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Extensions of the March 28, 2009
Bakersfield Valley CAN Event
Extensions of the March 28, 2009
Bakersfield Valley CAN Event
Emily WimbergerEmily Wimberger
ObjectivesObjectives
Vehicle fleet and owner characteristics
Registration status of vehicles attending the Tune In Tune Up event Does the event have an impact on vehicle registration status
Further program improvements Increase emission reductions Identify dirty vehicles before repairs
Evaluate CARFAX as a research tool
Vehicle fleet and owner characteristics
Registration status of vehicles attending the Tune In Tune Up event Does the event have an impact on vehicle registration status
Further program improvements Increase emission reductions Identify dirty vehicles before repairs
Evaluate CARFAX as a research tool
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Tom Knox - Valley CAN Doug Lawson - NREL Pierre Mérel - UC Davis Jeffrey Williams - UC Davis Rocky Carlisle - IMRC Cindy Stover - ARB CARFAX
Tom Knox - Valley CAN Doug Lawson - NREL Pierre Mérel - UC Davis Jeffrey Williams - UC Davis Rocky Carlisle - IMRC Cindy Stover - ARB CARFAX
Bakersfield FleetMileage and Model Year
Bakersfield FleetMileage and Model Year
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Model Year
Mile
age
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Model Year
Mile
age
Bakersfield FleetVehicle Make
Bakersfield FleetVehicle Make
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Acu
ra
BM
W
Bui
ck
Cad
illa
c
Che
vrol
et
Chr
ysle
r
Dod
ge
For
d
Geo
GM
C
Hon
da
Hya
ndai
Hyu
ndai
Infi
niti
Isuz
u
Jeep Kia
Lin
coln
Maz
da
Mer
cede
s-B
enz
Mer
cury
Mit
subi
shi
Nis
san
Old
smob
ile
Ply
mou
th
Pon
tiac
Sat
urn
Suz
uki
Toy
ota
Vol
ksw
agen
Vol
vo
blan
k
Nu
mb
er o
f V
ehic
les
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Acu
ra
BM
W
Bui
ck
Cad
illa
c
Che
vrol
et
Chr
ysle
r
Dod
ge
For
d
Geo
GM
C
Hon
da
Hya
ndai
Hyu
ndai
Infi
niti
Isuz
u
Jeep Kia
Lin
coln
Maz
da
Mer
cede
s-B
enz
Mer
cury
Mit
subi
shi
Nis
san
Old
smob
ile
Ply
mou
th
Pon
tiac
Sat
urn
Suz
uki
Toy
ota
Vol
ksw
agen
Vol
vo
blan
k
Nu
mb
er o
f V
ehic
les
Registration Status Registration Status
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Veh
icle
s w
ith
Cu
rren
t R
egis
trat
ion
in C
alif
orn
ia
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Veh
icle
s w
ith
Cu
rren
t R
egis
trat
ion
in C
alif
orn
ia
Registration Status on Day of Bakersfield EventRegistration Status on Day of Bakersfield Event
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Veh
icle
s w
ith
Cu
rren
t R
egis
trat
ion
in
Cal
ifor
nia
94 Vehicles with Current Registation atTime of Event
204 Vehicles Not Registered at Time ofEvent
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Veh
icle
s w
ith
Cu
rren
t R
egis
trat
ion
in
Cal
ifor
nia
94 Vehicles with Current Registation atTime of Event
204 Vehicles Not Registered at Time ofEvent
Valley CAN Registration Impact
Valley CAN Registration Impact
160 vehicles did not pass pre-repair inspection, had complete information, and received complete repairs
104 of these vehicles did not have current registration status March 28, 2010
51 of the 104 unregistered vehicles had current registration status as of April 8, 2010
160 vehicles did not pass pre-repair inspection, had complete information, and received complete repairs
104 of these vehicles did not have current registration status March 28, 2010
51 of the 104 unregistered vehicles had current registration status as of April 8, 2010
Vehicle ComparisonsVehicle Comparisons
51 Vehicles
94 Vehicles Registered at Event
Remaining 153
Unregistered Vehicles
Average Model Year
1993 1995 1994
Average Mileage
147,386 miles
160,583 miles
143,708 miles
Average Repair Cost
$587.68 $405.68 $347.82
Fleet ComparisonsFleet Comparisons
51 Vehicles
94 Register
ed Vehicles
Remaining 153
Unregistered
Vehicles
California Smog Check Inspection Prior to
Event88% 97% 89%
Average Number of Days Between Last Smog Check
and Event483 Days 476 Days 620 Days
Passed Last Smog Inspection Prior to
Event47% 78% 41%
Issued a Junk Title or Salvage Certificate
Prior to Event2% 9% 19%
Issued a Junk Title or Salvage Certificate
After the Event0% 7% 16%
Accident Reported Prior to Event
4% 18% 13%
Ownership ComparisonsOwnership Comparisons
51 Vehicles94
Registered Vehicles
Remaining 153
Unregistered
Vehicles
Average Number of Vehicle Owners
3 Owners 3 Owners 4 Owners
Average Number of Years Owned at the Event
5 Years 4.8 Years 4.5 Years
Sold After the Event 35% 20% 32%
Average Length of Time Sold After Event
44 days 105 days 70 days
Registered out of State Prior to Event
7% 20% 21%
Ever Leased 18% 20% 14%
Ever Classified as a Fleet Vehicle
16% 30% 18%
Ever Sold at an Auction 20% 27% 22%
Emission Levels at Event
Emission Levels at Event
51 Vehicles94
Registered Vehicles
Remaining 153
Unregistered
Vehicles
Average HC emissions
recorded at Event242.35 ppm 226.46 ppm 374.12 ppm
Average CO emissions
recorded at Event1.2% 0.93% 1.8s%
Passed Event Emission
Inspection4% 15% 9%
MIL illuminated at Event
51% 89% 36%
Visible Smoke at Event
2% 2% 1%
Bakersfield Fleet and Repairs
Bakersfield Fleet and Repairs
Redeemed Repair Vouchers 298 Vehicles
Passed Pre-Repair Inspection 47 Vehicles
Not Testable 7 Vehicles
Incomplete Information 4 Vehicles
NOx Not Required or Missing NOx Data
21 Vehicles
Incomplete Repair 84 Vehicles
Complete Repair 184 Vehicles
Complete Repair, Failed Pre-Repair Inspection, and had
Complete Information160 Vehicles
Incomplete RepairsIncomplete Repairs
No inspection after incomplete repair
Passed inspection following incomplete
repair
Failed inspection following incomplete
repair
Tamper following incomplete repair
Abort following incomplete repair
No inspection records
correspond to VIN or license plate
No inspection records after 2008
No inspection after incomplete repair
Passed inspection following incomplete
repair
Failed inspection following incomplete
repair
Tamper following incomplete repair
Abort following incomplete repair
No inspection records
correspond to VIN or license plate
No inspection records after 2008
First Post Event Inspection Results for all 298 Vehicles Issued
Vouchers
First Post Event Inspection Results for all 298 Vehicles Issued
Vouchers Received a Smog Inspection
After the Event64 Vehicles
Passed First Smog Inspection After the Event
42 Vehicles66% Pass
Rate
Average Number of Days Between Event and Subsequent Smog
Inspection269 Days
Had Complete Repairs and Passed First Smog Inspection After the
Event31 Vehicles
DID NOT Complete Repairs and Passed First Smog Inspection
After the Event11 Vehicles
Emission Reductions Emission Reductions 255 vehicle sample
Failed pre-repair inspection Repair cost greater than cost of inspection
Across the 255 vehicle sample, total emissions were reduced by 36,595 lbs
The total cost of these emission reductions was $110,756
Each pound of emission reduction cost $3.03
How can we improve the efficiency of the event?
255 vehicle sample Failed pre-repair inspection Repair cost greater than cost of inspection
Across the 255 vehicle sample, total emissions were reduced by 36,595 lbs
The total cost of these emission reductions was $110,756
Each pound of emission reduction cost $3.03
How can we improve the efficiency of the event?
Marginal Cost of Emission ReductionsMarginal Cost of
Emission Reductions In order to maximize emission reductions, we first look at each vehicle and estimate the cost to reduce emissions by one unit
In order to maximize emission reductions, we first look at each vehicle and estimate the cost to reduce emissions by one unit
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
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Marginal CostMarginal Cost
Marginal Cost = Total Repair Cost
Change in Emissions
Change in Emissions = Pre-repair Emissions - Post-repair
Emissions
Marginal Cost = Total Repair Cost
Change in Emissions
Change in Emissions = Pre-repair Emissions - Post-repair
Emissions
Marginal Cost for Event Vehicles Marginal Cost for Event Vehicles
118 of the 255 vehicles had both pre and post-repair emissions levels
We calculated the marginal cost of emission reductions for these vehicles
118 of the 255 vehicles had both pre and post-repair emissions levels
We calculated the marginal cost of emission reductions for these vehicles
Marginal Cost CalculationsMarginal Cost Calculations
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Model Year
Mar
gin
al C
ost
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Model Year
Mar
gin
al C
ost
Marginal Cost CurveMarginal Cost Curve
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Average Emission
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Average Emission
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
Cost Curves by Model Year
Cost Curves by Model Year1986-1991 Model Years
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Average Emissions
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
1986-1991 Model Years
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Average Emissions
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
2000 and Newer Model Years
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Average Emissions
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
2000 and Newer Model Years
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Average Emissions
Mar
gina
l Cos
t
Moving along the Cost Curve
Moving along the Cost Curve
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Average Emissions
Mar
gin
al C
ost
Observed
Hypothetical case with reduced emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Average Emissions
Mar
gin
al C
ost
Observed
Hypothetical case with reduced emissions
Estimating Marginal Cost
Estimating Marginal Cost
We grouped all 255 vehicles by model year 1985 and older 1986-1991 1992-1995 1996-1999 2000 and newer
We then estimated the marginal cost for the 137 vehicles that had no post-repair emission data
We grouped all 255 vehicles by model year 1985 and older 1986-1991 1992-1995 1996-1999 2000 and newer
We then estimated the marginal cost for the 137 vehicles that had no post-repair emission data
Optimal RepairsOptimal Repairs
Given the marginal cost and the average emissions for all vehicles, we calculated the optimal amount of repair dollars and the resulting change in emissions for each vehicle
Given the marginal cost and the average emissions for all vehicles, we calculated the optimal amount of repair dollars and the resulting change in emissions for each vehicle
Event and Optimal Statistics
Event and Optimal Statistics
Event Optimal
Pounds of Total Emissions Saved
39,341 lbs 123,307 lbs
Number of Vehicles with
Complete Repairs 118 Vehicles 140 Vehicles
Average Repair Dollars Per
Vehicle$333.40 $938.85
Cost Per Pound of Emission Reduction
$2.82 $0.90
CaveatsCaveats Assumes the goal is total emission reductions, not vehicles obtaining smog check certificates
Assumes all vehicles at the event are being driven regardless of smog inspection or registration status
The high repair cost per vehicle shows that there is lots of room for improvement, but does not mean that $1,000 repair vouchers are feasible
These are preliminary results We raise many questions but not making policy recommendations
Assumes the goal is total emission reductions, not vehicles obtaining smog check certificates
Assumes all vehicles at the event are being driven regardless of smog inspection or registration status
The high repair cost per vehicle shows that there is lots of room for improvement, but does not mean that $1,000 repair vouchers are feasible
These are preliminary results We raise many questions but not making policy recommendations
Next StepsNext Steps
Look at the correlation between the emission levels of vehicles at the event and emission levels at the time of repair Can we identify and target vehicles that will have a low marginal cost of emission reductions? Tiered vouchers Vehicle retirement
Can we identify vehicles at the event that fall into the ‘51 Vehicles’ category
Look at the correlation between the emission levels of vehicles at the event and emission levels at the time of repair Can we identify and target vehicles that will have a low marginal cost of emission reductions? Tiered vouchers Vehicle retirement
Can we identify vehicles at the event that fall into the ‘51 Vehicles’ category