The module retrieves

the “Color DNA” of the image and calculates the average and dominant colors of the gem.

After realizing its potential, the team used the Sampler for a much larger scale survey. The system was set

to automatically search the web for gems offered for sale. For every gem found, the Sampler analyzed the

colors of the images and copy the textual information provided, including the price. By conducting the

method described, real-time online trading information from over $250 million worth of fancy-colored

diamonds and gemstones is recorded at any particular moment. The information is derived from the whole

gamut of trading, including dealers, manufacturers and retailers. The online inventory is mapped out and all

the gemstones are recorded in the Gemewizard's database.

The combination of color analysis and the recorded textual data, led to the development of GemePrice™

grading and pricing abilities. GemePrice is an online wholesale pricing system that assigns prices to

diamonds, fancy colored diamonds and gemstones according to the color codes generated by Gemewizard.

The system offers an exclusive solution to the international diamond and gemstone market, displaying the

exact color combination along with the price and relevant gem parameters.

The system includes a Jeweler Pricing Station module, designed to serve jewelers and retailers and enables

them to determine the price of a piece of jewelry by obtaining the individual current cost-price of each and

every component of which the jewelry item is composed. As a result, the centerpiece gem, as well as each

of the additional gems used in the jewelry, and the type of precious metal, can be valued in one aggregate

appraisal report.

The capability to analyze, determine, price and communicate the color of gems, paved the way to the next

level – online trading; The GemeShare™ platform, online color-based trading platform. The gem owner

"commits" to the Gemewizard color image and description provided, giving a guarantee that the stone is as

it is described – what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG). The potential buyer, for his part, searches for a


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certain stone of a specific color and is provided with matching items belonging to businesses around the

world.

Figure 2: GemePrice screenshots.

RESEARCH

Using the Sampler system, as a research tool, the team is able to describe, record, grade, price and

communicate the color of gems.

An ametrine crystal, displaying unusual color distribution, was examined by the system to retrieve its color

distribution. By inspecting the specimen from top- and side-views, a rare 'trapiche'-like pattern (Figure 2) of

citrine orange stripes crossing amethyst purple background, was identified. The stripes are aligned

perpendicular to the c-axis in three directions, according to the crystal trigonal structure.

The system was also used to analyze pleochroism within anisotropic gems.

Fine quality rough tourmaline gems are mined in Morogoro Tanzania.

These gems of unique earth tone colors, ranging from reddish orange to brown to yellow and green, were

the subject of a color analysis and research.

These highly dichroic gems show a variety of colors and intensities from different angles.

The unique dichroic color combinations are typical to this area only, and cover a very large portion of the

visible spectrum save purple, violet and blue.

Strong dichroic colors components were apparent in all gems, ranging from green to yellow to orange to

red. In some gems, the color components were quite different from the overall make-up appearance. As

seen in figure 3, the makeup of the yellowish Green tourmaline (earth tone color) were 85% of dark slightly

yellowish green and 15% of very light yellowish green was found.


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By comparing the retrieved colors with the calcite dichroscope observation's colors, a correlation was

identified. This revelation enables the team to record the extent of pleochroism in these gems by digitally

measuring the ratio. The side-effect discovery and its capabilities, is currently a subject for an ongoing

research.

Figure 3: tourmaline analysis.

The system can function as a color variety consultant also.

Such was the case with a unique multi-colored andradite garnet gem, displaying an attractive color zoning

of green and yellow colored stripes that was tested by the system as part of a consultation service. The gem

was sent to a GIA laboratory for identification, prior to the color analysis and received an identification of

an andradite garnet, without noting a demantoid variety name. Further explanation given by the GIA

laboratory director, explained that the GIA laboratory cannot identify it as demantoid due to the fact that

demantoid gems are green colored.

Comparing the analyzed color components of the gem with the system's grade chart, confirms that the

green area indeed corresponds with the demantoid definition. However, the yellow area was found to

correspond with general andradite garnet (without a specific variety name). The smallest area, made of

strongly yellowish Green color, was found to be closer to the demantoid definition, yet the green shade

was not dominant enough.

The results provide a reasonable explanation for the GIA report. Although the major color component,

medium very slight grayish yellow green corresponds with the demantoid typical colors, its portion was

found to be small and does not represent a sufficient portion of the gem color’s mixture. According to the

analysis, a multi-colored andradite is a more suitable name for the tested gem.

Opal color analysis is an ongoing research. In order to visualize and better understand the gem's

phenomenon, the team is using the Sampler system to inspect the play of color effect. Since the Sampler


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was originally designed to define the body color of gems, a system modification was performed, and the

sensitivity recalibrated to be twice as sensitive as the regular sampler. By doing that, the system enables to

provide the main color groups and their ratios within the overall appearance of the gem. From the resultant

list, the body color hues were eliminated and the colored flashes were left for analysis.

For example, this 8.89ct oval cabochon-shaped Ethiopian opal (Figure 4 left hand side) was analyzed by the

system. The opal displays a massive play of color effect, in a pin fire pattern, distributed all over the dome.

As seen in Figure 4, the main colors that the sampler identified were Red (5.88%), Orange (0.37%), Yellow

(0.37%), Green (1.48%), Blue (1.48%) and Violet (0.37%).

The results demonstrate the visibility of the effect and its intensity – almost 10% of the gem reflects play of

color flashes. Moreover, the effect is not limited to a few colors, but rather their combinations cover the

entire spectrum. Looking at the Color DNA (Figure 4 right hand side) it is clearly evident that the colored

reflections are distributed all over the DNA results, reflecting spreading over the entire dome.

Figure 4: opal analysis and prices.

UPCOMING DEVELOPMENTS

Future applications are already undergoing fine tuning and quality assurance checks. The current testing

state of the Gemewizard lighting box is beta. Once finalized, the box will offer an imaging tool for gems for

scientific reference and commercial uses, as well as a worldwide lighting standard for analyzing gems' color.

In addition, the researches above lead to important insights regarding the system. The data collected is

used as a guideline for developing a newer version of the Sampler system, offering a wider range of

scanning capabilities.


53

New visual grading rulers, tailored specifically for certain gems, are under development. The new ruler

icons are aimed for gems characterized and priced by other attributes, such as optical phenomena and

texture, which exclude them from the common grading method and demand their unique language - i.e.

opal, jade, turquoise etc.

In the Gemewizard's vision, the new system modules would move towards a single fully integrated system.

The new system will offer the user, i.e. laboratory, gemologist, appraiser, gem dealer, etc., a one-stop-

station to photograph, analyze, grade, price and trade of gems.

Figure 5: Search, match and compare process.


54

SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN GEMMOLOGY: WHAT, WHEN, HOW?

Helena Calvo del Castillo Université de Liège. Centre Européen d'ArchéométrieAllée du 6 Août - Bât. B.15Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège Belgium. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Most gemmologists use a restricted but effective series of instruments to correctly identify a gemstone: Optic microscope, refractometer, polariscope, hydrostatic balance and spectroscope. Provided some expertise is present, these tools allow the practised gemmologist to determine the geological environment, in which the gemstone has grown, the laboratory procedure by which it has been synthesised or the treatment the gemstone has undergone – in most of the cases.

Of all these techniques, spectroscopy is more often than not restrictively performed in the visible spectral range. The purpose of using prisms or diffraction grating spectroscopes is reduced to observing the absorption and fluorescence features of gemstones as a fingerprint for identification. Other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are frequently disregarded within the everyday practice outside gemmology-research laboratories.

This paper, aims to approach a variety of spectroscopic methods, namely Ion Beam Induced techniques, Luminescence, Raman, or FTIR, to a general audience by answering the following questions: What spectroscopic techniques are available? When should they be applied? How do they work?

MÉTODOS ESPECTROSCÓPICOS EN GEMOLOGÍA: ¿QUÉ, CUANDO, CÓMO?

RESUMEN: Una gran parte de los gemólogos emplea una reducida gama de instrumentos, suficiente para identificar correctamente una gema: Microscopio óptico, refractómetro, polariscopio, balanza hidrostática y espectroscopio. Estas herramientas permiten determinar al gemólogo experimentado el origen geológico, el proceso por el cual ha sido sintetizada o el tratamiento que ha sufrido – en la mayor parte de los casos.

De todas estas técnicas, la espectroscopía es frecuentemente realizada en el rango visible del espectro. El uso del espectroscopio de prisma o rejilla de difracción se reduce a la observación de las bandas de absorción y fluorescencia de las gemas como huella dactilar para su identificación. Las otras porciones del espectro electromagnético no son frecuentemente consideradas en la práctica cotidiana fuera de los laboratorios de investigación en gemología.

Esta comunicación aspira a acercar una variedad de métodos espectroscópicos, entre los cuales se cuentan las técnicas de haces de iones acelerados, luminiscencia, Raman o FTIR a un público general, respondiendo a las preguntas siguientes: ¿Qué técnicas espectroscópicas pueden ser aplicadas? ¿Cuándo deben ser aplicadas? ¿Cómo funcionan?



55

LUMINESCENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION (PL & DIAMONDVIEW) IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF TREATED, SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL DIAMONDS

Juan S. Cózar1, Adrián Andrada2, Valentín García2

1.-Instituto Gemológico Español. Laboratorio de Investigación y Certificación de IGE&Minas [email protected] 2.-Departamento de Altas Presiones, Química-Física 1. Facultad de Químicas. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

ABSTRACT: In the beginning of the 21th century the appearance of the gem-quality synthetic colorless diamonds grown by CVD, the HPHT treatments and the combined treatments they make indispensable the application of luminescent technologies on cryogenic temperatures to confirm the identification.

In this presentation are shown the obtained results in synthetic diamonds, synthetic treated and natural treated, using a Raman microspectrometer and a Linkam modified cryogenic slide. There have been obtained PL spectra on environmental temperature and -180ºC that confirm the need of low temperatures to detect PL emission that are masked by the Raman emission working on environmental temperature.

The obtained information has been compared with DiamondView´s images.

APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS DE LUMINISCENCIA (FL, Y DIAMONDVIEW) A LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS DIAMANTES NATURALES, SINTÉTICOS Y TRATADOS

RESUMEN: En los comienzos del siglo XXI la aparición de diamantes sintéticos de calidad gema crecidos por el método CVD, los tratamientos HPHT y los tratamientos combinados, hace indispensable la aplicación de técnicas luminiscentes a temperaturas criogénicas para confirmar la identificación.

En esta ponencia se muestran los resultados obtenidos en diamantes sintéticos HPHT y CVD, en diamantes sintéticos tratados y en diamantes naturales tratados, utilizando un microespectrómetro Raman y una platina criogénica Linkam modificada. Se han obtenido espectros FL a temperatura ambiente y a -180oC que confirman la necesidad de las bajas temperaturas para detectar las emisiones FL que son enmascaradas por la emisión Raman cuando se trabaja a temperatura ambiente.

La información obtenida ha sido relacionada con las imágenes de DiamondView.

INTRODUCCIÓN

La aparición de la nueva generación de diamante sintético, el CVD, así como el tratamiento de alta presión

y temperatura (HPHT) en los diamantes naturales, sintéticos y en los diamantes naturales irradiados, ha

complicado aún más la labor de los laboratorios de certificación. Ya no es suficiente con disponer de

medios económicos para poder adquirir una técnica analítica avanzada. La solución de muchos de estos

problemas requiere la interpretación de una combinación de datos obtenidos por medio de distintas

técnicas. Por otro lado hay que tener en cuenta que en el caso de los diamantes la aplicación de esas

técnicas se complica aún más al tener que utilizar temperaturas criogénicas si se quieren obtener

resultados fiables como se verá a lo largo de esta ponencia.

En el caso de los diamantes tratados por HPHT incoloros el joyero e incluso muchos laboratorios

gemológicos no pueden identificar estas piedras. Solo pueden hacerlo los laboratorios muy especializados

que disponen del equipo adecuado, las personas adecuadas que utilicen el equipo y una base de datos

experimentales. GIA afirma que puede detectar “casi todas las piedras tratadas por HPHT” pero reconoce

que puede haber un pequeño porcentaje de piedras extremadamente puras que no ofrezcan datos

espectroscópicos reveladores. También admite que algunos casos los declara como de origen del color

indeterminado. Hay que tener en cuenta que el diagnóstico de los rasgos espectroscópicos de absorción o



56

emisión que se observan en los diamantes sintéticos CVD actuales pueden llegar a estar en el futuro por

debajo de los límites de detección de los instrumentos actuales, debido a la mejora en la pureza y

crecimiento de estos materiales, por lo que los laboratorios implicados en la identificación deben continuar

desarrollando métodos de reconocimiento.

Desde que hace catorce años General Electric consiguió buenos resultados en el tratamiento de alta

presión y temperatura (HPHT) en diamantes marrones del tipo IIa, los diamantes naturales más raros,

transformándolos en incoloros incluso hasta el grado D, han aparecido nuevas firmas que realizan también

este tipo de tratamiento: Bellataire y Suncrest en Estados unidos y parece ser que están funcionando otras

em presas en Rusia, China, Corea e Israel.

Sin duda es el mejor tratamiento conseguido para el diamante, revalorizando la gema hasta niveles

extraordinarios. Después de quince minutos el grado de color de un diamante puede mejorar de forma

espectacular. Cuando se empezó a comercializar estos diamantes por Pegasus Overseas Limited (POL) en

Amberes, conocidos por el nombre de diamantes Pegasus, quisieron valorarlos al mismo precio que los no

tratados con la escusa de que el tratamiento era estable y no detectable. Sin embargo una directiva de

CIBJO de 1999 exigió a sus laboratorios que estos diamantes fueran declarados en los documentos como

diamantes tratados. La Federación Mundial de Bolsas de Diamantes en una resolución aprobada en el

Congreso Mundial del Diamante celebrado en octubre de 2004, exige que en los certificados de los

laboratorios se informe, de manera evidente y sin ambigüedades, que son diamantes tratados por HPHT.

De todos modos el tratamiento HPHT para diamantes incoloros se considera un negocio modesto debido a

que solo funciona con los diamantes marrones del tipo IIa que al fin y al cabo representan menos del uno

por ciento de todos los diamantes naturales. Por otro lado hay que considerar también que el proceso es

muy comprometido puesto que los errores pueden ser muy graves tanto al no conseguir el color esperado

como por los posibles daños que se pueden provocar a la gema. Esto obliga a estas empresas a seguir una

campaña constante de I+D para aprender a no cometer errores.

También se someten a este tratamiento los diamantes con mucho más nitrógeno, de tipos Ia y Ib para

conseguir colores amarillos y verdes. Combinando este tratamiento con el de irradiación se consiguen

colores rosa y rojo. Estos diamantes son detectados en los laboratorios especializados con absoluta

fiabilidad.

Se han conseguido grandes avances en la producción de los diamantes calidad gema crecidos por HPHT y

sobre todo en la nueva generación por el proceso CVD. Hasta ahora los diamantes de peso superior a 0,3 ct

se detectan de manera fiable en los laboratorios especializados, pero se están empezando a encontrar

grandes lotes de diamantes CVD, de tamaño inferior, mezclados con diamantes naturales. Esto está

empezando a generar un grave problema a la hora de tener que diferenciarlos cuando están montados en

joyas. El reto está actualmente en conseguir la técnica adecuada para su detección que permita un costo

analítico rentable.

Con los datos mostrados en esta ponencia se pretende aportar un grano más de arena para la solución de

estos problemas con que nos ha dado la bienvenida el siglo XXI.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS MUESTRAS

Referencia Origen Características Peso

DNZ Natural Clase Ia, Grado Z 0.66 ct

DNT1 Natural Brown, irradiado electrones 0.70 ct


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DNT2 Natural Irradiado electrones 0,41 ct

DNT3 Natural Irradiado neutrones 0,39 ct

DNT4 Natural Amarillo, tratado HPHT 0.33 ct

DNT5 Natural Tratado HPHT, irradiado, tratado LPLT 0.40 ct

DNT6 Natural Verde, irradiado electrones

DSHPHT1 Sintético HPHT Incoloro, ruso 0.31 ct

DSHPHT2 Sintético HPHT Incoloro, ruso 0.19 ct

DSHPHT3 Sintético HPHT Marrón, ruso, bruto 0.38 ct

DSHPHTT1 Sintético HPHT Irradiado+calentamiento, rojo, ruso 0.35 ct

DSHPHT4 Sintético HPHT Verde 0.26 ct

DSHPHT5 Sintético HPHT Rosa, Chatan 0.23 ct

DSHPHT6 Sintético HPHT Marrón, De Beers 0.09 ct

DSHPHT7 Sintético HPHT Incoloro, De Beers 0.30 ct

DSHPHT8 Sintético HPHT Azul, Morion 0.14 ct

DSHPHT9 Sintético HPHT Azul, Chatan 0.18 ct

DSHPHT10 Sintético HPHT Azul pálido 0.35 ct

DSCVDT1 Sintético CVD Tratado HPHT, Gemesis 0,39 ct



DSCVD1 Sintético CVD Policristalino

TÉCNICAS

Microespectrometría de FL. Dependencia de la temperatura

Los espectros de absorción, por ejemplo en el visible, son espectros vibrónicos, es decir electrónico-

vibracionales, de modo que los picos debidos a transiciones electrónicas se ven enmascarados por las

bandas vibracionales. La baja temperatura disminuye la intensidad de las vibraciones permitiendo un

espectro en el que se manifiestan con más nitidez los picos electrónicos y aparecen otros nuevos.

Los espectros de dispersión Raman no se ven afectados significativamente por la temperatura. Sin

embargo, con una excitación de 532 nm, la emisión FL se intensifica notablemente al disminuir la

temperatura, pudiendo llegar en algunos casos incluso a enmascarar la radiación Raman dispersada, tal y

como queda reflejado en la Figura 1. Debido a esto se justifica la necesidad de utilizar temperaturas lo más

bajas posible.


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540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

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CVD1_298K

CVD1_93K

Longitud de onda (nm)

DSHPHT4_298K

DSHPHT4_93K

Figura 1. Dependencia de la temperatura de las bandas de fotoluminiscencia (575 y 637 nm) en dos

muestras de diamante sintético HPHT y CVD.

Para obtener los espectros Raman/FL se empleó un sistema Raman confocal de la firma BWTEK, modelo

VoyageTM BWS435-532. Este sistema está compuesto por un láser de banda estrecha de excitación a 532.0

nm con una potencial nominal máxima de 21.8 mW. Además, la potencia del láser es ajustable mediante

varios filtros de densidad neutra de 79, 50, 25, 10, 5 y 1%. El espectrofotómetro consta de un

monocromador simple de doble paso con un intervalo espectral desde 531.4 a 664.5 nm, con una

resolución de unos 3 cm-1. La detección de la radiación se realiza mediante una CCD Hamamatsu modelo

S10141-1107S, refrigerada termoeléctricamente a -20oC, con un área efectiva de 122x2048 píxeles. El

microscopio confocal, modelo Olympus BX51, dispone tres objetivos 10x, 20x y 50x así como una

plataforma xyz donde se sitúa la muestra que se puede mover en las direcciones x, y,z. Además, dispone de

una cámara digital tipo PGR ChamaleonTM que permite monitorizar el punto exacto de incidencia del láser.

El dispositivo completo se controla mediante el software BWSpecTM. Los espectros FL se registraron a

temperaturas de 298 K (25oC) y 93 K (-180oC), manteniéndose con un error de ± 0.1oC durante el tiempo de

medida. Para ello, se empleó una placa criogénica Linkam, modelo THMS600, la cual empleaba nitrógeno

líquido como líquido criogénico. L

Luminiscencia en el DiamondView

Se utiliza una fuente de radiación UV de longitud de onda menor de 225 nm. El diamante al ser excitado

emite una luminiscencia superficial procedente de las zonas en las que están distribuidos los distintos


59

defectos estructurales del cristal causantes de emisiones características. Esto se corresponde también con

los distintos patrones de crecimiento que caracterizan a los diamantes naturales, sintéticos de HPHT y

sintéticos de CVD (Fig 2).

DIAMANTES NATURALES

DIAMANTES SINTÉTICOS

HPHT CVD

Figura 2. Imágenes de DiamondView en diamantes naturales y sintéticos

RESULTADOS

Características espectroscópicas conocidas

En el proceso de HPHT además de la reorganización macroestructural, desaparición de planos de

deslizamiento y dislocaciones, tiene lugar la disociación de los agregados de nitrógeno dando lugar a mayor

número de átomos de nitrógeno disperso que a esas temperaturas atrapan vacantes negativas y neutras

aumentando la cantidad de los conocidos centros N-Vo (575 nm) y N-V- (637 nm).

Las experiencias realizadas han demostrado que todos los diamantes naturales y sintéticos CVD con

nitrógeno, estudiados, que han sido tratados por HPHT contienen los dos centros y que se cumple la

relación de intensidades N-V- > N-Vo, tal y como se muestra en la Figura 3.


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530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

575 nm

Inte

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d (

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DNT5

DNT4

DSCVD2

DSCVD3

637 nm

Figura 3. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de los diferentes diamantes naturales y sintéticos con nitrógeno

tratados por HPHT.

Así mismo, en la Figura 4 se observa que todos los diamantes sintéticos de HPHT con nitrógeno contienen

los dos centros N-V o, al menos, los N-V-.

540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642

637 nm

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DSHPHT10

DSHPHT6

DSHPHT5

DSHPHT4

DSHPHTT1

DSHPHT3

DSHPHT2

575 nm

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1er orden

Raman

Figura 4. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de los diferentes diamantes sintéticos por HPHT con nitrógeno. Todas

las muestras presentan centros N-V- (637 nm) y sólo algunos centros N-Vo (575 nm).


61

Por otra parte, la Figura 5 muestra que los diamantes naturales con mucho nitrógeno que no han sido

tratados por HPHT contienen pequeñas cantidades de centros N-V-, pero no contienen los N-Vo.

540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660

In

ten

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DNT2

DNT1

DNZ

637 nm

Figura 5. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de los diferentes diamantes naturales con nitrógeno. Se observa la

presencia de los centros N-V- (637 nm) así como la ausencia de centros N-Vo (575 nm).

Características espectroscópicas no analizadas en estudios previos

615 nm.- Solo se ha detectado en todos los diamantes naturales y sintéticos que han sido irradiados (véase

Figura 5).

543 y 545 nm.- Solo se han detectado en los diamantes sintéticos de HPHT marrones De Beers.

549, 558 y 563 nm.- Solo se han detectado en los diamantes sintéticos de HPHT sin nitrógeno azules.

658 nm.- Solo se ha detectado en todos los diamantes naturales y sintéticos con nitrógeno.

588 nm.- Solo se ha detectado en todos los diamantes naturales y sintéticos con nitrógeno que han sido

tratados por HPHT.


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Figura 6. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de los diferentes diamantes naturales y sintéticos irradiados. La banda

de fotoluminiscencia centrada a 615 nm es característica de este tipo de muestras.


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Figura 7. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de tres diamantes naturales irradiados (A, B y C). La banda de

fotoluminiscencia centrada a 615 nm es característica de este tipo de muestras así como la imagen de

DiamondView (D).

A B

Figura 8. Espectros Raman/FL (93K) de un diamante natural tratado por HPHT,irradiación y LPLT (A). Los

rasgos característicos del tratamiento combinado se complementan con la imagen determinante de

DiamondView (B).


64

PRESENTATION: THE HANDBOOK OF GEMMOLOGY

Geoffrey M. Dominy F.G.A (with Distinction), Canada

ABSTRACT: In 1367, at the insistence of Don Pedro the Cruel of Sevilla, Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Prince Aquitaine (1330 –1376) helped quell an insurgence by Don Pedro’s own brother at the Battle of Najera. In return, the Black Prince, demanded payment in the form of the 170 carat ruby that Don Pedro himself had taken from the body of the original owner Abu Said, the Moorish Prince of Granada, who many believe he had stabbed to death.

Unfortunately for Edward of Woodstock the 170 carat ruby was not a ruby… it was a red spinel.

Times have certainly changed since the days of Edward of Woodstock. Fortunately we no longer rely on colour purely as the basis of gemstone identification, we rely on science.

Enter ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’……..

Gemmologist and author Geoffrey M. Dominy F.G.A (with Distinction) and internationally renowned gemstone photographer Tino Hammid have teamed up to bring the newest offering to the gemological table. Combining state of the art technology that allows you to view their book on your computer, iPhone, iPad, android or e-reader, ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ consists of 654 pages and over 700 colour photographs, diagrams and illustrations and is divided into three sections, ‘Gemmology’, ‘Reflections by Tino Hammid’ and ‘Gem Identification’.

Join author Geoffrey M. Dominy as he demonstrates the book and talks about his passion for gemmology.

PRESENTACIÓN DE “THE HANDBOOK OF GEMMOLOGY”

RESUMEN: En 1367, ante la insistencia de Don Pedro el Cruel de Sevilla, Eduardo de Woodstock, Príncipe de Gales, Duque de Cornualles y el Príncipe de Aquitania (1330 -1376) ayudó a sofocar una insurgencia del propio hermano de Don Pedro en la batalla de Nájera. A cambio, el Príncipe Negro exigió el pago en forma de un rubí de 170 quilates que el propio Don Pedro había tomado del cuerpo de su dueño original Abu Said, el príncipe moro de Granada, que muchos creen que él mismo había apuñalado hasta la muerte.

Por desgracia para Eduardo de Woodstock el rubí de 170 quilates no era un rubí... era una espinela roja.

Los tiempos han cambiado desde la época de Eduardo de Woodstock. Afortunadamente, ya no confiamos solo en el color como la base de la identificación de piedras preciosas, nos basamos en la ciencia.

Bienvenidos a “The Handbook of Gemmology”…

El gemólogo y autor Geoffrey M. Dominy FGA (con honores) y el internacionalmente reconocido fotógrafo de piedras preciosas Tino Hammid se han unido para llevar esta nueva oferta a la mesa gemológica. Combinado con la tecnología más avanzada que permite ver el libro en el ordenador, iPhone, iPad, Android o e-book, "El Manual de Gemología” consta de 654 páginas y más de 700 fotografías a color, diagramas e ilustraciones y se divide en tres secciones: "Gemología", "Reflexiones por Tino Hammid' e “Identificación de Gemas”.

Únete al autor Geoffrey M. Dominy en su presentación del libro y comparte su pasión por la gemología.


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Gemologist and author Geoffrey M. Dominy F.G.A (with Distinction) and internationally renowned

gemstone photographer Tino Hammid have teamed up to bring the newest offering to the gemological

table. Combining state of the art technology (that allows you to download their book onto your Mac or

Windows PC, iPad, iPhone, smart phone or e-Reader), with a no nonsense approach to gemmology and

a stunning array of photographs by Tino Hammid, ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ delivers at every

level.

‘I had always admired Tino’s work and I knew that with his photographs and my words we could

create something that was unique and different. From the outset, we wanted the book to not only be

up-to-date and user friendly but also affordable. We also wanted to explore digital technology since

this would give us greater freedom and more importantly the ability to update the contents on a

regular basis’ says Dominy.

Indeed part of their marketing strategy is to update the book every year providing those who have

previously purchased the book with the opportunity to buy the latest edition at a reduced price

through their preferred client pricing policy.

Consisting of 654 pages and over 700 color photographs, diagrams and illustration, the ‘Handbook of

Gemmology’ is a lavish treat that takes the science of gemmology to a different level.

The e-book is divided into three sections: ‘Gemology’, ‘Reflections by Tino Hammid’ and ‘Gem

Identification’.

The first section covers the science of gemology, including the chemical nature of gemstones, their

physical and optical properties, basic crystallography, the absorption of light, the spectroscope,

polarized light, the polariscope, pleochroism, the dichroscope, color filters, specific gravity,

luminescence, magnification, thermal conductivity, imitation, assembled and synthetic gemstones,

enhancements, mining, gem cutting and grading.


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The center section includes 160 color plates by Tino Hammid in quarter, half and full page layouts

including not only famous gemstones such as the Hope Diamond, the Hancock Red and Green

Diamonds, the Star of Asia Blue Sapphire, the Rosser Reeves Star Ruby and the Archduke Joseph and

De Young Pink Diamonds but also a dazzling array of exceptional, rare and unusual gemstones in a

kaleidoscope of colors.

The third section covers gem identification and includes twelve chapters covering the identification of

gemstones based on their color and transparency plus natural, cultured and imitation pearls, and

advanced gem testing techniques.


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At just under $ 50.00, ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ is not only a wonderful addition to anybody’s

gemological library at an affordable price but also the ideal blend of science and the latest technology.

During this presentation, author Geoffrey Dominy takes you on a virtual tour of the book, explaining

not only the various topics covered but also the rational behind them. He will also talk about the

challenges both he and Tino faced in trying to digitize a book of this size and scope, the many

obstactles they encountered and how they were able to overcome them.

About the Authors

Geoffrey Dominy is an independent gemmologist based in Vancouver, British

Columbia and the senior jewelry appraiser on the CBC Canadian Antiques

Roadshow. He is a Fellow of the Gemmological Association and Gem Testing

Laboratory of Great Britain with Distinction, which is one of the highest

gemmological designations in the world. He has been appraising, lecturing and

teaching since 1987 and was a contributing author for both the 5th & 6th

Editions of Robert Webster’s ‘Gems’ which even today is considered one of the

most authoritative textbooks in Gemmology.

Tino Hammids’ photographs have appeared in countless books, major jewelry

publications, and advertisements. Winner of two Jesse H. Neal awards from the

Association of Business Publishers for his work with David Federman and

Modern Jeweler, he has also photographed more than a hundred Jewellery sales

catalogues for Christie’s Auction House. His business is located in Los Angeles,

California.

What the Industry is saying about the Book

(The Handbook of Gemmology) ….. – an absolutely stunning MUST HAVE eBook. Take it along on your

cellphone or tablet, flip the pages on a wide-screen computer monitor and you will quickly appreciate

this innovative approach. Filled with superb photography, hundreds of diagrams and illustrations it is

not only the best up-to-date resource for gemmology but also an excellent learning tool. Wolf Kuehn,

Canadian Institute of Gemmology.

Tom Chatham from Chatham Created Gemstones writes……”At first, I scanned the entire book and

was blown away at the depth of coverage in every discipline, presented in language every student can

comprehend and benefit from”…

“Your research on gemstones made in the laboratory was the most complete, in depth accounting, I

have ever read; almost too in depth. I can see some new competitors growing out of your factual

information”…

With Geoffrey’s unique and easy to understand style and Tino’s awesome photography this book is

gem and gemology eye candy and brain candy for budding and seasoned gemologists and anyone with

a love of gemstones. What an incredible value for so little cost……Michael D. Cowing.

Conny Forsberg of GemologyOnline writes……..”Publications spanning the entire subject of basic

gemmology are few and not showing up every day. In May of this year I received a new publication by

gemmologist Geoffrey M. Dominy who just released his contribution to the field of gemmology”.


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“It is distributed digitally for a variety of platforms and is aimed at beginners as well as professionals.

The language is straight on and easy to grasp and the subdivision of the eBook into chapters guiding

the beginner from the foundating chemistry and physics into the world of gemstones and their

properties is well thought through. Illustrations many times show gemmological/physical principles

with the aid of every day objects and situations. This approach makes the understanding easier for

beginners who then can relate to familiar things. There are many photographic illustrations of very

high quality showing everything from inclusions, different gem color qualities and the mining of

gemstones. As a fantastic bonus the book contains a whole section of gemstone images by the well

known gem photographer Tino Hammid, called Reflections“.

“If you are looking for a nice and up-to-date publication covering the field of gems and gemmology

where you have most of the information you need, go for it. I will for sure recommend this as one of

the must have to everyone thinking of becoming a gemmologist and asking me the question what

books to start with”.

“To be completely honest I will always keep ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’ in my iPad or Windows 8

pad”.

The International School of Gemmology writes……’The Handbook of Gemmology is so amazing that

I find it difficult to put into words the true importance of this work. Rather than give our readers a

long, drawn-out, well-deserved glowing review of this amazing project, let me simply say this:

“The Handbook of Gemmology by Geoffrey M. Dominy replaces Richard T. Liddicoat, Jr’s. Handbook of

Gem Identification as the single most important knowledge and reference resource in the world of

gemology and gemstones.’

This 654 page interactive masterpiece on DVD virtually eliminates the need for 90% of the other

gemology reference books on the market, and costs only: US $49.95 on DVD.

Seriously! If this project were printed and bound it would have to cost over $400.00. By using the

latest digital technology of the ‘flip-book’, Geoffrey Dominy has accomplished what many thought was

a totally impossible task: Utilizing the finest minds of this industry to produce the ultimate handbook

on gemmology, and provide it at a price that everyone can afford!

Gloria Staebler of Lithographie writes……”We want to add our voice to the chorus of enthusiastic

endorsements for Geoffrey M. Dominy’s readable, fully searchable, independently edited, and

gloriously illustrated ‘Handbook of Gemmology’. This worthwhile volume is available exclusively as an

ebook to which the author promises annual updates. We highly recommend this affordable,

indispensable reference”.

To learn more about ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’, please visit their website at:

http://www.handbookofgemmology.com

http://www.handbookofgemmology.com/


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THE SYMBOLISM OF GEMSTONE CUTTING

Viktor Tuzlukov College of Gem Cutting, Moscow, Russia

ABSTRACT: Gemstone cutting could be art, not only craft. Carrying symbols in the pattern of facets, gems could bring to the mind some associations based on these symbols. “Lapis Philosophorum” collection was the first attempt of author to reach the art-object level, to fulfill gemstones with the meaning by symbolism of faceting. Three generations of the “philosophical” stones – three ways to the comprehending of symbols, three different mechanisms of cooperation between gemstone and human consciousness. Gemstone-friend, gemstone-assistant, gemstone-teacher. Faceted stone as the carrier of author’s idea, method and feature of the master’s creative realization. Samples and video presentation.

EL SIMBOLISMO EN EL TALLADO DE GEMAS

RESUMEN: La talla de gemas también puede ser un arte, no solo artesanía. Los símbolos reflejados en la forma de las facetas de la gema pueden causar determinadas asociaciones en el observador. La colección “Lapis Philosophorum” fue el primer intento del autor de conseguir el nivel de arte en el tallado de gemas, llenando las piedras de significado especial a través del simbolismo en sus facetas. Tres generaciones del las piedras “filosofales” – tres formas de entender los símbolos, tres diferentes mecanismos de cooperación entre la gema y la conciencia del observador. Gema-amigo, gema-ayudante, gema-maestro. Las piedras facetadas como transmisores de la idea del autor, método y característica de la realización creativa del maestro. Presentación de muestras y vídeo.

A man decorated himself by symbols since the ancient age. First it was paintings and tattoos on body,

talismans and amulets on clothes, then jewelry. And, if beads or necklaces carried images of some symbols,

gemstones were just an addition to the jewelry pieces increasing its beauty, charm and, of course, value.

Today the technology level lets fill gemstone proper by meaning, depicting symbols in the pattern of facets.

The collection named “Lapis Philosophorum” or “Philosophical Gemstone”, created in 2009, has become

my first experience of using symbols in gemstone cutting. That time it contained seven stones, now - ten

stones. In design of each stone you can make out either image. And the parable was written to each stone.

This parable revealed the image into philosophical conception. In fact, two kinds of art - literature and

faceting – supplement each other. I refer to faceting as art - it is not a mistake in this case. What is the

objective of art? To call up the chain of image-bearing associations in the human mind. These associations

have emotional tint and awake an occurrence of “creative resonance” when a man wants to be a creator.

The parable gives the initial mood of the concrete image, and the gemstone, keeping this image, acts the

part of “a key” which opens well-known chain of associations in the mind.

It is important that this “key-stone”, like any art-object, is taken by people differently. A profane sees just

simple jewelry insert, a piece of mineral which is cut into some shape. But, if somebody read the parable

and saw the symbol among facets, it takes gemstone as more than just beautiful trinket. For such man this

gemstone like a friend who could sense his thoughts about problem touched in the parable and expressed

by the symbol. And the depth of comprehension of this problem depends on spiritual progress of the man.

For example, gemstone named “The World’s Treasure”. It has shape of a polished diamond seen from the

side, in profile. The crown facets repeat the pattern of standard diamond cutting. But it is visible, the outer

layer. And the star shines on pavilion, the back side which is hidden from our eyes. It means that another,

much deeper things could be hidden behind the obvious values. This idea is disclosed in the parable

connected to this stone: once man must choose the main treasure for him, and mistake could cost much


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and much… Now in practice we can say that these gemstones found new niche on the jewelry market – co-

meditation, the place traditionally taken by books, films and paintings.

It was the first generation of Philosophical stones. The symbolism of the second generation has another

level; in the difference with mentioned case, it is active.

To understand this expression, have a look at the sample. The gemstone named “The Ariadna thread” has

round shape. There are two seven-rays stars on pavilion. One star has “light” rays contained from one

facet. Another star has two-facet rays, as if darkened by lengthwise edge. These two stars with common

center are the symbol of our Universe – the one in the duality of spiritual and material aspects. Rays of the

stars alternate (or rather to say – unite) by lower girdle facets – symbol of pervasive unity, invisible cloth of

the space.

So, on pavilion we can see the space. The crown facets apply to the human nature. The star heptagon

(symbol of a man, his physical nature which reveals in his words and actions) is going to the girdle. The

same heptagon of less size is inserted in the bigger one. This is symbol of the inner nature of a man, which

manifests itself in his ideas, expectances and motives. It is worth draw attention that sides of the heptagons

are parallel – it’s the ideal case when human lives in harmony with his inner world, and his thoughts don’t

separate off the actions.

Now have a look how correlates human with space in this stone. The corners of “human” heptagon concur

with corners of the “Matter star” on pavilion. This is the way of an ordinary man which lives by the interests

of material world. But if we rotate crown facets when cutting just on one ray relatively to pavilion – a man

represented in the stone begins to go by the spiritual way. This is road of the holies, the hermits living for

the commonweal. And the main work of the stone begins just now, when I give the gemstone to the new

owner saying: “This stone carries your image. Held it and don’t forget your way and your place in the

Universe”.

What happens after that? Many of us know about thoughts materiality. And now, each time when you see

the stone, take it, admire it – the associations connected with its symbolism arise in your mind. And these

thoughts begin to change your destiny – invisibly, drop by drop. But – who knows? – may be just this

invisible correction, like the last straw, once will turn the scale and prevent the irreparable action…

There was the second generation of the Philosophical gemstones. Four years is a long time for the creative

activity, and first Gems of the third generation have appeared.

I will not talk so much about these stones, because I don’t know exactly the mechanism of its action. These

are world-view gems which change human consciousness. Such this stone acted with me, for example.

When the design of gemstone was created on the computer, I understood that it is impossible to facet it.

But when I made a step behind the impossible – I became another man. Once after finish my work I have

seen the Universe around me as this Gemstone and my consciousness also as this stone inserted into the

big one. But inserted not only by corners, like square inserts into circle, - by all facets, all edges, all essence.

That time I sensed that there are no people separate from me – only one Mankind scattered on the facets

of planet. And each man is me, with all my joys and sorrows. And one moment of this acknowledgement

gave me more than all previous life. I did not understand exactly what has happened. In fact, I faceted

whole world while faceting one stone. At the same time I faceted myself and, the most important, the way

of my transformation to the harmony of this world. That is the third generation.

The Gemstone that I talked about was donated to His Holiness Dalai Lama because it symbolically presents

the Buddhist Mandala. The Kalachakra Mandala contains 722 elements, the stone contains 722 facets as

well. Each facet reflects either aspect of the Existence. And incredible play of light in the facets gives the

obvious presentation of complexity of the Universe aspects interaction. This is good illustration of the idea,


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which expressed by one of the first “Philosophical gemstones” named “Touching to the Perfection”: the

real Master can use any features for the creative self-actualization – pen and paper, guitar and microphone,

paints and canvas, stone and lap. The main thing is the Master should have something to say and his ideas

crystallized in his work should bring joy to the people.


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SCIENTIFIC GRADE RAMAN & PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTROMETER IN GEMOLOGICAL LABORATORY

Mikko Åström and Alberto Scarani M&A Gemological Instruments -Alhotie 14, 04430 Järvenpää, Finland

ABSTRACT: M&A Gemological Instruments has developed two fully automatic Raman & Photoluminescence spectrometer models for gemological applications. The use of the spectrometer, from basic gem identification to specific advanced applications for detecting treatments and synthetic gemstones will be illustrated in the session.

Attendees of the congress workshop will be given hands on opportunity for familiarizing with the technique and understanding its functionality. New GemmoRaman-532SG model, based on state of the art TEC cooled scientific grade spectrometer will be also presented.

Besides basic gem identification by Raman fingerprint, the PL feature is extremely useful to spot for treatments and, in some cases, synthetics. Identifying jade type and possible polymer impregnation, characterizing emerald types (natural schist/non-schist and synthetics), separating natural, unheated spinel from synthetic and heat treated spinel, determining color origin of cultured freshwater pearls and coral, discriminating imperial topaz by the chromium content, these are only some of the task s the GemmoRaman-532 is able to do. The SG model extended spectral range and thermo electronically cooled spectrometer allows important diamond related studies, such as Silicon Vacancy luminescence detection for synthetic CVD diamonds and GR1 peak for irradiated diamonds. GemmoRaman-532 is also one of the few tools available for distinguishing between untreated and HPHT treated colorless natural type IIa diamonds.

ESPECTRÓMETRO DE RAMAN Y FOTOLUMINISCENCIA DE NIVEL CIENTÍFICO EN EL LABORATORIO GEMOLÓGICO

RESUMEN: M&A Gemological Instruments ha desarrollado dos modelos completamente automatizados de espectrómetros de Raman y Fotoluminiscencia. El uso del espectrómetro, desde la identificación básica de gemas hasta las aplicaciones especificas avanzadas para la detección de tratamientos y gemas sintéticas se enseñaran en la sesión.

Los asistentes del congreso tendrán la oportunidad de familiarizarse con las técnicas y comprender su funcionalidad. El nuevo modelo GemmoRaman-532SG, basado en la última generación de espectrómetros de nivel científico con refrigeración TEC, también será presentado.

Además la identificación básica de gemas mediante ( Huella digital Raman), la Fotoluminiscencia característica extremadamente útil para detectar tratamientos y, en algunos casos, sintéticos.

Identificación de tipos de jade y posible impregnación con polímeros, caracterización de tipos de esmeralda ( natural esquisto/no-esquisto y sintéticas), separación de naturales, espinela con y sin tratamiento térmico, determinación de origen del color en perlas cultivadas de agua dulce y coral, discriminación de topacio imperial por el contenido de cromo, estas son solo algunas de las tareas que el Gemmo-Raman-532 es capaz de realizar. El espectrómetro modelo SG de rango espectral extendido y termoelectrónicamente refrigerado permite importantes estudios relacionados con el diamante, tales como la detección por luminiscencia de la Vacante de Silicio en diamantes sintéticos CVD y los picos GR1 en diamantes irradiados. GemmoRaman-532 es también una de las pocas herramientas disponibles para la distinción entre diamantes naturales incoloros del tipo IIa sin tratar y tratados por HPHT.


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M&A Gemological Instruments has developed two fully automatic Raman & Photoluminescence

spectrometer models for gemological applications. The use of the spectrometer, from basic gem

identification to specific advanced applications for detecting treatments and synthetic gemstones will be

illustrated in the workshop session of International Gemological Congress in Madrid 2014.

The combined Raman & photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer is a powerful instrument for gem

identification. Current developments in miniature CCD spectrometers and laser technology make Raman

spectrometers finally affordable for small gem labs and gemologists. Raman spectrometer is non-

destructive, non-contact optical device. It works for loose and mounted as well as rough gems and it does

not require special sample preparation. In most cases it produces a diagnostic identification. All these

properties combined in single technology make Raman one of the most important tools on gemologist's

desktop in foreseeable future.

Fig 1. GemmoRaman532SG – scientific grade gemological Raman & photoluminescence spectrometer


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Basic material identification

In vast amount of cases the gem under study exhibits distinct Raman scattering and its identification is a

very straightforward process with the GemmoRaman spectrometer. The fully automatic software optimizes

the spectrum acquisition and compares the result to library items. A mathematical algorithm calculates

matching percentage between the sample and library items and displays the results in order from best to

weakest match. The result is typically fully diagnostic for the identification, and gemologist may

conveniently move on to other important tests. For example, Fig 1 shows typical Raman spectrum of

diamond and some of its simulants. The total time of the analysis varies from 20 seconds to 4 minutes

depending on the strength of Raman effect of the material and by some spectral quality choices made by

the operator.

Fig 2. Raman spectra of diamond and some diamond simulants are a good example of diagnostic properties of Raman

spectrometer.

Treatments

In some cases is possible to identify a foreign material impregnating treatment. Jadeite is commonly

treated by bleaching, dyeing and impregnation. The most commonly used chemicals for impregnation are

resins or other polymers which can be identified by series of peaks near 3000 cm-1 and 1610 cm-1. Basically,

untreated A-type jadeite does not show any Raman peaks above the 1100 cm-1 line. It should be noted that

VIS-NIR spectroscopy is needed for testing the origin of color. Typically coloring agents of C-type (dyed) jade

can not be seen in Raman or PL spectrum.


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Fig 3. Raman spectra of type A and type B jadeite.

Photoluminescence

Traditionally Raman spectrometers operating with visible wavelength laser have been considered

somewhat problematic, since some materials fluoresce uncharacteristically at the Raman fingerprint zone

masking the very weak Raman scattering effect. The extension of the spectrometer wavelength range in

order to cover a wider area at red and near infrared gives more precise understanding about the

luminescence reactions involved. Many materials, especially gems containing chromium, vanadium or rare

earth elements do exhibit characteristic photoluminescence which can be used for positive material

identification and in some cases for getting information about natural vs. synthetic origin or treatments.

For example, Fig 4 contains PL- spectra of natural unheated red spinel (green line) having characteristic set

of relatively narrow chromium related peaks at red. This photoluminescence effect is probably one of the

most known by gemologists as some times these so called ‘organ pipes’ can be seen as emission lines in

traditional optical spectroscope. If well-ordered spinel crystal lattice receives heat above 800°C it starts to

disorder. Disordering shows up in the PL spectrum so that emission peaks start to broaden, merge and shift

(red line).


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Fig 4. Photoluminescence spectrum of chromium in spinel crystal lattice.

Diamond

Photoluminescence has a bright future for the gemology as

most of its applications are still waiting for to be found.

However, as diamond is the most studied material in human

history it is not a surprise that most of the currently published

scientific PL articles are focused on diamond. Usually, a

diamond sample needs to be cooled to at liquid nitrogen

temperature (LNT) for detecting even the weakest PL signals.

MAGI have developed a cooling finger system allowing the

stone to be cooled without liquid nitrogen immersion. This

approach reduces the acquisition time and prevents

formation of ice from ambient moisture. Special metal alloy

ensures good thermal contact and cools the diamond

temperature in fast but secure manner. Fig 5. GemmoRaman LNT accessory


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CVD- diamond

One of the most important PL application of GemmoRaman-532SG is the detection of Si-V (Silicon vacancy)

peaks of CVD diamond at 737nm. This crystallographic defect has been found from some natural diamonds,

but it is still one of the most important signs of CVD origin. Si-V is very heat resistant defect and it can’t be

easily removed by HPHT post treatment.

Fig 6. Strong Si-V- peak at 737 nm is a proof of synthetic (CVD) origin of a diamond.

Detecting HPHT treatment of natural type IIa colorless diamonds

HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) treatment can be used to enhance the color grade of brownish or grayish type IIa diamonds to colorless or near colorless. Most of the larger HPHT-treated diamonds has been sold branded as GE-POL, Bellataire, Pegasus or Monarch and can be readily identified by laser inscription located on the girdle of the stone. Unfortunately it is possible to remove these laser markings by repolishing the girdle, and small stones may have entered the market without any inscription at all. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is one of the very few methods available for determining HPHT treatment

of colorless type IIa diamonds. However, this method cannot be used alone without other instrumentation,

because as a preliminary requirement, the sample under study has to be determined as natural type IIa

diamond.


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Fig 7.

HPHT-treated and untreated natural type IIa diamond LNT spectra plotted on the same graph for revealing the

obvious differences in overall appearance. All the lines have been vertically shifted for visual convenience.

Irradiated blue diamonds

Photoluminescence is also the key technology for studying naturally and artificially colored fancy diamonds.

For example, blue diamonds having their color generated by irradiation and subsequent low temperature

annealing can be separated from type IIb blue diamonds by their strong irradiation generated PL-peaks,

such GR1 peak at 741 & 744nm.

Fig 8. Strong GR1- doublet at 741 & 744nm, blue irradiated and annealed diamond, LNT.


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GEMOLOGICAL TRAINING: VIRTUAL LABORATORY

Gonzalo Moreno Díaz-Calderón Instituto Gemológico Español, Madrid

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, distance learning (via Internet) is being increasingly required by students from all over the world because they can access customized teaching without leaving their location, choose their own work schedule, study periods and work pace and due to the fact that a continuous tutoring is at their disposal, students can rely on a lifelong learning and assessment.

Particularly in the case of Gemology, although the studying is carried out by the students under the monitoring and tutoring of our specialized teaching staff, what it is absolutely essential is the practical training which allows them to get in touch directly with gems. In this context, specially developed Virtual Laboratory application allows our students to learn online how to use the laboratory toolkit to analyze and identify a gem so, what it is aimed is that our students learn the analysis protocol in order to know exactly how to proceed when going through face-to-face laboratory practices.

PRÁCTICAS DE GEMOLOGÍA: LABORATORIO VIRTUAL

Gonzalo Moreno Díaz-Calderón Instituto Gemológico Español, Madrid

RESUMEN: En la actualidad, la enseñanza a distancia (por Internet) está cada vez más demandada por los alumnos de todo el mundo. De esta forma, los alumnos tienen acceso a la enseñanza a medida, sin tener que abandonar su localidad, pueden elegir los horarios y ritmo de estudios, y tener a su disposición la tutoría online para realizar el aprendizaje continuo.

En el caso particular de la Gemología, además de la tutoría personalizada por parte de los profesores, son absolutamente esenciales las clases prácticas que permiten a los alumnos estar en contacto directo con las gemas. Para ello, una aplicación de Laboratorio Virtual especialmente desarrollada permite a nuestros alumnos a practicar online el uso de los principales aparatos gemológicos para analizar e identificar una gema. De esta forma los alumnos aprenden el protocolo de análisis que es muy útil como fase previa de preparación para las clases prácticas en el laboratorio real.


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El laboratorio virtual diseñado por el Instituto Gemológico Español divide la enseñanza de las prácticas del laboratorio en dos partes. Gemología I. Teoría y funcionamiento de los instrumentos de laboratorio

Objetivos:

- Aprender los fundamentos y el funcionamiento de los instrumentos del laboratorio - Aprender a utilizar el equipo de laboratorio - Aprender a utilizar un método en los análisis - Aprender a interpretar los resultados

Contenido

- Polariscopio-Conoscopio - Refractómetro - Espectroscopio - Balanza hidrostática - Lámpara de radiaciones ultavioletas (UVL-UVC) - Lupa binocular

Evaluación - Una vez comprendida la física del instrumental, el protocolo de análisis y la

interpretación de los resultados el alumno dispone de cajas de 12 gemas desconocidas que con ayuda del laboratorio virtual debe analizar e identificar correctamente, en cuyo caso accede a una clave de acceso para poder estudiar e identificar una 2ª caja y así sucesivamente, en un aprendizaje continuo y autoevaluativo (disponiendo siempre de un tutor con el que aclarar sus dudas).

Gemología II Gemas naturales, tratadas y sintéticas Objetivos

- Continuar el aprendizaje de Gemología I en relación al protocolo de análisis - Continuar y ampliar el funcionamiento del instrumental de laboratorio. - Aprender a identificar inclusiones en las gemas (naturales, sintéticas y

tratamientos)

Contenido

- Cajas de gemas virtuales

Evaluación - Cajas de gemas naturales, sintéticas y tratadas, que el alumno debe analizar e

identificar. - Cuando haya resuelto la 1º caja tendrá acceso a la clave que le permite realizar la

misma operación con la siguiente caja y así sucesivamente. Tanto en Gem I como en Gem II el alumno dispone de una biblioteca virtual (tabla de gemas, espectros, fichas de gemas, métodos de síntesis, tablas dicotómicas, etc. disponible en el momento que necesite realizar cualquier consulta para comprobar o ampliar sus conocimientos.


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Pantalla de inicio del laboratorio virtual desde la que podemos entrar:

- En la teoría de los instrumentos del laboratorio, su utilización y fundamento.

- Laboratorio donde elegiremos la caja de gemas y utilizaremos los instrumentos necesarios para su

identificación.

- Cuaderno de trabajo donde se irán anotando los datos del análisis realizado.

Polariscopio. Partes que lo constituyen, uso y fundamento.


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Laboratorio virtual. Instrumentos. Caja de muestras. Cuaderno de trabajo. Biblioteca

En la biblioteca. La ficha de cada gema con sus características ópticas, físicas, cristalización, yacimientos,

tratamientos… Nos ayudan a identificar las gemas de la caja de muestras del laboratorio.


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Desde el cuaderno de trabajo podemos dirigirnos a cualquier punto del laboratorio virtual.

En el cuaderno de trabajo se irán anotando todos los datos del análisis que realizamos de las gemas.


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Cuando estén clasificadas correctamente las gemas de la caja de muestras obtendremos la clave de acceso

para solicitar y resolver otra caja de gemas. También podremos comparar nuestros datos con los correctos.


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FTIR & RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL-PHYSICS PROCESSES IN THE FORMATION OF FOSSILS RESINS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION. COMMUNIC ACID.

Oscar R. Montoro,1 Juan S. Cózar,2 Mercedes Taravillo,1 Valentín G. Baonza,1

1 MALTA-Consolider Team & QUIMAPRES Team, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040. Madrid; Email: [email protected] 2 Instituto Gemológico Español. Laboratorio de Investigación y Certificación de IGE&Minas. C/ Alenza, 1. 28003. Madrid; Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this work is to provide spectroscopic evidences of possible chemical pathways that took place in the formation of fossil resins, through the reactivity of pure communic acids and their comparison with resins fossils FTIR and Raman spectra. The vast majority of fossil resins derives from natural terpene-based polymers, and therefore has an organic origin. These are classified into five classes, of which the most important is called Class I, that are composed by monomers of labdanics family (a type of diterpene) polymerized, primarily of polymerized communic acids [Anderson et al.,1992]7. The reaction processes that have taken place throughout the ages until formation of fossil resins are complex, poorly understood and little studied. Great part of the spectroscopic certain features they are of great help for the differentiation of the amber in strict sense of other natural and synthetic resins.

RESUMEN: El propósito de este trabajo es dar evidencias espectroscópicas de posibles rutas químicas que tuvieron lugar en la formación de las resinas fósiles, a través de la reactividad de los ácidos comúnicos puros (en este caso con el isómero trans-), y su comparación con los espectros Raman y FTIR de las propias resinas fósiles. La gran mayoría de las resinas fósiles derivan de co-polímeros terpénicos y por tanto, tienen un origen eminentemente orgánico. La clasificación más aceptada para las Resinas fósiles está basada en la Clasificación de Anderson et al. [Anderson et al.,1992]7, la cuál establece una clasificación en cinco Clases atendiendo a su origen químico, de las cuales la más abundante es la Clase I, cuyos componentes están formados químicamente principalmente por co-polímeros de terpenos labdánicos, principalmente por diferentes isómeros de ácidos comúnicos co-polimerizados en sus diferentes formas oxidadas y reducidas. Los procesos de reacción que han tenido lugar a través de las Eras Geológicas hasta la formación de resinas complejas, han sido poco estudiados en la literatura. Las características espectroscópicas de estos ácidos comúnicos son de gran ayuda para la diferenciación de los diferentes ámbares en sentido estricto de otros naturales y de resinas sintéticas. El ámbar es una de las piedras fósiles más extraordinarias que ha llegado hasta nuestros días. Tiene el privilegio de haber sido y ser objeto de estudio en Ciencias tan diversas como la Botánica, la Geología, la Física, la Química, la Geografía e Historia,…etc.; en áreas más concretas de éstas como la Arqueología, la Paleontología, la Pre-Historia o la Gemología y, en Artes tan dispares como la Literatura y la Cinematografía, donde ha servido de inspiración a escritores y cineastas. La motivación principal del presente estudio es la de aportar datos y tratar de interpretar las posibles

rutas químicas que tuvieron lugar en la formación de las resinas fósiles al ser sometidas, desde pretéritas

Eras Geológicas y durante millones de años, a radiación solar, presión, temperatura e incluso diferentes

composiciones atmosféricas de manera continuada.

La gran mayoría de las resinas fósiles derivan de co-polímeros terpénicos y por tanto, tienen un origen

eminentemente orgánico. La clasificación más aceptada para las Resinas fósiles está basada en la

7 Anderson K. B.; Winans R. E.; Botto R. E. The nature and fate of natural resins in the Geosphere. II. Identification, Classification and Nomenclature of Resinitas. Organic Geochemistry. 18(6), 829-841, 1992.




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Clasificación de Anderson et al. [Anderson et al.,1992]7, la cuál establece una clasificación en cinco Clases,

de las cuales la más abundante es la Clase I, cuyos componentes están formados químicamente

principalmente por co-polímeros de terpenos labdánicos, más concretamente por diferentes isómeros de

ácidos comúnicos co-polimerizados en sus diferentes formas oxidadas y reducidas. En la Figura 1, se

muestra una representación esquemática de esta clasificación.

Figura 1. Representación esquemática del sistema de clasificación de las resinas fósiles Clase I, propuesto

por Anderson et al.7

Los estudios del presente trabajo se han realizado sobre un isómero en particular de los ácidos comúnicos,

esto es, el ácido trans-comúnico puro (véase Figura 2), tratando de simular las condiciones en las que

pudieron envejecer las resinas fósiles ancestrales, (llevándole a extremos para compensar en lo posible la

evidente limitación temporal), siendo los procesos caracterizados y monitorizados fundamentalmente

mediante espectroscopia Infrarroja y Raman.

Dobles enlaces conjugados en disposición trans-.

R = CH3, trans-biformeno

R = CH2OH, trans-comunol

R = COOH, ácido trans-comúnico

R = COOMe, trans-comunato de metilo

Figura 2. Representación del ácido trans-comúnico en sus diferentes formas reducidas

Hay que recalcar que los estudios previos encontrados en la literatura están basados, en su mayoría, en la caracterización química partiendo de las propias resinitas “maduradas” a través de las Eras Geológicas (con la complejidad que implica el estudio de una mezcla terpénica presente en las resinas exudadas), hasta querer llegar a conocer los eslabones individuales que están polimerizados e las mismas. En este trabajo se ha elegido el camino contrario; esto es, partiendo de terpenos puros como unidades básicas (acreditados en la literatura como los elementos precursores mayoritarios de las resinas fósiles Clase I, como son terpenos labdánicos, principalmente ácidos comúnicos), llegar a aportar datos espectroscópicos de cómo tuvo lugar la formación de las Resinas Fósiles ancestrales. En este trabajo presentado, como ya hemos reseñado, se ha realizado con el ácido trans-comúnico.


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Los procesos de fosilización de las Resinas Fósiles a través de las Eras Geológicas, parece que han tenido lugar en dos procesos, el primero (en relación con las formas copálicas más jóvenes) por polimerizaciones iniciales de dobles enlaces conjugados y un segundo nivel de maduración posterior por reacciones intramoleculare para dar lugar a resinitas más longevas como el ámbar. La polimerización inicial de estos compuestos (Resinas Fósiles Clase I) se piensa que ocurre primeramente, a través de los grupos olefínicos terminales localizados en un extremo de la cadena lateral del labdanoide monómero (donde se presentan el dieno conjugado), predominando la adición 1,2- por impedimento estérico (o adición 14,15- si atendemos a la nomenclatura común, según Figura 2), resultando la formación de un polímero de estructura general, 14,15-polilabdatrieno, como el ilustrado en la Figura 3. Nos referiremos a esta fase como la “polimerización inicial”. Esta “co-polimerización inicial” de los labdatrienos parece ser que tiene lugar casi a la vez que las resinas son segregadas por las plantas o en las primeras semanas (o meses) desde que son expuestas al exterior.

Figura 3. Polimerización inicial de los labdatrienos.8

Nos referiremos a la segunda fase de la polimerización como “polimerización de maduración” (véase Figura 4). Los esquemas de maduración propuestos en la literatura para esta fase de mayor maduración son: a) reacciones de isomerización; b) polimerizaciones intermoleculares (por el exometileno o doble enlace exocíclico); c) ciclaciones intramoleculares. La principal característica química que lleva consigo es la pérdida progresiva de los dobles enlaces exocíclicos presentes en los co-polímeros.

Figura 4. Trímero de ácido policomúnico mostrando posibles ciclaciones, isomerizaciones y reacciones de desfuncionalización. Las flechas internas de las moléculas no sugieren un mecanismo de reacción concreto, sino que muestran la posibilidad de condensación debido a la proximidad de los carbonos olefínicos, desfuncionalización e isomerización.9 (P =Polímero)

Para realizar nuestros experimentos sobre el ácido trans-comúnico, la obtención de éste compuesto se ha llevado a cabo por extracción directa sobre las arcéstidas de diferentes especies de Juniperus, un Género de la familia de las Cupressaceae (del Orden de las Coníferas), ya que no es comercial. Para este isómero, se han llevado a cabo las medidas espectroscópicas pertinentes en condiciones ambientales, y se ha realizado la asignación espectral de los modos de vibración de sus grupos funcionales más característicos. La

8 Carman R. M.; Cowley D. E.; Marty R. A. Diterpenoids. 25. Dundathic Acid and Polycommunic Acid. Australian Journal of Chemistry 23: 1655, 1970. 9 Clifford D. J.; Hatcher P. G.; Botto R. E.; Muntean J. V.; Anderson K. B. The nature and fate of natural

resins in the geosphere. IX: Structure and maturation similarities of soluble and insoluble polylabdanoids

isolated from Tertiary Class I resinites. Organic Geochemistry 30: 635-650, 1999.


88

asignación espectral se ha basado en datos bibliográficos y cálculos mediante la teoría del funcional de la densidad electrónica, realizados ex profeso para dicho isómero. Posteriormente, para estudiar la evolución del isómero comúnico emulando (y acelerando) en lo posible la

acción de la naturaleza, se les ha sometido a alta temperatura, a alta presión, a envejecimiento acelerado

en cámara de UV y a diferente atmósfera gaseosa; siempre con la intención de mitigar en lo posible la

“etapa limitante” que hemos de tener presente y que no es otra que la imposibilidad de emular por

completo el “Tiempo de las Eras Geológicas”, es decir, los millones de años a los que las resinas originarias

de las resinitas han estado sometidas a diversas inclemencias.

Además, de monitorizar los cambios estructurales del isómero trans- por espectroscopia, para el caso particular de la temperatura, nos hemos apoyado también en los estudios realizados por Calorimetría y Termogravimetría en cada isómero.

En la Figura 5, se muestra los espectros Raman resultantes al someter a este isómero a diferentes

temperaturas, donde cabe destacar el aumento de fluorescencia al llegar a las temperaturas que por

experimentos paralelos por Calorimetría DSC y Termogravimetría ATG, nos indican que tienen lugar

procesos reactivos, que hemos asimilado como “polimerización inicial” de los análogos de resinas fósiles

obtenidos. En la Figura 6, también a diferentes temperaturas, se muestran los espectros infrarrojos del

isómero trans-comúnico, se aprecian los cambios espectroscópicos relacionados con las bandas de las

tensiones y flexiones de los dobles enlaces del ácido trans-comúnico, en especial la banda de 892 cm-1,

fruto de las flexiones C-H del doble enlace exocíclico, propio de la “polimerización de maduración”, en este

caso de nuestros análogos de resinas fósiles obtenidos.

T 175ºC

T 155ºC

Inte

nsid

ad /

u.a. T 130ºC

T 100ºC

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Desplazamiento Raman / cm-1

T 25ºC

Figura 5. Espectros del ácido trans-comúnico a 25ºC, 100ºC, 130ºC, 155ºC y 175ºC, donde se pueden observar los cambios espectrales más significativos que tienen lugar durante el calentamiento, especialmente el aumento de la fluorescencia.


89

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

927, propio oop

OH...H

Absorb

ancia

/ u

.a.

Número de Onda /cm-1

340ºC

290ºC

210ºC

180ºC

25ºC

1735

1693

16501643

16061091

1260

1320

140513841364

892 987

1618 1772

1645

Figura 6. Espectros infrarrojos del ácido trans-comúnico tras haber sido sometidos a diferentes temperaturas, zona espectral 500-1800 cm-1. Donde se muestra marcadas los modos de vibración que más sufren cambios con la temperatura (los relacionados con las tensiones y flexiones de los dobles enlaces del ácido trans-comúnico). A partir de nuestros resultados, hemos creado nuestra propia base de datos de espectros (Raman e Infrarrojo) de varias resinas fósiles de diferente datación geológica. Para ellas, y basándose en la elucidación estructural realizada para los ácidos comúnicos, se ha hecho la asignación espectral de manera más exhaustiva y precisa de dichas resinitas, con el ánimo de mejorar sensiblemente las posibles lagunas existentes en la bibliografía en cuanto a esta asignación.

Para concluir nuestro estudio, y en el caso particular del ácido trans-comúnico, se han comparado los

espectros Infrarrojo de los “análogos” tras ser sometidos a diferente inclemencia extrema de manera

aislada, con el conjunto de espectros de las propias resinas fósiles, para mostrar el parecido de la evolución

de las resinas fósiles de diferente datación, con los espectros bajo condiciones extremas a las que se ha

sometido al ácido trans-comúnico (véase Figura 7).

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Ab

sorb

an

cia

/ u

.a.

Número de Onda / cm-1

340ºC en O2

Resinita de Borneo

Ámbar Báltico

290 ºC

Ámbar de la Rep. Domi.

210 ºC

Copal de Colombia

Copal de Madagascar

180 ºC

UV d+117

Goma Copal contemporánea

Ác. trans-Comúnico


90

Figura 7. Comparativa de los espectros infrarrojo de las resinas fósiles utilizadas en el presente trabajo,

junto con espectros intercalados de experimentos que se han realizado en el presente trabajo (en este caso

envejecimiento UV y alta temperatura), para mostrar el parecido de la evolución de las resinas fósiles, con

los espectros bajo condiciones extremas a las que se ha sometido al ácido trans-comúnico.

A buen seguro, todos los datos aportados en este trabajo serán de extrema utilidad para la identificación

en la Ciencia Forense y en la Gemología, de muestras verdaderas y/o imitaciones de resinas fósiles en

general, prestando especialmente atención a los ámbares del Mar Báltico.


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GEMOLOGY AND LAW: AN EXAMPLE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION

Mª Pilar Diago Diago1 and Mª Cinta Osácar Soriano2

1: Dpto. de Derecho Privado, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009-Zaragoza, España. [email protected] 2: Dpto. de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza. C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009-Zaragoza, España. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: We present an example of cooperative and interdisciplinary education, in which Gemology and Law are combined to enhance and upgrade the education of future gemologists and jurists. The experience case is based on two Seminars about legal aspects (International Trade of gems and the Kimberley Process), chaired by a professor of Private International Law and followed by a talk. The Seminars are attended by students of both Gemology and Law, and professionals of Gemology.

Gemology students acquire not only a basis on the vocabulary and legal context of gems, but also a multidisciplinary approach about gemological questions. With respect to the Law students, the profit lies on an interesting transference of the juridical theory to the practical cases. The present globalization makes this approach especially useful.

GEMOLOGÍA Y DERECHO: UN EJEMPLO DE ENSEÑANZA COOPERATIVA E INTERDISCIPLINAR

RESUMEN: La experiencia docente cooperativa e interdisciplinar que se presenta, aúna la Gemología y el Derecho con la finalidad de enriquecer la enseñanza de los futuros gemólogos y juristas. Se desarrolla a través de dos Seminarios sobre los aspectos jurídicos de las gemas (Comercio Internacional de gemas y Proceso Kimberley), impartidos por una profesora de Derecho Internacional Privado y seguidos de un enriquecedor coloquio. En los Seminarios participan los estudiantes de las dos disciplinas así como profesionales de la Gemología.

Los estudiantes de Gemología adquieren así no sólo nociones sobre el vocabulario y los fundamentos del contexto jurídico de las gemas, sino también una perspectiva pluridisciplinar sobre los problemas gemológicos. Para los estudiantes de Derecho tales resultados se concretan, en especial, en una interesante interpolación de la teoría jurídica a la práctica. Todo ello es especialmente útil en el contexto actual de un mundo globalizado.

Introducción

La actual situación de globalización del conocimiento y de las comunicaciones favorece la incorporación de

contenidos y actividades que promuevan los enfoques pluridisciplinares de las materias a enseñar. Por otra

parte, las directrices del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior sobre el proceso de enseñanza-

aprendizaje, centrado en el trabajo del estudiante, también favorecen el desarrollo de competencias

transversales que, en última instancia, mejorarán su formación. Consecuencia de todo ello es la

revalorización del CV de los discentes, que lo hará más atractivo para un mercado laboral cada vez más

internacionalizado. Por todo ello, en los estudios de Gemología de la Universidad de Zaragoza y, de manera

pionera, se han introducido temas de Derecho Internacional Privado que aparecen íntimamente unidos a la

realidad del comercio internacional de gemas.

El Diploma de Gemología se imparte en la Universidad de Zaragoza desde 2010 como Estudio Propio, en

colaboración con AGEDA (Asociación Gemológica de Aragón). Consta de dos cursos de 130 horas cada uno y

en él se incluyen, no sólo los habituales aspectos normativos relacionados con la nomenclatura de gemas,

sino también temas de Derecho Internacional Privado, uno en cada curso. En el primer curso se dedica

monográficamente un tema a “Las gemas y su marco jurídico actual: Normativa nacional e internacional”.

El comercio internacional de gemas en el contexto de la integración mundial de los mercados es una




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realidadcuyo estudio, desde la perspectiva jurídica,resulta muy interesante como complemento de la

formacióndel estudiante. En el segundo curso se dedica otro tema monográfico a“Las gemas y su

problemática jurídica (Proceso Kimberley)”, tema de relevante actualidad en el comercio internacional de

diamantes y que ha sido objeto de amplia difusión, a través de diferentes medios de comunicación y

Asociaciones internacionales.

La novedad de la experiencia que se presenta consiste en la naturaleza mixta de su desarrollo. Se utiliza el

formato de Seminarios especializados10, en los que participan tanto los alumnos del Diploma de Gemología

como los de la asignatura de Derecho internacional Privado (último curso de licenciatura en Derecho);

también se invita a socios de AGEDA, que representaban al sector profesional.De esta forma, la actividad se

convierte en una experiencia de aprendizaje de tipo cooperativo e interdisciplinar que provoca una alta

motivación en sus participantes.En este trabajo se describe esta experiencia en la primera edición del

Diploma de Gemología de la Universidad de Zaragoza, correspondiente a los cursos 2010-11 y 2011-12.

Objetivos y desarrollo de la experiencia

Aunque la experiencia es conjunta a dos estudios, cada uno de ellos se plantea sus propios objetivos

concretos, enmarcados en su plan de estudios.

Los objetivos concretos para el Diploma deGemología eran:

Proporcionar a los estudiantes de Gemología algunos conocimientos jurídicos básicos

específicamente relacionados las gemas y la práctica profesional de la Gemología.

Introducir a los estudiantes en el lenguaje legal y en el contexto jurídico relacionado con la

Gemología

Para ello se utilizaron casos en los que se aplicaban las leyes, tanto comunes como específicas, a

situaciones reales o posibles. Valga como ejemplo la determinación de los Tribunales competentes para

conocer de un litigio surgido de una compra-venta internacional de gemas, así como la ley aplicable al

mencionado litigio.

Para facilitar el seguimiento del discurso jurídico a los estudiantes, sin conocimientos previos de Derecho,

se les proporcionó, con anterioridad, un resumen del tema a tratar, desarrollado conforme a los

paradigmas de la “enseñanza para no juristas”.

De esta forma, los alumnos de Gemología conocieron la legislación a aplicar en distintas situaciones y los

problemas jurídicos que podían surgir.

Los objetivos concretos para la Licenciatura de Derecho eran11:

Enfrentar a estudiante con supuestos reales que genera el Derecho del comercio internacional de

gemas

Ponerles en contacto con profesionales de un tema que es objeto de litigio en el ámbito

internacional

Producción de un ambiente de aprendizaje atractivo y motivador.

Mejora de la enseñanza y del aprendizaje profundo

El Seminario se componía de tres partes:

10Tales Seminarios se abrieron a aquellas personas interesadas en los mismos, encuadrándose las actividades dentro de código abierto v. como ej. post en http://www.plataformamillennium.com/n-45-seminarios-avanzados-de-derecho-internacional-privado-millennium-gemologia-y-derecho-internacional-privado-comercio-internacional-de-gemas. También se difundió la actividad en el colectivo de gemólogos de AGEDA 11Para un acercamiento a los mismos desde esta rama de Derecho ver DIAGO DIAGO Mª P. (2011) “La innovación docente en el marco del desarrollo tecnológico. El Derecho Internacional Privado como referente” AAVV Experiencias de innovación e investigación educativa en el nuevo contexto universitario, Zaragoza (2007) “Planificación de competencias cooperativas para el estudio del Derecho Internacional Privado” II Congreso de Innovación docente en Ciencias Jurídicas Málaga.

http://www.plataformamillennium.com/n-45-seminarios-avanzados-de-derecho-internacional-privado-millennium-gemologia-y-derecho-internacional-privado-comercio-internacional-de-gemas

http://www.plataformamillennium.com/n-45-seminarios-avanzados-de-derecho-internacional-privado-millennium-gemologia-y-derecho-internacional-privado-comercio-internacional-de-gemas


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exposición del tema por una especialista de Derecho Internacional Privado, la Dra. Mª Pilar Diago

Diago,

preguntas sobre el tema de los estudiantes de Gemología y Derecho

coloquio sobre el tema con los profesionales de la Gemologíae intercambio de impresiones a la luz

de la actualidad de los temas tratados

En ambos casos la participación de los estudiantes fue muy importante y mostraba tanto el interés por el

tema como un alto grado de asimilación de los conocimientos expuestos.Cabe destacar que todas

lasactividades desarrolladas son orientadas a potenciar el Study “Deep” o aprendizaje profundo12.

La evaluación de los resultados se hizo tanto por la participaciónactivaen clase como por:

a) para la Gemología, cuestiones al respecto en una prueba de evaluación escrita

b) para el Derecho, entrega de un pequeño trabajo jurídico que incorporaba una sección de

valoración personal, debidamente justificada, sobre las cuestiones que más habían suscitado el

interés del estudiante

Resultados

Como en el caso de los objetivos, es preciso reflejar los resultados para cada uno de los estudios.

En cuanto a la Gemología los principales resultados

Inmersión en el lenguaje y contexto jurídicoy adquisición de nociones básicas de las leyes

relacionadas con la Gemología

Valoración, por parte del estudiante, de las cuestiones gemológicas desde el punto de vista jurídico,

mediante el conocimiento de casos reales

Diálogo entre profesionales de las dos Ciencias (transferencia de conocimiento entre iguales)

Para los estudios de Derecho los principales resultados fueron:

• Creación de un entorno de aprendizaje atractivo

• Transpolación de la teoría jurídica a la práctica

• Fomento del intercambio y la interactividad con otros profesionales

• Favorece el aprendizaje significativo del estudiante

Cabe indicar que de todas las actividades que se realizaron, estas fueron las mejores valoradas por los

estudiantes de Derecho, tanto por la dinámica de su desarrollo como por el interés de los temas analizados.

Conclusiones y perspectivas

La experiencia descrita ha demostrado seraltamente eficaz a la hora de ayudar a los estudiantes a adquirir

un punto de vista pluridisciplinar sobre algunos aspectos de sus estudios. Este aprendizaje es

especialmente útil en el actual contexto de globalización y cambios rápidos que afecta de forma intensa a la

Gemología y que es fundamental en la práctica del Derecho Internacional Privado. Los beneficios de esta

actividad incluyen:

• La creación de un espacio adecuado para el aprendizaje

• El fomento del intercambio, la interacción y la creatividad

• El conocimiento del mayor número de entornos y de realidades

Para los docentes también supone una ganancia en tanto en cuanto implica una: puesta al día en aspectos

“periféricos” y complementarios a los conocimientos básicos.

De esta forma, se contribuye a mejorar las competencias de los futuros profesionales y, por tanto, se

favorece su integración en un contexto laboral, cada vez más internacionalizado y diversificado, lo que es

uno de los objetivos planteados en el EEES.

12RAMSDEN P. (1992) LearningtoTeach in HigherEducation London


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Por ello, no sólo no se mantiene este tipo de actividad, tan positivamente valorada tanto por estudiantes

como por los profesionales participantes, sino que se está planteando la posibilidad de introducir otros

temas imbricados en contextos amplios directamente relacionados con las gemas y olvidados en el marco

de la enseñanza tradicional centrada en el enfoque desde la perspectiva de una única rama de la Ciencia.


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TYPOMORPHIC FEATURES OF DIAMONDS FROM ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE NORTHEASTERN SIBERIAN PLATFORM

Anastasenko G.F., Bataeva A.A., Klepikov I.V., Zenchenko E.O. Department of Mineralogy, Geological faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.

ABSTRACT: The research of the internal and external morphology and phase inhomogeneity of alluvial diamond deposits of northeastern Yakutia was conducted using a scanning microscope Hitachi TM300, as well as the scanning electron microscope CamScan MX2500 S (CamScan Electron Optics, Ltd, UK) ( SEM) . A total was received about 2400 images).

Alluvial diamonds are single crystals , their fragments and splinters. Among polyhedra dominated octahedral, dodecahedroids and transitional (intermediate ) forms. The predominant morphological type are dodecahedroids . Polyhedra are combinations of plane- and curve-sided shapes.

APLICACIÓN DEL SEM AL ESTUDIO DE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DE LOS DIAMANTES DE LOS

DEPÓSITOS ALUVIALES DEL NORDESTE DE LA PLATAFORMA SIBERIANA

RESUMEN: El estudio de la morfología externa e interna y las fases de heterogeneidad de los diamantes de los depósitos aluviales del Nordeste de Yakutia se ha llevado a cabo utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido CamScam MX2500S (CamScam Electron Optics, Ltd, UK). Se han obtenido un total de 2400 imágenes.

Los diamantes aluviales son monocristales, fragmentos y lascas. Entre los poliedros dominan el octaedro, los dodecaedroides y formas intermedias. El tipo de morfología predominante son los dodecaedroides. Los poliedros son combinaciones de formas con caras planas y caras curvadas.

To study the internal and external morphology and phase inhomogeneity of diamond alluvial deposits

northeast of Yakutia raster scanning microscopes HitachiTM300 and CamScan MX2500 S (CamScan Electron

Optics, Ltd, UK) ( SEM) were used. A total of images is 2400.

Diamonds from alluvium Anabaro - Olenek interfluve are presented by single crystals, their fragments,

twinnings and irregularities splices, and fragments. Among of polyhedra, octahedra, rhombic

dodecahedron, most common dodecahedroids, cuboids and transitional (intermediate) forms were

diagnosed. The crystals are presented by combinations of flat and curve shapes.

1. Octahedra. Octahedra are busy about 23% from the total number ( 1375 ) of studied crystals . By

morphological features among them are allocated:

1.1. octahedra with flat faces, straight sharp edges and sharp corners. (Fig. 1) Usually they are colorless,

transparent and small in size - about 1 mm.

1.2. octahedra with plate and plate- step development of the faces. They are composed of overlapping

plates, gradually decreasing in size.

Number of plates on different faces can reach 10. Edges are usually straight and sharp. (Fig. 2). Octahedral

crystals often form irregularly (Fig. 3), parallel (Fig. 4) splices and splices by spinel law (Fig.5).

Surfaces of faces octahedral crystals have many sculptures, characterized by different sizes and vividness.

Back parallel triangular recess (Figure 6), coarse matting and small shallow cavity are most often found on

the faces of the octahedron.


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Surfaces of faces octahedral crystals have many sculptures, characterized by different sizes and vividness.

Back parallel triangular recess (Figure 6), coarse matting and small shallow cavity are most often found on

the faces of the octahedron.


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Fig. 6. Surface of the octahedron diamond crystal № 184

2. Rhombododecahedron.

2.1 Right facets rhombododecahedron.

These crystals are rare. They are transparent and have smooth straight facets and smooth edges (Fig. 7).

2.2 rhombododecahedron with little roundness edges. In such crystals curve-faced surfaces are spread from

the edges and does not exceed 25% of the total surface area of the faces. Rounded surfaces at the mid-rib

sometimes narrowed to very fine strips (Fig. 8).

3. Dodecahedroids. For the separation of the crystals of this group on the species we took into account the

features of the habitus of individuals and their inherent sculptural educations.

3.1. Dodecahedroids with minimal curvature of the facets are widespread in the alluvial deposits of the

district. Private individuals do not have a hatching on the facets, edges have slightly matted surface .The

ribs are distinctly expressed, usually they are curved, but sometimes offset (Fig. 9).


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3.2. Isometric dodecahedroids with clearly pronounced curvature of the facets. This species is extremely

rare. Dodecahedroids have unevenly developed facets of the crystals. They are characterized by a small

number of sculptural formations on the surface of the frosted facets, full transparency and the lack of color

(Fig. 10).

3.3 dodecahedroids flattened by L3.

Flattened dodecahedroids are spread quite widely. The degree of flattening crystals varies widely. When

we have minimum flattening at L3 on the facets, there is a characteristic hatching, closed around the

outlets triple crystallographic axis. Relief of the hatching is usually determined by the degree of flattening -

with minimal flattening it is represented by blurred strokes, but with a substantial - it is getting more relief

and it can be converted in the stair-step sculpture.

3.4 Difficult-deformed dodecahedroids. These polyhedra are predominant in the described region. The main

difference of this species is curved ribs and bending facets with the emergence of numerous sculptural

formations on the surface.


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In addition, there are crystals, which have the strongly corroded surfaces of facets and they are cracked

cracks. Usually these cracks are filled with iron hydroxides, thereby acquires yellow (to brown ) color of

the crystal. There are large gaping sculptural cracks with covered walls by narrow facet planes on the

surface of hard-deformed dodecahedroids except open and closed rectilinear cracks usually propagated

into the deep of the crystal. Cracks are usually accompanied by a variety cavities with rough edges.

4. Cuboids.

Isometric cuboids are rare. Significantly often we can find complex curve-faceted crystals (see Fig. 13),

which, by their appearance are very differ from isometric cuboids, but nonetheless they have a lot of

features in common. Most strongly developed facets have a troughs, which is reflected in curve of sided

seams and edges. On their surface elongated relief triangular pyramid and teardrop-shaped tubercles are

observed.

Concluding the description of diamond crystals, it should be emphasized that the diamond surface is rich of

the various kinds of the sculptures characterized by different sizes, topography, varying degree of

spreading. First time in our country's careful description of sculptures on the faces of diamond crystals was

performed by AA Kuharenko ( 1955). The question of the genesis of most of the accessories on the surface

of the facets of natural diamonds are currently not resolved - some authors are consider them as a result of

growth, others - as a result of the dissolution ( Fersman , 1955; Kuharenko , 1955; Gnevushev , 1955

backgammon, 1958, Orlov, 1962 , etc.).


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COLLECTION OF DIAMONDS IN THE MINERALOGICAL MUSEUM OF SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY.

G.V.Barjudarova, S.Y.Yanson and G.F.Anastasenko Department of Mineralogy, Geological faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia.

ABSTRACT: The formation of the collection of diamonds in the museum of the department of the mineralogy of St-Petersburg State University stated in 1875 -1877 with the purchasing several small Brasil crystals from well-known merchant C.F.Pecha. Following appending of the collection dates to 1912-1914 when South-African samples from Kimberly from well-known firm Kranz were bought. Then, the professor of Department of Mineralogy A.A.Kukharenko deals with the crystals of diamonds during several years, it is shown in our collection.

After the discovering in 1954 in Yakutia the bed-rock deposits of diamonds the museum gets gifts of separate crystals of diamonds and its fragments and samples from kimberlite tubes as well. Soon V.Yu.Massaytis delivers small grains from Popigai vent. The main pride of the museum is the collection of crystals (more than 1000 individuals) delivered by I.F.Gorina – our graduate from the alluvial deposits of the northeastern part of Siberian platform.

COLECCIÓN DE DIAMANTES EN LA COLECCIÓN DEL MUSEO MINERALÓGICO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE SAN PETERSBURGO.

RESUMEN: La formación de la colección de diamantes en el Museo del Departamento de mineralogía de la Universidad Estatal de San Petesburgo se llevó a cabo entre 1875 y 1877 con la compra de varios cristales pequeños de Brasil del bien conocido comerciante C.F.Pecha. Continuando la ampliación de la colección entre 1912 y 1914 cuando las muestras sudafricanas de Kimberley fueron compradas a la bien conocida firma Kranz. Entonces, el profesor del Departamento de Mineralogía A.A.Kukharenko se encargó de los cristales de diamante durante varios años, esto se muestra en nuestra colección.

Después del descubrimiento en 1954 en Yakutia de los yacimientos de diamantes, el museo consigue gratuitamente separar cristales de diamantes y sus fragmentos así como también muestras de las pipes kimberlíticas. V. Yu Massaytis entrega pequeños granos del cráter Popigai. El principal orgullo del museo es la colección de cristales (más de mil muestras) entregadas por I.F.Gorina, nuestro graduado de los depósitos aluviales del Nordeste de la plataforma siberiana.

The Mineral collection of St.-Petersburg State University has rich history which goes back more than 230

years. It exhibits huge systematic collection(Fig.1) and memorial collections. A significant role in the mineral

collection plays the diamond collection. The history of that collection dates back to the 19th century. The

first diamonds appeared in the museum's collection from E.K. Hofman (the head of the chair in 1845-1862).

This collection consists of 15 diamonds from Brazil (Minas Gerais). Among them larger attention should be

given to the big rhombic -dodecahedron crystal (0.794 g)(Fig. 2) and to the rounded crystal 0.8299 g

weight.

In 1875 in the office of famous Mineral seller C.F. Pecha were bought for 90 marks two large colorless and

transparent crystals (2 and 3 mm) from South Africa. In 1877 in the same place were bought two more

cubic crystals from Brazil (Minas Gerais) for 60 marks. One of these crystals is 5 mm along the edge of the

cube and 0.21 g weight. It is black because of graphite inclusions. Another crystal is smaller only 2 mm

along the edge of the cube and 0.021 g weigt (Fig. 3).


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Fig. 1. The second hall of the Museum. The systematic collection locates here.

Fig.2 Rhombic -dodecahedron crystal from Brazil (Minas Gerais)


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Fig.3. Cubic diamond crystals from Brazil (Minas Gerais)

In the beginning of the 20th century (1912) from dr.F.Krantza famous firm selling minerals were bought

specimens of kimberlite with diamond crystals and grinded kimberlite in 9 boxes from South Africa. These

samples contain diamond accessory minerals such as pyrope, chrome-diopside and pikroilmenit (Fig). This

purchase was made for very low price only 37 marks.

In 1912 for 60 franks from the minerals seller Grebel was acquired yellow brown diamond crystal 0.222 g

weight (Kimberly deposit,South Africa). In 1914 the museum acquired for 88 marks 4 more diamond

crystals from South Africa, Kimberly deposit. These crystals were bought from another Humburg supplier of

minerals Vinter. All of these crystal have different shape and color. The first one has cubic shape and almost

transparent, 0.0820 g weight. The second one has the shape of an octahedron and pink color, 0.0515g

weight(Fig.4). The third one is black twinned aggregate 0.08g weight. The fourth has the form of

octahedron and 0.293g weight (Fig.4).

Fig.3. Pink octahedron diamond crystal, Kimberly deposit,South Africa


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Fig.4.Octahedron diamond crystal Kimberly deposit,South Africa

In the same year museum received diamonds from the collection of Higher female educational courses. The

crystals (5pcs) from Brazil (Minas Gerais), round carbonado fragment 2mm in size, round crystal 0.02g

weight (Fig.5.), pink colored diamond crystal 0.04g weight, crystal splinter 0.01g weight. Also the roundish

transparent diamond unit with the weight of 0.37g from the Ural mountains was received from these

courses collection.

Fig.5. round crystal 0.02g weight from Brazil (Minas Gerais)

This unique diamond collection played significant role in Yakut diamond ledge deposit discovering. The

famous mineralogist, professor of mineralogy department of St.-Petersburg State University A.A.

Kuharenko for many years studied diamonds and accessory minerals. He wrote the richly illustrated work

dedicated to the Ural diamonds . He was well acquainted with the diamond collection of the Museum.

Professor Kuharenko, a diamond expert often consulted mineraligists who had been searching deposits of

this mineral. He also consulted mineralogists of A.P. Karpinsky Soviet Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI)

N.N. Sarsadski and L.A. Popugaeva. They made heavy minerals sampling (1951-1953) in Daldyn-Alakinsky

district of Yakut. Professor Kuharenko identified diamond accessory minerals among which were pyrope,


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chrome-diopside and pikroilmenit, also he identified their parent rock as kimberlite. A.A. Kuharenko

suggested to search for diamond bearing kimberlites by presence of pyrope in heavy minerals fractures.

The “pirope-path”, a specific trail scattering of this mineral near diamond parent rock brought to the first

Yakut kimberlite pipe ”Zarnitsa” in 1954.(Fig. 6.)

Fig.6. L.A. Popugaeva on the first Yakut kimberlite pipe ”Zarnitsa” in 1954

In 1962 N.N. Sarsadski the employee of VSEGEI institute donated to the Museum kimberlite samples with

visible diamond crystals up to 5 mm in size.

Besides, V.L. Masaitis, employee of VSEGEI institute presented some black-grayish grains from Popigay

impact crater.

In 2000 year researching institute VNIIOkeangeologia gave to the museum diamond collection of more than

1300 small (up to 6mm)crystals from Anabar-Oleneksk kimberlite field.

The latest receipts to the museum are from kimberlite pipes Mir, Botuobinskaya, Amakinskaya and others.


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WORKSHOPS AND DEMONSTRATIONS – DESCRIPTIONS

Scientific grade Raman & Photoluminescence spectrometer in gemological laboratory

Mikko Åström and Alberto Scarany, M&A Gemological Instruments, GemmoRaman.com

M&A Gemological Instruments has developed two fully automatic Raman & Photoluminescence spectrometer models for gemological applications. The use of the spectrometer, from basic gem identification to specific advanced applications for detecting treatments and synthetic gemstones will be illustrated in the session.

Attendees of the congress workshop will be given hands on opportunity for familiarizing with the technique and understanding its functionality. New GemmoRaman-532SG model, based on state of the art TEC cooled scientific grade spectrometer will be also presented.

Besides basic gem identification by Raman fingerprint, the PL feature is extremely useful to spot for treatments and, in some cases, synthetics. Identifying jade type and possible polymer impregnation, characterizing emerald types (natural schist/non-schist and synthetics), separating natural, unheated spinel from synthetic and heat treated spinel, determining color origin of cultured freshwater pearls and coral, discriminating imperial topaz by the chromium content, these are only some of the tasks the GemmoRaman-532 is able to do.

The SG model extended spectral range and thermo electronically cooled spectrometer allows important diamond related studies, such as Silicon Vacancy luminescence detection for synthetic CVD diamonds and GR1 peak for irradiated diamonds. GemmoRaman-532 is also one of the few tools available for distinguishing between untreated and HPHT treated colorless natural type IIa diamonds.

GemmoRaman-532TM equipment.

http://gemmoraman.com/


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GemRam™, Raman gemstone identification system

Ignacio Sánchez-Ferrer Robles, Microbeam S.A.

The GemRam™ is a lightweight, portable Raman spectrometer dedicated to both the verification of known gemstones as well as the identification of unknown gemstones. It comes equipped with B&W Tek’s GemID™ identification software, powered by GemExpert’s spectral library of nearly 400 different gemstones, as well as unlimited space for user defined spectra that can be added at any time.

The GemRam utilizes a spectrum stabilized 785nm diode laser and high resolution TE cooled spectrometer to provide unrivaled performance and repeatability. It comes complete with a fiber optic probe, X-Y-Z positioning stage, and netbook computer with pre-loaded software, all in a convenient carrying case.

Specifications: Laser Power: 785nm, <300mW Spectrometer Range: 175cm-1 – 2700cm-1 Spectrometer Resolution: ~3.5cm-1 @ 912nm Computer Interface: USB: 2.0 / 1.1 Power: 220V Optional battery of 5V Dimensions: 17 x 34 x 23.4cm Weight: ~3 kg Operating Temperature: 10°C – 35°C

B&W Tek's GemID identification software allows you to navigate your GemRam™ Raman spectrometer using user-friendly icons and instructions. You can easily choose to verify a known gemstone or identify an unknown gemstone by measuring the spectrum of the gemstone, then comparing it with that of the GemExpert library included in the software. You can also view the general spectra and results of your measurement independent of the library, or add an unlimited amount of your spectra to the library to use for future comparisons. B&W Tek's exclusive GemID identification software, preloaded in every GemRam™, is powered by GemExpert's spectral library of nearly 400 different gemstones. The library contains gemstone spectra for all classes, including: borates, carbonates, halides, native elements, oxides, phosphates, silicates, sulfates and sulfides. Different varieties of each gemstone from around the world are also available in the GemExpert library. Each entry within the library includes the commercial name, a picture of the gemstone, the country of origin, and other information that will assist with quickly identifying and verifying gemstones. During the workshop the attendants will have the possibility of seeing the instrument demonstrations and also the possibility of analyze their own samples will be given.

http://www.microbeam.es/


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Digital grading and pricing of gems and fancy colored diamonds with GemeWizard system

Menahem Sevdermish, FGA D. Litt., Gemewizard.com, Ramat Gan, Israel

The accurate description of color of gemstones and colored diamonds presents a major issue both online and offline. As the gem digital business is growing exponentially every year, the online buyer is struggling with color descriptive issues that are lowering confidence in the trade and prevent it from reaching its full potential.

The Gemewizard, a digital color communication and analysis system, which we have been developing over the past decade, provides us with the power to scan, record, analyze and easily describe color data within gem images.

Using our system as a color analysis and research tool, we are able to describe, grade, price and communicate the color of gems and thus we have been exposed to vast information online and offline.

This new data enables us to achieve two major new developments:

A new comprehensive digital color master set and grades for gemstones and fancy colored diamonds which were built into the pricing systems, and the first ever digital color-based online gem marketplace, in which color analysis is performed on a vast scale, and an elaborated color search engine enables the user to search for a certain stone of a specific color.

The participants of the workshop will be introduced to Gemewizard analysis and grading tools, and to GemePrice – the online pricing station for gemstones, diamonds and fancy colored diamonds. All participants will be entitled to free 2-month subscriptions on all Gemewizard applications.

Gemewizard: Pricing modules for gemstones, diamonds and fancy colored diamonds.

http://www.gemewizard.com/


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Detection of synthetic diamonds using DiamondView equipment

Juan Cózar and Anthony Cáceres, Laboratorio de Análisis y Certificación de Gemas, IGE&Minas.

The recent news about the apparitions of small synthetic diamonds mixed with natural diamonds on the market have created great concern in the jewelry industry. This problem requires certification labs to deepen their knowledge of synthetic diamonds and invest in advanced techniques to be able to detect them safely.

One of the main equipments used for this aim in the Laboratory of Analysis and Certification of Gems of IGE&Minas is DiamondViewTM equipment de De Beers, which provides a source of 225 nm UV radiation and generates fluorescence, images of the growth patterns and zonal distribution of certain structural defects. These data, together with other complementary techniques, such as PL and CL, allows us identify HPHT and CVD synthetic diamonds, as well as treated natural and synthetic diamonds.

Workshop attendees will learn how to use the DiamondView equipment with samples of different types of diamonds and also see the images of different natural and synthetic diamonds accumulated over the use of the equipment in the IGE&Minas laboratory.

Colorless natural diamond seen in DiamondView. Fluorescence color and zoning typical for natural diamonds. Photo IGE.

HPHT synthetic brown diamond seen in DiamondView (UV light). Photo IGE.

http://www.ige.org/

http://www.debeersgroup.com/Operations/Sales/Diamond-Trading-Company/Research-and-Development/


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Devices for the digital analysis of the quality of diamond cutting: OGI Scanox Planner HD

Juan Cózar and Anthony Cáceres, Laboratorio de Análisis y Certificación de Gemas, IGE&Minas.

Quality of cut is a very important factor for grading of diamond quality. In the IGE&Minas Laboratory, the grading of cut quality is done using the OGI Scanox Planner HD device. This equipment is based on three-dimensional scanning of the stone, allowing the design to optimize the rough for the cutting process. In the case of polished diamonds, the device make the grading of its proportions and symmetry parameters, and also performs automatic calculations for a possible re-cutting of the stone to improve its cut quality.

Rough diamond scanning and design for two brilliant-cut diamonds, by OGI Scanox Planner HD.

Cut quality grading data for a brilliant-cut diamond obtained with OGI Scanox Planner HD.

http://www.ige.org/

http://ogisystems.com/manufactures/scanox-planner.html


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Inclusions photomicrography using MacroRail setup and stacking of images

Óscar Fernández Arcís, MacroRail.com

The objective of this workshop is to show how to get high quality and resolution photographs of gems and inclusions in gemstones using the technique of stacking of images and MacroRail setup for it. MacroRail is a sturdy device with a weight of 12 kg, high precision aluminum and manufactured to last a lifetime, which allows us to move a camera or trinocular microscope head with a resolution of 1.6 microns.

MacroRail setup, general view.

Photomicrography of inclusions within a gemstone requires performing a sequence of photographs from

the upper part of the inclusion to the lower part, and subsequent stacking of all shots to get a totally

focused photography.

MacroRail setup with microscope trinocular head mounted.

The software allows us to have complete control of microscope head and/or camera movement, stacking

software, zoom in or out of the gem, apply filters on photography, etc. All the process of camera

movement, shooting and stacking of images is controlled by the same software, with the final result

presented on screen.



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MacroRail software screenshot.

For details and examples please visit the following link: http://macrorail.com/VerProducto.php?P=1

http://macrorail.com/VerProducto.php?P=1


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Automated 3D/360º photography applied to gems and jewelry, by Macrorail.com

Óscar Fernández Arcís, MacroRail.com.

Using a computer controlled turntable, sequences of images of gems and jewels in rotation are made and

joined together to generate interactive animations in Adobe Flash or HTML5 format, to present a 360º view

of a jewel or a gem for a web page, a document, computer, tablet, smart phone or any other electronic

device that supports HTML5 or Adobe Flash format.

MacroRail turntable for 3D/360º photography, general view.

The software allows us to have complete control of an SLR camera and the turntable, to center the object

to photograph, zoom in/out, run a simulation before photographing, apply filters on all the animation, etc.

It makes the process quick and easy since all the steps are automated and controlled by the same software,

from the camera controls, rotation of the turntable and to the preparation of the final 360º animation.

3D/360º photography software screenshot.

For details and examples please visit the following link: http://macrorail.com/VerProducto.php?P=7

http://macrorail.com/VerProductoEng.php?P=8

http://macrorail.com/VerProducto.php?P=7


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Advanced methods for the design and manufacture of new gems cuts: GemCad, GemRay, DiamCalc

Egor Gavrilenko, IGE&Minas

The use of computers and technological advances are providing entirely new possibilities for gem cutting process. The main innovations that will be explained in this workshop belong to the following areas:

Computer programs for the design of new cuts (GemCad)

Online data bases for gem cut designs (facetdiagrams.org, gemologyproject.com)

Optimization of crown and pavilion angles to maximize the light return depending on the refractive index of the gem (BOG, GemRay)

Previewing the faceted stone using computer renderings (GemRay, DiamCalc)

Methodological advances in the cutting process (meetpoint faceting)

Technological advances in the cutting process (precision equipment, new materials for grinding and polishing).

New cut styles: combined cuts, concave cuts, drawings with “frosted” facets.

Virtual image (rendering) of a combined cut amethyst.

http://www.gemcad.com/

http://www.octonus.com/oct/products/3dcalc/standard/

http://www.ige.org/


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Analysis of jewelry and precious metals through the technique of X-ray fluorescence

Joan Pujol, Fischer Instruments S.A.

The aim of this presentation is to inform the professionals of gemology the technique of x-ray fluorescence by energy dispersion (EDXRF) which is a very powerful tool for elemental analysis in general and that we will apply to the analysis of gold content in gold and precious metals alloys used in jewelry. The main advantages provided by this technique are:

Non-destructive measurement method

Fast, accurate and reliable analysis

Analysis of unknown samples

Complete information of the composition of the alloy

Accuracy better than 0.5o/oo

Measurement of the thickness of coated materials (e.g.: rhodium/white gold)

Determination of the content of nickel (Ni free) and toxic metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, etc.)

Simple and safe use (approved equipment)

See also: related article, equipment specifications

FISCHERSCOPE® X-RAY XUV® 773, Micro-x-ray fluorescence-spectrometer with vacuum chamber for non-destructive material analysis. Sample positioning on programmable X/Y/Z stage supported by video image.

http://www.helmut-fischer.com/

http://www.ige.org/archivos/congreso/Fischer/X-Ray-Fluorescence-Analysis-Gemestones.pdf

http://www.ige.org/archivos/congreso/Fischer/FISCHERSCOPE-X-RAY-XUV.pdf


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SPEAKERS

Klaus Schollenbruch Dr. Klaus Schollenbruch studied Geology at the University of Tübingen. His diploma work was about the alteration of eudialyte in the Illimaussaq intrusion in South Greenland. In 2007 he started his PhD work at the University of Frankfurt about phase transformations in Fe-bearing spinel. This involved in situ experiments with multi anvil and diamond anvil cells. After his PhD work, which included the discovery of a new Fe-oxide phase, he went to the German Gemmological Assiciation working as a teacher in the gemological courses and also in the laboratory of the DSEF (German Gem Lab). Klaus Schollenbruch has the degree of a FGG and EG and is a member of the examination committee of the FEEG.

Juan S. Cózar Vice-president of the IGE, President of the scientific committee of the IGE, Member of the Board of Directors of IGE&Minas, Director of the Gem Testing Laboratory of IGE&Minas, Director of the Diamond Graduation course of IGE&Minas. For twenty years he was also the Head of the SEM+EDX laboratory of the Institute of Environment at CIEMAT. Has participated in ten international projects: “El Berrocal”, “FEBEX”, “GRIMSEL”, “OKLO”, “BARRA”, “MATRIX”, “PALMOTTU”, “Los Ratones”, “Mont Terri” y “Almacenamiento de CO2”. Author and co-author of more than a hundred of scientific publications on petrology, mineralogy and gemology in Spanish and international journals, 29 presentations to congresses. Author of the Book IV of the project “The Visigoth treasure of Guarrazar” edited by the CSIC.

Anthony Cáceres Graduated Gemologist and Diamond Grader by Spanish Gemological Institute (IGE) and European Gemologist (FEEG). Currently working at IGE&Minas Gem Testing Laboratory. His other interests are gem cutting using modern techniques, gemstone photography and web sites development.


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Miguel Ángel Pellicer García Graduated in Chemical Sciences (University of Zaragoza), Graduated in Gemology (University of Barcelona and Gemological Association of Great Britain, Gem-A), Specialist in diamonds and synthetic and treated gems (U.B.). President of AGEDA (Gemological Association of Aragón). Gemology teacher at the School of Gemology of Barcelona (1986-2008). Gemology teacher at the University of Zaragoza (2009-2013). Author of the book "The other precious stones" about synthetic gemstones. Editor of the journal "Cuadernos de Gemología". Author of various gemological articles. Tully Medal Gemology award granted by Gem-A in 1985. San Pedro Gemology award granted by AGEDA in 1989.

Mª Cinta Osácar Soriano Graduated and PhD in Geology in the University of Zaragoza, she got the Gemology Diploma in the University of Barcelona and the Gemmological Association of Great Britain and the Diamond Diploma in the University of Barcelona. She is senior lecturer in the Crystallography and Mineralogy division of the Earth Sciences Departement (University of Zaragoza), where she has taught Crystallography and Mineralogy in the Geology and Chemistry degrees. She is director and lecturer in the Gemology Diploma of the University of Zaragoza. Currently, her research focuses on the mineralogy and geochemistry of modern and recent sediments (detrital sediments, tufas, speleothems), linked to climatic and environmental changes and on the mineralogy of sediments in relation with paleomagnetic analysis. Member of AGEDA (Asociación Gemológica de Aragón) since its foundation, she coordinated the “I Jornadas Internacionales sobre la Gemología científica en la sociedad actual” (April 2008, Zaragoza). She has given talks on popular Gemology.

José A. Espí Doctor in Mining Engineering (1977) in Polytechnic University of Madrid and Master of Business Administration by New Mexico Hihglands University, USA (1985). Since 1970 he has worked in a multiple projects as Chief of Exploration, Director of Production, Project Manager y Director of Research in companies such as ENADIMSA, Minas de Almagrera, Promotora de Minas y Carbones and


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PRESUR. In addition, from 1992 to 1997 he was Director of Geology and Basic Techniques and later Director of Mineral Resources of the Spanish Technological Geomining Institute. In the 1998-2013 period, professor, at first, and senior lecturer later in the School of Mining Engineers of Madrid, in the Mineral Deposits department, alternating this dedication with investigation work, and participating in various CYTED projects, Joint PhD Courses of the UPM in Latin America, Project Alfa in Latin America and consultancy in mining projects in Spain and aboard.

Mª del Pilar Diago Diago Full Professor in International Private Law. Faculty of Law, Zaragoza University. Graduated in Law in 1993 and Doctor of Laws in 1998, Faculty of Law, Zaragoza University, with “sobresaliente cum laude” distinction. Investigation areas: International property law, international business law, international family law, conflict-alliance of civilizations, interregional law, international procedural law, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Teacher of the Gemology Diploma courses in the University of Zaragoza. Co-Director of the International Private Law Platform Millennium: http://www.plataformamillennium.com

Geoffrey Dominy Geoffrey Dominy is an independent gemmologist based in Vancouver, British Columbia and the senior jewelry appraiser on the CBC Canadian Antiques Roadshow. He is a Fellow of the Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain with Distinction, which is one of the highest gemmological designations in the world. He has been appraising, lecturing and teaching since 1987 and was a contributing author for both the 5th & 6th Editions of Robert Webster’s ‘Gems’ which even today is considered one of the most authoritative textbooks in Gemmology. He has just released ‘The Handbook of Gemmology’, the first gemmological reference book written specifically for the digital market featuring the photography of internationally renowned gemstone photographer Tino Hammid and is a regular contributor to Jewelry Business Advisor and Jewellery Net Asia.

http://www.plataformamillennium.com/


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Igor Klepikov Bachelor of Geology, Geological faculty of St. Petersburg State University (specialization in gemology). Master student of mineralogy department, Saint-Petersburg State University. Master thesis is devoted to the study of crystal morphology and structural defects in diamond crystals from the alluvial deposits of the Northeast of Siberian Platform. Areas of interest: gemological examination, precious and ornamental stones, minerals, mineralogy and gemology of diamonds, evaluation of diamonds.

Yury Nefedov Master student of «Geology and prospecting of mineral deposits» specialty at Saint-Petersburg State Mining University - SPMU, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Areas of interest: “Brazil-Uralian” diamond type. Infrared spectrometry of the diamonds.

Galina Anastasenko PhD in Geology, Associate Professor in the Department of Mineralogy, Geological faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University. Curator of the museum of the Department of Mineralogy of Saint-Petersburg State University. Expert at the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. Co-Chairman of the Museum of the Russian Mineralogical Society (with V.G.Krivovichev). Research interests: museums management, general questions of mineralogy.


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Nadezhda Erysheva Bachelor of Geology, Geological faculty of St. Petersburg State University (specialization in gemology). Currently Master student, doing her investigation on morphological characteristics of diamonds from the collection of the Department of Mineralogy of Saint-Petersburg State University. Nadezhda also works as a chief gemologist in a private company.

Menahem Sevdermish Menahem Sevdermish D.Litt. FGA (1974) is an internationally recognized authority on gem commercialization, the processing of gemstones. In 1975, he founded the first Gemological Institute of Israel. In 1978 Menahem invented the Carmel cut which became the flag cut of the Israeli Gem cutting industry, and was the basis for many diamond cutting styles. He authored “The Dealer’s Book of Gems and Diamonds” widely acknowledged in the gemological world and trade. As a result of decade of research into the future of gem industry, Menahem and his team has developed the revolutionary “Gemewizard”, a unique color communication, grading and trading and pricing system for gems and diamonds. Approved by the GIA Education and used by many institutions in the trade including AGTA Gemeshare trading platform. A unique Market place from miners, dealers, retailers and consumers, merging into social media and other industries such as the fashion industry.

Helena Calvo del Castillo Gratuated in Chemistry and PhD in Earth and Environmental Sciences in the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Helena Calvo del Castillo currently wotks in the interdisciplinary research group led by Dr. Strivay in the Centre Européen d’Archéométrie de la Université de Liège, which she joined in 2007. Being her main research area Archaeometry, her activity has enrolled in the framework of two projects of the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO) which deal with Non-destructive Analyses of Cultural Heritage Objects and the study of pigments in artworks (long-term role and fate of sulphides in painted Works of art). Graduated in Gemology in the school of the Société Belge de Gemmologie in Brussels (S.B.G.) and the F.E.E.G. en 2012, and having obtained the Diamond Grading Diploma by HRD Antwerp, Helena is since


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then a member of the Management Board of the S.B.G. as well as of its board of volunteer teachers and is delegate of the F.E.E.G. in the S.B.G. since 2013.

Adrián Andrada Chacón Graduated in Chemistry in the Complutense University of Madrid (2012), and Master in Chemical Science and Technology (2013). During his education received a grant for research collaboration and started his investigation in the High Pressures group in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences of the Complutense University, where is doing his PhD thesis currently, with a grant by the Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness. His investigation field is focused on the study of substances in conditions of extreme pressure. For that, diamonds and other gems like moissanite and sapphire are frequently used in high pressure cells (Diamond Anvil Cella, DAC). His investigations also dial with application of Raman and X ray diffraction techniques.

Valentín García Baonza Full Professor in Physical Chemistry in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Research resume: Honors, Awards and Committees: 1999 EHPRG Award - European High Pressure Research Group (EHPRG), EHPRG: Scientific Committee 2002-2005, 2008-2011, 25th AIRAPT‐53rd EHPRG Meeting Chairman 2015 Thesis: 7 Ph. D. Thesis & 15 Ms. Thesis directed since 1999. Scientific publications: 85 in ISI ranked journals, 8 book chapters and 5 reviews. Conferences: 25 invited conferences and about 80 conference communications. Recent R&D Projects: Grupo UCM de Altas Presiones: Determinación de Parámetros Termodinámicos y Espectroscópicos (Director), Matter at High Pressure Program (MALTA-Consolider, National Coordinator), Chemistry at High Pressure Program (Coordinator). Research Lines: High Pressure Techniques, Equation of State Models, Spectroscopy (Raman, Luminescence, IR & VIS-UV) Reviewer of more than 20 scientific journals, FP7 program, ANEP, MICINN & ANECA.


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Victor Tuzlukov Victor Tuzlukov was born in 1964 in Siberia. The range of his interests is very diverse – travelling, photography, sport, and literature. His philosophical tales were awarded at the international literary contest “The Golden Feather of Russia”. Several photo-exhibitions took place in different Russian cities. Victor began to facet gemstones on 2000. He is a member of US Faceters Guild since 2006. He participated in different national and international faceting competition and won the International Individual Faceting Championship in Australia on 2010, where he set new world record – 299.17 points from 300. On 2012 Victor judged the International gemcutting competition in Hong Kong. Victor has graduated from Moscow branch of the GIA with the diploma of Graduate Gemologist. On 2010 he founded the Russian Faceters Guild and provided International Faceting Competition «RUSSIAN OPEN’ 2012». Nowadays he is engaged in faceting of top-quality gemstones and creation of exclusive faceting designs.

Mikko Åström Mikko Åström is gemologist FGA (with distinction), laboratory technician and IT entrepreneur having more than 20 years of experience as a gemologist, head of the diploma courses of Gem-A teaching center at Helsinki and author of gemological articles, books and course materials. He has worked extensively in the field of gemological spectroscopy, designing and inventing UV-VIS-NIR, Raman, PL, FTIR and other advanced laboratory instruments.

Alberto Scarani Alberto Scarani is goldsmith on 5th generation, gemologist GG, appraiser of the Chamber of Commerce and Registered Expert of the Tribunal of Rome. Vice-president of the Scientific and member of the Ethic Committees of Assogemme on behalf of which he has taken many gemological lectures in events like VicenzaOro fair. Jewelry & gemology author and journalist, he has published a number of articles on Vioro, PreziosaMagazine, Rivista Gemmologica Italiana and others. Gemological instrument builder running an historical workshop established in Rome in 1945, he’s even


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the precious metals instructor of the International Gemological Institute (IGI) of Antwerp and AGA Accredited Senior Gemologist. Since 2006 he is the Co-Administrator of Gemologyonline.com, the world most renowned non-profit forum for the exchange of gemological ideas. With Mikko Åström he founded in 2012 the M&A Gemological Instruments, a company specialized in advanced gemological instruments manufacturing.

Gonzalo Moreno Díaz-Calderón Graduated in Geological Sciences from the UCM, Gemologist by IGE, IGE&Minas Manager, Professor of Spanish Gemological Institute, coauthor of gemology textbooks of IGE, author of interactive environmental educational exhibitions.

Óscar R. Montoro FORMATION: - PhD in Chemical Sciences in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid “Spectroscopic Study of Natural Resins Analogues Formation”. Apt-Cum Laude. 2013. - Research work in the program Doctorate in Advanced Chemistry, “Study of Grafit under uniaxial pressure”. Distinction. 2010 - Thesis in Chemical Sciences with Distinction. 1999 - Graduate in Chemical Sciences in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 1998 OTHER ARCHIEVEMENTS: - COLLABORATION GRANT associated with the scientific research project PB95-0412, obtained for ACADEMICAL MERITS. 1997 SCIENTIFIC WORK EXPERIENCE: - Project Investigation and Technological Transference Manager. 2008-to present. - Auxiliary lab technician. Department of Scientific Direction of L’Oréal Hispania. 1998. OTHER WORK EXPERIENCE - He has worked in international companies such as Accenture, Indra, Santander Bank and Santander Investment Bank, BBVA (International values), Barclays Bank (International values), L’Oréal and Andersen Consulting.


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Mercedes Taravillo FORMATION: - PhD in Chemical Sciences in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 1999. - Graduate in Chemical Sciences in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 1993. - Post-doctoral stay as Research Staff Member in the Physics and Advanced Technologies Directorate/H Division. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California (Department of Energy of USA) CATEGORY: - Professor at university since 2007. OTHER ARCHIEVEMENTS: - Participation in 17 research projects. - More than 50 scientific articles published. - More than 50 contributions to national and international congresses.

Svetlana Yanson PhD in Geology, Mineralogy department, Geology faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University. Research interests: mineralogy of lazurite deposits, information technologies and databases. Deputy Director of the Resource Center of Microscopy and Microanalysis Saint-Petersburg State University.


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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

President: Jesús Yanes López Secretary of the Congress: Gonzalo Moreno Díaz-Calderón

Coordinator Scientific area: Juan Cozar Cuello Coordinator Educational area: Egor Gavrilenko Coordinator Trade area: Jesús Yanes López FEEG Symposium: Egor Gavrilenko, Cristina Rzepka de Lombas Jewelry Design contest: Mónica Encinas Pérez Institutional Relations: José María Reguera-Sevilla Pérez Comunication: Enrique Marcos Alonso, Violeta González-Palencia Logistics: Marian Jaén Arjona, Jose María Domínguez Cultural program: José María Reguera-Sevilla Pérez Web and Social networking: Cristina Rzepka de Lombas, Anthony Cáceres Escobar

Instituto Gemológico Español C/ Alenza, 1

28003 Madrid Tel./Fax: +34 914 414 300

[email protected] www.ige.org

TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT

VIAJES EL CORTE INGLES División de Congresos, Convenciones e Incentivos

C/ Princesa 47 28008 Madrid

[email protected] Phone: +34 91 204 26 00

Fax: +34 91 547 88 87


http://www.ige.org/

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