EXTRA.CELLULAR lvITCROBIAL POLYSACCHARIDES

Publications and Patentsfrom the Northern Regional Research Center

1958-1978

Compiled byAllene Jeanes,

Retired Principal Chemist

Agricultural ResearchScience and Education Administration

UNITED STATES DEPARTIvIENT OF AGRICUL'TIJRE

JlHle 1979

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PREFACE

Congress in 1938 authorized four regional laboratories to conductbasic and applied research designed to expand, improve, and developthrough science and technology the utilization of American farm crops.

After several years of preliminary consideration, in 1955 a researchprogram was initiated at the Northern Regional Research Center based ona new concept for increasing industrial utilization of cereal grains.The premise was that suitably chosen microorganisms can synthesizepolysaccharides from starch-derived sugar that differ fundamentally fromstarch in composition and structure and, therefore, in properties andpractical uses. This program envisioned development of an entirely newtype of industry based on corn sugar. The Northern Regional Center wasuniquely suited for the undertaking by its specialized experiencedpersonnel and its research facilities.

In 1955, dextran, the first extracellular microbial polysaccharideever to be produced industrially, was an established commercial productobtained by fennentation of sucrose. Fundamental research at the NorthernRegional Center during 1945-1950 on dextran in connection with starchstructure studies, became the basis for two later developments: (1)bioengineering studies on production of dextran that expedited itsindustrialization and (2) an extensive interdisciplinary program ondevelopment of dextran as a blood plasma volume expander. Upon successfulcompletion of the dextran program about 1955, the broad background ofexperience, specialized skills, pattern of cooperative ·effort, andavailability of special facilities and equipment were brought to bear onthe microbiological production of new types of polysaccharides fromstarch and its hydrolysis products.

For practical reasons, consideration has been given only to non­pathogenic microorganisms and to extracellular polysaccharides, that is,polysaccharides that occur free in culture liquors unattached to themicrobial cells. Preliminary observations have demonstrated that manypolysaccharides in numerous classes covering wide ranges in physicalproperties and component sugars can be produced in good yield fromstarch-derived saccharides. Thus far only relatively few have beenstudied more fully. Concurrently with progress on specific polysaccharides,basic investigations have been necessary to provide requisite informationnot available in analytical, physicochemical, structural, microbiological,and bioengineering methods and procedures. This resultant infonnationprovided a substantial basis for further developments in microbialpolysaccharide technology. Stimulated and guided by this pioneeringresearch at NRRC, numerous industrial organizations both in the UnitedStates and foreign countries established their Oiin programs of researchand development of extracellular microbial polysaccharides. lVhen the

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research program on microbial polysaccharides at NRRC was terminated in1977, industrial production of such polysaccharides by fermentation ofcorn sugar or related substrates was an established industry in theUnited States and several other countries.

Listed here are publications and patents from the cooperativechemical, microbiological and bioengineering research. Investigationsdirected towards establishing specific applications have not been conducted.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

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CONrENTS

Organization of Publications and Patents

REVIEW· ARTICLES AND BOOKS

PHOSPHCMANNANS AND PHOSPHcx;ALACTANSChemicalMicrobiologicalBioengineeringPatents

POLYSACCHARIDE (XAN1HAN) FRCM XANTH<lvIONAS CAMPES1RISNRRL B-1459

ChemicalFood Science, Baking and Related Investigations, and

PatentsMicrobiologicalBioengineeringPatents

POLYSACCHARIDES FRCM CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII VAR.FLAVESCENS NRRL Y-1401 AND CERTAIN 1RFNELLA SPECIES

ChemicalMicrobiological

POLYSACCHARIDES FRCM ARTHROBACTER VISCOSUS NRRL B-1973AND B-1797, AL'ID ARTHROBACTER STABILIS NRRL B-3225

ChemicalMicrobiologicalPatents

POLYSACCHARIDE FROM BACILLUS POLYMYXA NRRL B-1828ChemicalMicrobioloKical

POLYSACCHARIDES FRQ.\1 BLACK YEASTS RHINOCLADIELLAMANSONII (CASTELLANI) SCHOL-SCffiI/ARZ N"RRL Y-6272 ANDRHINOCLADIELLA ELATIOR MA1\JGENOT NRRL YB-4l63

ChemicalMicrobiological

POLYSACCHARIDES FRCM LIP~WCES SPECIES

Page

7

99

111112

1313

14151517

181818

19192020

212121

222223

24

IX.

x.

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S-GLUCANS FROM FLESHY RJNGIPublicationsPatent

MISCELLANEOUS, GENERALLY-APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONSAnalyticalMethods and Special EquipmentPhysiological and Other PropertiesMicrobiology and Fermentology

252525

2626262727

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EXTRACELLULAR MICROBIAL POLYSACCHAAIDES

Publications and Patentsfrom the Northern Regional Research Center

1958-1978

Organization of Publications and Patents

The main primary organizational basis is sections on polysaccharidesfrom specific microbial strains or on a class of polysaccharides. A fewremaining sections are on reviews and generally applicable proceduresand analytical and other methods, and comparative properties of polysaccharides.

The secondary organization is according to major subject emphasisin the publication: chemical, microbiological, and bioengineering. Thetype of information included in these subsections is as follows:

Chemical--Cornposition, properties, structure and immunochemistry;methodS for recovery of polysaccharide from cultures, purification,and isolation.

Microbiological--Culture conditions for polysaccharide productionand the effect of specific variables; preliminary methods forrecovering polysaccharides from cultures; preliminary polysaccharidecharacterization; maintenance of stock cultures; taxonomy, phylogeny,and genetics.

Bioengineering--Production of polysaccharides in batch culture:establishment and control of factors that influence yield andquality of product, recovery of polysaccharides and evaluation ofvarious methods, laboratory and pilot plant scale equipment andprocesses, and cost calculations. Production of polysaccharide incontinuous culture: establishment and control of factors influencinglaboratory- and pilot plant-scale processes, kinetics of microbialgrowth and polysaccharide production, and influence of continuousculture on microbial stability.

With a few exceptions, each reference has a permanent reprintnumber, as is shown. The order of listing of individual referencesusually is chronological and, therefore, in increasing reprint number.There is deviation from this order in some cases, however, to permitplacing closely related publications adjacently.

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Reprint Number

I. REVIEW ARTICLES Ai'ID BOOKS

1156 New Polysaccharide Gums Produced by Microbial Synthesis.Anonymous. .Manufacturing Chemist. 31 (5) : 206- 208.1960.

1582 Polysaccharides. R. F. Anderson. In "Biochemistry ofIndustrial Micro-Organisms," Eds., E"" Rainbow and A. H.Rose. Academic Press, New York and London, 1963, pp. 300­319.

2069 Microbial Po1ysaccharides--A Review. K. 1. Smiley. FoodTechno1. 20(19): 112-116. 1966.

2190 Polysaccharides, 1'--licrobial. M. E. Slodki. In ''McGrawHill Yearbook of Science and Technology: Review of 1966­1967." Ed., D. 1. Eggenberger. New York, 1967, pp. 315­317.

2411 Microbial Polysaccharides. Allene Jeanes. In "Encyclopediaof Polymer Science and Technology," Vol. 8, pp. 693-711,John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1968.

3460 Food Polysaccharides Produced by Fermentation. Dwight L.*ller. In "Proceedings of Workshop: Current Topics inFood and Nutrition," The University of Iowa, Iowa City,Iowa, June IS-July 2, 1970, pp. 120-135.

3321 Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides: New HydrocolloidsHaving Both Fundamental and Practical Import. AlleneJeanes. In "Proceedings of the ACS Conference on Water­Soluble Polymers," Ed., N. M. Bikales. Plenum Press, NewYork, 1973, pp. 227-242.

3499 Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides: New Hydrocolloidsof Interest to the Food Industry. Allene Jeanes. FoodTechnol. 28(5): 34-40. 1974.

Xanthan Gum Offers Versatility, Safety: Cover Story on1974 Food Technology Industrial Achievement Award forKe1co Company and Northern Regional Research Laboratory.Anonymous. Food Technol. 28(6): 18-21. 1974.

3648 Applications of Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharide­Polyelectrolytes: Review of Literature, Including Patents.Allene Jeanes. Journal of Polymer Science: PolymerSymposia No. 45, Ion-Containing Polymers, pp. 209-227.1974.

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"Physiological Effects of Food Carbohydrates." Allene Jeanesand John Hodge, Eds., ACS Symposium Series No. 15, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1975, 355 pp.

3701 Digestibility of Food Polysaccharides by ~fum: A Review.Allene Jeanes. ACS Symposium Series, No. 15, "PhysiologicalEffects of Food Carbohydrates," pp. 336-347. 1975.

Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharide--Polyelectrolytes:Properties and Applications. Allene Jeanes. In "Polyelectrolytes,"Eds., K. Frisch, D.. Klempner, and A. V. Patsis-.- TechnomicPublishing Co., Westport, Connecticut, 1976, pp. 207-225.

3943 Polysaccharide ~than) of Xanthomonas carnpestris NRRLB-1459: Procedures for Culture Maintenance and PolysaccharideProduction, Purification, and Analysis. Allene Jeanes,Peter Rogovin, Martin C. Cadmus, Robert W. Silman, andClarence A. Kt"1utson. ARS-NC-5l ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL,November 1976. pp. 14.

"Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides." P. A. Sandfordand A. Laskin, Eds. ACS Symposium Series No. 45, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1977, 326 pp.

4256 Production of Microbial Polysaccharides. M. E. Slodkiand M. C. Cadmus. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 23: 19-54.1978.

Exocellular Microbial Polysaccharides. P. A. Sandford.Adv. Carbohydr. Chern. Biochern., 36: (in press, 1978).

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I I. PHOSPHCMANNAi'JS.AND PHOSPHOGALACTANS

Chemical

Phosphorylated Mannan, A New Exocellular Polysaccharidefrom a Yeast. Allene Jeanes, R. G. Benedict, M. C.Cadmus, P. R. Watson, S. P. Rogovin, and J. E. Pittsley.Am. Chem. Soc. Abstracts of Papers 134: 23D (September 1958).

1218 Characterization and Properties of the Phosphomannan fromHansenula hostii NRRL Y-2448. Allene Jeanes, J. E.Pittsley, P. R. Watson, and R. J. D:i.m1.er. Arch. Biochem.Biophys. 92(2): 343-350 (February 1961).

1373 Phosphate Linkages in Phosphomannans from Yeast. M. E.Slodki. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 57(3): 525-533 (March1962) .

1406 Periodate-Oxidized Phosphomannan Y-2448: StructuralSignificance of its Reaction with Alkali. Allene Jeanesand P. R. Watson. Can. J. Chem. 40(7): 1318-1325 (July1962) .

1468 Hydrolysis Products of Periodate-Oxidized PhosphomannanY-2448. Allene Jeanes, J. E. Pittsley, P. R. Watson, andJ. H. Sloneker. Can. J. Chem. 40(12): 2256-2259 (December1962) .

1480 Problems Involved in Dialyzing Low Concentrations ofInorganic Pyrophosphate. P. R. Watson, J. E. Pittsley,and Allene Jeanes. Anal. Biochem. 4(6): 505-508 (December1962).

1490 Structure of Hansenula capsulata NRRL Y-1842 Phosphomannan.M. E. Slodki. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 69(1): 96-102(January 1963).

2387 Same Flow and Solution Properties of Phosphomannan Y­2448. F. R. Dintzis, G. E. Babcock, and R. Tobin. In"Solution Properties of Natural Polymers," ChemicalSociety Special Publication No. 23. 1968. ChemicalSociety London pp. 195-206.

2680 Yeast Phosphohexosans. M. E. Slodki. In ''Developmentsin Industrial Microbiology," Vol. 11, pP:- 86-91. .AmericanInstitute of Biological Sciences, 1970.

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2714 Variation in Composition of Yeast Phosphohexosans. M. E.Slodki, M. J. Safranski, D. E. Hensley, and G. E. Babcock.Appl. Microbiol. 19(6): 1019-1020 (June 1970).

3190 Extracellular :Manna.ns from Yeasts. M. E. Soldki, R. M.Ward, and M. C. Cadmus. In "Developments in IndustrialMicrobiology," Vol. 13. American Institute of BiologicalSciences, 1972, pp. 428-435.

2023 The Structure of Extracellular Phosphorylated Galactansfrom Sporobolo ces Yeasts. M. E. Slodki. J. BioI.Chem. 241 11: 2700-2706 (June 1966).

1608 lrnrnunochemical Diagnosis of the Linkage of D-MannoseResidues. M. Heidelberger and Allene Jeanes. J. Bacteriol.86(4): 881-882 (October 1963).

2385 Predicted and Unpredicted Cross-Reactions of an Acetyl­phosphogalactan of Sporobolomyces Yeast. M. Heidelbergerand M. E. Slodki. J. Expt. Med. 128(1): 189-196 (July 1968).

2837 Predicted and Unpredicted Cross-Reactions of an Acetyl­Phosphogalactan of Sporobolomyces Yeast. II. M. Heidelbergerand M. E. Slodki. J. Expt. Med. 132(6): 1105-1106(December 1970).

3311 Extracellular :Mannans and Phosphomannans: Structural andBiosynthetic Relationships. M. E. Slodki, R. M. Ward,J. A. Boundy, and M. C. Cadmus. Presented at Nth InternationalFennentation Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, March 19-25, 1972.PROCEEDINGS. In "Fennentation Technology Today," Ed.,G. Terui. Tokyo, 1973.

3307 Concanavalin A as a Probe of Phosphomannan MolecularStructure. M. E. Slodki, R. M. Ward, and J. A. Boundy.Biochim. Biophys. Acta 304(2): 449-456 (April 1973).

3716 Phosphorus-3l Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ofExtracellular, Yeast O-Phosphonohexoglycans. Anthony J. R.Costello, Thomas Glonek, Morey E. Slodki,a and Fred R.Seymour. Carbohydr. Res. 42(1): 23-37 (June 1975).

a Participant from NRRC in extramural research which utilized NRRCpolysaccharides.

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3907 Methylation and Acetolysis of Extracellular D-Mannansfrom Yeast. Fred R. Seymour, Morey E. Slodki, Ronald D.Plattner, and Rose Marie Stodola. Carbohydr. Res. 48 (2) :225-237 (June 1976).

Microbiological

1274 Hansenula holstii, a New Yeast Important in the EarlyEvolution of the Heterothallic Species of its Genus.L. J. Wickerham. ~~cologia 52(2): 171-183 ~~rch-April

1960) .

1170 Laboratory Production of a Phosphorylated Mannan byHansenula holstii. R. F. Anderson, M. C. Cadmus, R. G.Benedict, and M. E. Slodki. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.89 (2) : 289-292 (August 1960).

1284 Phylogeny of Phosphomannan-Producing Yeasts. II. PhosphomannanProperties and Taxonomic Relationships. M. E. Slodki,1. J. Wickerham, and M. C. Cadmus. J. Bacteriol. 82(2):269-274 (August 1961).

1474 Phylogeny and Biochemistry of the Genus Hansenula. L. J.Wickerham and K. A. Burton. Bacteriol. Rev. 26(4): 382­397 (December 1962).

2678 Variability in the Yeast Hansenula holstii. A. I. Hennan.Am. J. Bot. 57(3): 304-308 ~nrch 1970).

2689 Yeast Taxonomy in Relation to Ecology, Genetics, andPhylogeny. 1. J. Wickerham. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,Vol. 35, Supplement: Yeast Symposium 1969, pp. 31-58.

3280 Growth of Hansenula holstii on Cadavers. C. P. Kurtzman,J. C. Gentles, E. G. V. Evans, M. E. Slodki, and R. M.Ward. Appl. Microbial. 25(2): 184-186 (February 1973).

Bioengineering

1201 A Fermentation Pilot Plant Study for Making Phosphomannan.S. P. Rogovin, V. E. Sohns, and E. L. Griffin, Jr. Ind.Eng. Chem. 53(1): 37-40 (January 1961).

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Patentsb

Method of Producing Phosphomannan by Saccharide Fennentation.R. G. Benedict, Allene Jeanes, L. J. Wickerham, and S. P.Rogovin. U.S. 2,961,378. November 22, 1960.

Method of Producing "Mannose-6-Phosphate. M. E. Slodki.U.S. 3,002,966. October 3, 1961.

Process for Preparing Phosphoric Acid Monoesters ofMannose Polymers. M. E. Slodki. U.S. 3,002,967.October 3, 1961.

Phosphomannan NRRL Y-2448. R. G. Benedict, Allene Jeanes,L. J. Wickerham, and S. P. Rogovin. U.S. 3,021,323.February 13, 1962.

Dispersants Comprising Phosphoric Acid MOnoesters ofMannose Polymers. M. E. Slodki. U.S. 3,084,105.April 2, 1963.

Production of Mannans by Fennentation. M. E. Slodki,M. J. Smiley, and D. E. Hensley. U.S. 3,713,973.January 30, 1973.

b All patents are assigned to United States of America, Secretaryof Agriculture.

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III. POLYSACCHARIDE (XANlliAN) FRCM XANlHOMONASCAMPESTRIS NRRL B-1459

Chemical

Composition and Properties of a HeteropolysaccharideProduced from Glucose by Xanthamonous campestris NRRL B­1459. Allene Jeanes, J. E. Pittsley, J. H. Sloneker, andF. R. Senti. Am. Chem. Soc. Abstracts of Papers 136: 7D(September 1959).

1301 Polysaccharide B-1459: A New Hydrocolloid PolyelectrolyteProduced from Glucose by Bacterial Fermentation. Allene Jeanes,J. E. Pittsley, and F. R. Senti. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.5(17): 519-526 (September-October 1961).

1397 Properties of Films from Bacterial Polysaccharide B-1459.P. R. Watson, Allene Jeanes, and C. E. Rist. J. Appl.Polym. Sci. 6(21): S12-S13 QMay-June 1962).

1380 Pyruvic Acid, a Unique Component of an Exocellu1ar BacterialPolysaccharide. J. H. Sloneker and D. G. Orentas.Nature 194 (4827): 478-479 QMay 1962).

1453 Exocellu1ar Bacterial Polysaccharides from Xanthomonascampestris NRRL B-1459. Part 1. Constitution. J. H.Sloneker and Allene Jeanes. Can. J. Chem. 40(11): 2066­2071 (November 1962).

1454 Exocellu1ar Bacterial Polysaccharide from Xanthomonasc~estris NRRL B-1459. Part II. Linkage of the PyruvicAn. J. H. Sloneker and Danute G. Orentas. Can. J.Chem. 40(11): 2188-2189 (November 1962).

1682 Exocellu1ar Bacterial Polysaccharide from Xanthomonascampestris NRRL B-1459. Part III. Structure. J. H.Sloneker, D. G. Orentas, and Allene Jeanes. Can. J.Chern. 42(6): 1261-1269 (June 1964).

1531 Pyruvic Acid Content and Constituent Sugars of ExocellularPolysaccharides from Different Species of the GenusXanthomonas. D. G. Orentas, J. H. Sloneker, and AlleneJeanes. Can. J. Microbiol. 9(3): 427-430 (June 1963).

2292 Configuration of the Pyruvic Acid Ketals, 4,6-0-linked toD-Glucose Units, in Xanthomonas campestris Polysaccharide.P. A. J. Gorin, T. Ishikawa, J. F. T. Spencer, and J. H.Sloneker. Can. J. Chem. 45(17): 2005-2008 (September 1967).

c

2718

1765

4023

4259

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An Extracellular Polysaccharide from Xanthomonas cI. R. Siddiqui. Carbohydr. Res. 4 (4) : .~::.I:-.:.';"";':;';;;;';'

Studies on Dilute Solutions and Dispersions of the Polysaccharidefrom Xanthomonas campestris N1rnL B-1459. F. R. Dintzis,G. E. Babcock, and R. Tobin. Carbohydr. Res. 13(2):257 -267 (May 1970).

Spectrophotometric Determination of High MOlecular WeightQuaternary Ammonium Cations with Picric Acid. Applicationto Residual Amounts in Polysaccharides. J. H. Sloneker,J. B. MOoberry, P. R. Schmidt, J. E. Pittsley, P. R.Watson, and Allene Jeanes. Anal. Chern. 37(2): 243-246(February 1965).

Variation in Xanthomonas carnpestris NRRL B-1459: Characterizationof Xanthan Products of Differing Pyruvic Acid Content.P. A. Sandford, J. E. Pittsley, C. A. Knutson, P. R.Watson, M. C. Cadmus, and A. Jeanes. Am. Chern. Soc.Syrnp. Sere 45: 192-210 (1977).

Separation of Xanthan Gums of Differing Pyruvate Contentby Fractional Precipitation with Alcohol. Paul A. Sandford,Paul R. Watson, and Clarence A. Knutson. Carbohydr. Res.63: 253-256 (June 1978).

Food Science, Baking and Related Investigations, and Patents

3529 Xanthan Gum in Protein-Fortified Starch Bread. D. D.Christianson, H. W. Gardner, K. Warner, B. K. Boundy, andG. E. Inglett. Food Techno1. 28(6): 23-29 (June 1974).

3913 Engineered Foods of the Future: Baked Foods Fortified,'lith Vegetable Protein. D. D. Christianson. Baker'sDig. 50(3): 34-36 (June 1976).

Gelatinization of Wheat Starch as Modified by Xanthan,Guar, and Cellulose Gums. D. D. Christianson, H. W.Gardner, J. E. Pittsley, and J. E. Hodge. Cereal Chern.(Submitted) .

c This publication from Food Research Institute, Canada Departmentof Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, is included here because the precisestructural information reported relates closely the research conductedat NRRC. The polysaccharide sample used was provided by NRRC.

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Plant Protein and Fiber Fortification of Starch--Food GumBreads. D. D. Christianson, K. Warner, and H. W. Gardner.J. Food Sci. (Submitted).

Ingredient Engineering of Chemically Leavened BakedGoods: Development of Starch or Soft Wheat Flour-­Polysaccharide Gum Systems. D. D. Christianson, K. Warner,and H. W. Gardner. J. Food Sci. (Submitted).

Measurement of Hydrogen Bonding in Starch. D. D. Christiansonand M. I. Schulte. J. Interface. Colloid. Sci. (inpreparation) .

Patent

A Process for the Preparation of Starch-Xanthan Compositions.D. D. Christianson and H. W. Gardner. USDA Patent Case6500. Serial No. 955,739. Filed October 30, 1978.

Microbiological

Polysaccharide Production by Xanthomonous carnpestris.R. F. Anderson, S. P. Rogovin, M. C. Cadmus, and R. W.Jackson. Am. Chem. Soc. Abstracts of Papers 136: 7D(September 1959).

3900 Variation in Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 andCharacterization of the Polysaccharide from a VariantStrain. M. C. Cadmus, S. P. Rogovin, K. A. Burton, J. E.Pittsley, C. A. Knutson, and Allene Jeanes. Can. J.Microbiol. 22(7): 942-948 (July 1976).

4015 Maintenance Procedures for the Curtailment of GeneticInstability: Xanthomonas carnpestris NRRL B-1459. DenisKidby, Paul Sandford, Alberta Hennan, and Martin Cadmus.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33(4): 840-845 (April 1977).

4263 Synthetic Media for Production of Quality Xanthan Gum in20 Liter Fermentors. M. C. Cadmus, C. A. Knutson, A. A.Lagoda, J. E. Pittsley, and K. A. Burton. Biotechnol.Bioeng. 20(7): 1003-1014 (July 1978).

Bioengineering

1241 Production of Polysaccharide with Xanthomonas campestris.S. P. Rogovin, R. F. Anderson, and M. C. CadiriUs. J.Biochem. Microbiol. Technol. Eng. 3(1): 51-63 (April 1961).

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1436 Recovery of Microbial Polysaccharide B-1459 with aQuaternary Annnonium Comp01.md. W. J. Albrecht, S. P.Rogovin, and E. L. Griffin, Jr. Nature 194(4835): 1279(June 1962).

1599 Pilot-Plant Process for the Isolation of a MicrobialPolysaccharide with a Quaternary Annnonium Compound.W. J. Albrecht, V. E. Sohns, and S. P. Rogovin. Bioteclmol.Bioeng. 5(2): 91-99 (June 1963).

1814 Isolation of Bacterial Polysaccharide B-1459 ThroughCalcium Hydroxide Complex Fonnation. C. L. Mehltretter.Bioteclmo1. Bioeng. 7(1): 171-175 ~rch 1965).

1821 Production of Industrial-Grade Polysaccharide B-1459.P. Rogovin, W. Albrecht, and V. Sohns. Biotechnol.Bioeng. 7(1): 161-169 ~hrch 1965).

1939 Microbial Polymers: A Preliminary Cost Estimate. V. E.Sohns, S. P. Rogovin, and E. L. Griffin, Jr. ARS-71-33(February 1966).

2077 Kinetics of Polysaccharide B-1459 Synthesis. R. A.Moraine, S. P. Rogovin, and K. L. Smiley. J. Fennen.Techno1. 44(6): 311-312 (June 1966).

2104 Kinetics of Polysaccharide B-1459 Fennentation. R. A.:Moraine and S. P. Rogovin. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 8(4) :511-524 (November 1966).

2699 Continuous Fennentation to Produce Xanthan Biopolymer:Laboratory Investigation. R. W. Silman and P. Rogovin.Bioteclmo1. Bioeng. 12(1): 75-83 (January 1970).

2930 Xanthan Biopolymer Production at Increased Concentrationby pH Control. R. A. Moraine and P. Rogovin. Biotechno1.Bioeng. 13(3): 381-391 ~hy 1971).

3025 Growth of Xanthomonas campestris is not S:imp1y NutrientLimited. R. A. lvIoraine and P. Rogovin. Can. J. Microbiol.17(11): 1473-1474 (November 1971).

3079 Continuous Fermentation to Produce Xanthan Biopolymer:Effect of Dilution Rate. R. W. Silman and P. Rogovin.Bioteclmo1. Bioeng. 14(1): 23-31 (January 1972).

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4372 The Viscostat--A Productstat Method of Feed Rate Controlin Continuous Fermentation. R. W. Silman and E. B.Bagley. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 21(2): 173-179 (February 1979).

Patents

Method of Producing an Atypically Salt-Responsive Alkali­Deacetylated Polysaccharide. Allene Jeanes and J. H.Sloneker. U.S. 3,000,790. September 19, 1961.

Atypically Salt-Responsive Alkali-Deacety1ated PolysaccharideProduced by Xanthomonas carnpestris. Allene Jeanes andJ. H. Sloneker. u.S. 3,054,689. September 18, 1962.

Method of Increasing the Viscosity of an Aqueous Solutionof a Deacetylated Polysaccharide. Allene Jeanes and J.H. Sloneker. U.S. 3,096,293. July 2, 1963.

Method of Recovering Microbial Polysaccharides from TheirFermentation Broths. S. P. Rogovin and W. J. Albrecht.U.S. 3,119,812. January 28, 1964.

Carbohydrate Aliphatic Cyclic Acetals. d Mary O. Weaverand C. R. Russell. U.S. 3,294,781. December 27, 1966.

Picrate Process for Determining Quaternary AmmoniumContent of Microbial Polysaccharides. J. H. Sloneker.U.S. 3,314,764. April 18, 1967.

Continuous Process for Producing Xanthomonas Heteropolysaccharide.U.S. 3,485,719. December 23, 1969.

d Polysaccp2ride B-1459 and phosphomannans from Hansenula sp. areincluded among a 'vide variety of polysaccharides of plant origin.

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IV. POLYSACCHARIDES FRCfvl CRYPTOCOCruS LAURENTIIVAR. FLAVESCENS NRRL Y-140l AND CERTAIN ~lliLLA SPECIES

Chemical

1740 Extracellular Polysaccharide Produced from Glucose byC~tococcus laurentii var. flavescens NRRL Y-140l:C~cal and Physical Characterization. Allene Jeanes,J. E. Pittsley, and P. R. Watson. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.8 (6): 2775-2787 (November 1964).

2018 Hydrolysis Products from an Extracellular TremellaPolysaccharide. M. E. Slodki. Can. J. Microbiol.12 (3) : 495-499 (June 1966).

Microbiological

1358 Production of a New Polysaccharide with Cryptococcuslaurentii var. flavescens. M. C. Cadmus, A. A. Lagoda,and R. F. Anderson. Appl. Microbiol. 10(2): 153-156(March 1962).

2022 Extracellular Heteropolysaccharides from Cryptococcus andTremella: A Possible Taxonomic RelationshIP: M. E.slodki, 1. J. Wickerham, and R. J. Bandoni. Can. J.Microbiol. 12 (3) : 489-494 (June 1966).

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V. POLYSACCHARIDES FRa.1 ARTHROBACTER VISCOSUS NRRL B-1973 ANDB-1797, AND ARTHROBACI'ER STABILIS NRRL B-3225

Chemical

1792

2427

b

2408

2407

Extracellular Polysaccharide Produced from Glucose byArthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1973: Chemical and PhysicalCharacterization. Allene Jeanes, C. A. Knutson, J. E.Pittsley, and P. R. Watson. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9(2):627-638 (February 1965).

Structure of the Extracellular Bacterial Polysaccharidefrom Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1973. J. H. Sloneker,Danute G. Orentas, C. A. Knutson, P. R. Watson, andAllene Jeanes. Can. J. Chem. 46(21): 3353-3361 (November 1968).

An Extracellular Polysaccharide from Arthrobacter viscosus.I. R. Siddiqui. Carbohydr. Res. 4(4): 277-283 (June 1967).

A New :t<bdification of the Carbazole Analysis: Applicationto Heteropolysaccharides. C. A. Knutson and Allene Jeanes.Anal. Biochem. 24(3): 470-481 (September 1968).

Determination of the Composition of Uronic Acid Mixtures.C. A. Knutson and Allene Jeanes. Anal. Biochem. 24 (3):482-490 (September 1968).

Composition and Properties of Extracellular PolysaccharideProduced by Arthrobacter stabHis NRRL B-3225. C. A.Knutson, J. E. Pittsley, and Allene Jeanes. Carbohydr.Res. (in press, 1979).

Extracellular Polysaccharides Produced by ArthrobacterSpecies: Comparison of Chemical and Physical Properties.C. A. Knutson, J. E. Pittsley, and Allene Jeanes. Pm.Chem. Soc. Abstracts of Papers 161: CARB 28 (March 1971).

Extracellular Anionic Heteropolysaccharide Produced byArthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1797. C. A. Knutson, J. E.Pittsley, and Allene Jeanes. (Manuscript in preparation.)

Patent

Method for Increasing Solution Viscosity of Arthrobacterstabilis Polysaccharides. C. A. Knutson, Jr. U.S.4,146,705. March 27, 1979.

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Microbiological

1600 New Bacterial Polysaccharide from Arthrobacter. M. C.Cadmus, Helen Gasdorf, A. A. Lagoda, R. F. Anderson, andR. W. Jackson. App1. ~licrobio1. 11(6): 488-492 (November 1963).

1861 Polymer-Producing Species of Arthrobacter. Helen Gasdorf,R. G. Benedict, M. C. Cadmus, R. F. Anderson, and R. W.Jackson. J. Bacteriol. 90: 147-150 (July 1965).

Patents

Process for a ~crobial Polysaccharide. U.S. 3,228,855.M. C. Cadmus and R. F. Anderson. U.S. 3,228,855. January 11,1966.

Microbial Polysaccharide and Process. M. C. Cadmus andR. F. Anderson. U.S. 3,314,801. April 18, 1967.

Nitrogen Source for Improved Productions of MicrobialPolysaccharides. e M. C. Cadmus, M. O. Bagby, K. A.Burton, and I. A. Wolff. U.S. 3,565,763. February 23,1971.

e Includes polysaccharides from NJrnL strains B-1459, Y-1401, Y­2154, and Y-2448.

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VI. POLYSACCHARIDE FRO"I BACILLUS POLYMYXA NRRL B-1828

Chemical

Extracellular Polysaccharide from Bacillus po1ymyxa:Fermentation Conditions and General Physical Characterization.M. C. Cadmus, C. A. Knutson, K. A. Burton, and Allene Jeanes.(Research discontinued, manuscript abandoned.)

Microbiological

Extracellular Polysaccharide from Bacillus Ed1ymyxa.M. C. Cadmus, K. A. Burton, A. A. Lagoda, an K. L.Smiley. Am. Soc. :Microbiol., Bacteriol. Proc., Abstractsof Papers, 67: Al02 (May 1967).

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VII. POLYSACCHARIDES FROlv! BLACK YEASTS RHINOCLADIELLAMANSONII (CASTELLANI) SCHOL-SCHWARZ NRRL Y-6272 AND

RHINOCLADIELLA ELATIOR lvIANGENOT NRRL YB-4163

Chemical

3090 Extracellular Black-Yeast Polysaccharide Composed of N­Acetyl G1ucosamine and N-Acety1 G1ucosaminuronic Acid.Allene Jeanes, K. A. Burton, M. C. Cadmus, C. A. Knutson,G. 1. Rowin, and P. A. Sandford. Nature (New Biology)233(43): 259-260 (October 27, 1971).

2992 Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite with Arnines and Amides:A New Method for Quantitating Amino Sugars in MonomericForm. P. A. Sandford, Alice J. Nafziger, and Allene Jeanes.Anal. Biochem. 42(2): 422-436 (August 1971).

3006 Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite i<lith Amines and Amides:A New Method for Quantitating Polysaccharides ContainingHexosamines. P. A. Sandford, Alice J. Nafziger, andAllene Jeanes. Anal. Biochem. 44(1): 111-121 (November 1971).

3007 Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite with Arnines and Amides:Automation of the Method. J. A. Bietz and P. A. Sandford.Anal. Biochem. 44(1): 122-133 (November 1971).

3363 An Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharide Composed of 2­Acetamido-2-Deoxy-D-G1ucose and 2-Acetamido-2-Deoxy-D­Glucuronic Acid: Radiochemical and Gas ChromatograpnicAnalysis of the Products of Methano1ysis. P. A. Sandford,P. R. Watson, and Allene Jeanes. Carbohydr. Res. 29(1):153-164 (July 1973).

3715 Extracellular Polysaccharide from the Black Yeast NRRL Y­6272: Improved Methods for Preparing a High-Viscosity,Pigment-free Product. Paul A. Sandford, Kermit A. Burton,Paul R. Watson, Martin C. Cadmus, and Allene Jeanes.App1. lvlicrobio1. 29(6): 769-775 (June 1975).

3843 An Extracellular Fungal Polysaccharide [from NRRL-YB­4163] Composed of 2Acetamido-2-Deoxy-D-G1ucuronic AcidResidues. Paul R. Watson, Paul A. Sandford, Kermit A.Burton, lvIartin C. Cadmus, and Allene Jeanes. Carbohydr.Res. 46(2): 259-265 (February 1976).

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4224 Rheological and Other Physical Characteristics of Polysaccharidesfrom nvo Black Yeast-Like Fungi. P. A. Sandford, J. E.Pittsley, P. R. Watson, K.A. Burton, M. C. Cadmus, andA. Jeanes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 22(3): 701-710 ~larch 1978).

Microbiological

3919 Identification of Polysaccharide-Producing Black Yeasts.K. A. Burton, L. K. Nakamura, and M. C. Cadmus. Mycologia68 (3) : 685-688 (May-June 1976).

3975 A Unique Biopolymer from Rhinocladiella mansonii NRRL Y-6272: Production in 20 Liter Fennentors. K. A. Burton,M. C. Cadmus, A. A. Lagoda, P. A. Sandford, and P. R.Watson. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Vol. 18(12): 1669-1677(December 1976).

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VIII. POLYSACCHARIDES FR<JvI LIP<JvlYCES SPECIES

1990 Extracellular Polysaccharides and Classification of theGenus Lipomyces. M. E. Slodki and L. J. Wickerham. J.Gen. Microbio1. 42(3): 381-385 ~rch 1966).

3246 Cross-Reactions of Polysaccharides of Lipomyces in Antipneumococca1and Other Antisera. M. Heidelberger and M. E. Slodki.Carbohydr. Res. 24(2): 401-407 (October 1972).

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IX. 8-GLUCANS FRCM FLESHY FUNGI

Publications

1804 Fermentative Production of Exocellular Glucans by FleshyFungi. E. N. Davis, R. A. Rhodes, and H. Russell Shulke.Appl. Microbiol. 13(2): 267-271 ~arch 1965).

1803 Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of 8­Glucans from Fleshy Fungi. L. 1. Wallen, R. A. Rhodes,and H. Russell Shulke. Appl. Microbiol. 13.(2): 272-278(March 1965).

Patent

Glucan Production by Fermentation of Fleshy FlIDgi. E. N.Davis, R. A. Rhodes, and L. L. Wallen. U.S. 3,396,082.August 6, 1968.

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X. MISCELLANEOUS GENERALLY-APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS

Analytical

1832 Quantitative Determination of MOnosaccharides by GasLiquid Chromatography. J. S. Sa1vardeker and J. H. Sloneker.Anal. Chern. 37(7): 945-947 (June 1965).

1902 Quantitative Determination of MOnosaccharides as TheirAlditol Acetates by Gas Liquid Chromatography. J. S.Sawardeker, J. H. Sloneker, and Allene Jeanes. Anal.Chern. 37(12): 1602-1604 (Novernber 1965).

2429 Gas Chromatograhy of Carbohydrates. J. H. Sloneker. In"Biomedical Applications of Gas Chromatography," Ed.,H. A. Szymanski, Ne1v York, Plenum Press, 1968, Vol. II,pp. 87-135.

f

3759 Paper-Chromatographic Separation of [3H]Borohydride-Reduced Hexoses for Quantitative Determination of PolysaccharideComposition. Clarence A. Knutson. Carbohydr. Res. .43(2): 225-231 (September 1975).

Methods and Special Equipment

1298 Improved Glass-Plate Heater for Paper Chromatography.1. D. Ough, Allene Jeanes, and J. E. Pittsley. J. Chromatogr.6(1): 80-84 (July 1961).

2940 Microapparatus for Studying Flow Birefringence. J. E.Pittsley, L. R. Bair, J. H. Sloneker, and Allene Jeanes.Rev. Sci. Instr. 42(6): 895-896 (June 1971).

3310 Viscosity Profiles for Aqueous Dispersions of ExtracellularAnionic Microbial Polysaccharides. Allene Jeanes andJ. E. Pittsley. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 17(5): 1621-1624(May 1973).

3433 Liquid Scintillation Counting of Radioactive MOnomericand Polymeric Carbohydrates on Paper Chromatograms.Paul A. Sandford and Paul R. Watson. Anal. Biochem.56(2): 443-449 (November 1973).

f See also Reprint Nos. 2407 and 2408 on page 19.

g

g

2306

3213

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Physiological and Other Properties

Physiologic Effects of Three ~ticrobial Polysaccharides onRats. A. N. Booth, A. P. Hendrickson, and F. DeEds.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 5(4): 478-484 (July 1963).

Subacute Toxicity Study of a ~crobial Polysaccharide Fedto Dogs. Dorothy J. Robbins, J. E. Moulton, and A. N.Booth. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 2: 545-550 (1964).

A Method for Evaluating Deflocculants. T. A. McGuire,B. T. Hofreiter, C. L. Mehltretter, and C. E. Rist.Tappi 51(2): 94-97 (February 1968).

Laundry Soil-Suspending Activity of Certain ~crobial

Polysaccharides. .Allene Jeanes, R. G. Bistline, andA. N. Stirton. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 49(10): 610-612(October 1972).

Microbiology and Fermentology

815 Maintenance of Cultures of Industrially Important ~croorganisms.

W. C. Haynes, L. J. Wickerham, and C. W. Hesseltine.Appl. ~ticrobiol. 3(6): 361-368 (November 1955).

2101 Enzymatic Production of Glucose Syrup from Grains and ItsUse in Fermentation. M. C. Cadmus, L. G. Jayko, D. E.Hensley, Helen Gasdorf, and K. L. Smiley. Cereal Chem.43(6): 658-669 (November 1966).

2508 Kenaf Juice: Composition and Use in Fermentation Media.M. O. Bagby, 1. A. Wolff, and M. C. Cadmus. Tappi, TheJournal of the Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,52(3): 442-445 CMarch 1969).

2700 Starch Conversion by Immobilized Glucoamylase. M. J.Bachler, G. W. Strandberg, and K. 1. Smiley. Biotechnol.Bioeng. 12(1): 85-92 (January 1970).

g These publications from Western Regional Research Center, USDA,Albany, California, are included here because they relate closely to themicrobial polysaccharide research program at Northern Regional ResearchCenter. Polysaccharides Y-2448 and B-5l2(F) were prepared at the NorthernCenter; polysaccharide B-1459 ivaS prepared according to our specificationsby an industrial producer.

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In confonnance with the policy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,Northern Center publications are available to scientists and otherspecialists, librarians, representatives of the press, and others interested.

Requests for specific reprints should be by number and addressed to theNorthern Regional Research Center. Some reprints, however, may nolonger by available for distribution.

Most of the publications are in journals that are available in libraries.Photographic copies of most journal articles on research at this Centercan be purchased from the National Agricultural Library of the U.S.Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20750.

No publications will be sent regularly in response to foreign requestsunless exchange arrangements have been made with the Director of theNational Agricultural Library.

Printed copies of patents, which are assigned to the Secretary ofAgriculture, may be purchased (50 cents each) from the Connnissioner ofPatents and Trademarks, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington,D.C. 20231. Order by number, do not send stamps.