Date post: | 28-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | mae-greene |
View: | 216 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Extraction of Edible Leaf Protein Concentrate from Water Hyacinth
Oyeyemi AdeyemiFederal University of Petroleum Resources,
PMB 1221, Effurun. Delta State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
• Water hyacinth (Eichhonia crassipes) is one of the aquatic weeds.
• It infests rivers, dams, lakes and irrigation channels on every continent except Antarctica.
• The coverage of water ways by water hyacinth devastates aquatic environment and costs billions of dollars every year as control costs and economic losses.
ABSTRACT
• In these days of diminishing natural resources, it has become necessary to investigate the existing resources in water hyacinth for production of food, food additives, pharmaceuticals and raw materials for agro-allied industries.
• The aim of this study was to convert water hyacinth from an environmental nuisance to a natural resource that is in high demand.
• Edible form of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) was extracted.
ABSTRACT
• The physicochemical characteristics, total alkaloids and phenolic compounds of the WHLPC were determined.
• Proximate composition and amino acid profile of the WHLPC were analyzed and the LD50 evaluated.
• The WHLPC was used to formulate feed using different concentrations (7.73, 15.46, 23.19, and 30.92) %w/w.
• A control feed was formulated with soybean (15.46%w/w) in place of WHLPC.
ABSTRACT
• The resulting feeds were fed to different groups of rats over a period of twenty (20) weeks and the growth was monitored.
• Growth response curve of rats placed on formulated feed showed positive slope.
• At the end of the experiment, rats in various groups gained weight, gain in body weight measured in Control rats (55.35 g), WHLPC1 rats (57.75 g) were not significantly different (p>0.05).
• Data revealed that WHLPC is a potential raw material for food and beverages industry.
Study Area
• . The study area (River Ijana) is located within longitude 5.540E and 5.70W and latitude 5.310N and 5.60S as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Map of Warri Showing the Sample Collection Area (River Ijana)
Extraction of WHLPC
• The method described by Wenbiao and Yanling (2010) was modified and used.
• The water hyacinth leaves collected from Ijana River were thoroughly washed in water, and blanched for 5mins with 5% acetic acid, in a heating mantle.
• The leaves were then rinsed in de-ionized water and allowed to dry at room temperature.
Extraction of WHLPC
• Furthermore, the leaves were soaked in 95% ethanol for 6hrs to remove the fat and then dried in an incubator at 45°C to obtain the water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC).
• The now formed water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) was ground in a Teflon base grinder and stored in an air tight container, for further analysis.
Other methods
• Heavy metal analysis of WHLPC was done with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), using the American Public Health association (APHA, 1995) guidelines.
• Concentration total alkaloids of WHLPC was determined by the method described by Harbone (1973).
• The proximate analysis of water hyacinth leaves was carried out according to the method described by AOAC (2005).
Group Corn starch
Protein sources
Soy oil Fish meal Vitamins + Minerals
Control 60 15.46* 8 15.22 1.32WHLPC1 60 7.73 8 22.71 1.32WHLPC2 60 15.46 8 15.22 1.32WHLPC2 60 23.19 8 7.49 1.32WHLPC3 60 30.92 8 0.00 1.32
Table 1: Ingredient composition (%) of the experimental diets
WHLPC – Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate*Soy protein
Metal Concentration
(mg/kg)
*Upper limit
(mg/kg)
Cd 0.02±0.001 0.05
Cr 0.13±0.001 1.0
Pb 0.001±0.00 0.1
Pt 0.001±0.00 0.1
Pd 0.003±0.001 0.1
Sn 0.001±0.00 0.1
Hg 0.02±0.001 0.05
Table 2: Heavy metal composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Fe 0.001±0.00 5.0
Mn 0.001±0.00 0.05
Cu 0.001±0.00 0.5
Zn 0.001±0.00 24.0
Ni 0.001±0.00 0.5
Co 0.001±0.00 1.0
*Source: WHO (1989)
Nutrient Concentration (%)
Protein 56.38±2.15
Fat 4.11±0.55
Ash 4.88±0.24
Fibre 1.02±0.05
Carbohydrate 33.61±1.55
Table 3: Proximate composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
Amino Acid Concentration (g/100g)
FAO STANDARD (g/100g)
Alanine 3.20±0.15 NAArginine 3.80±0.23 NAAspartic acid 4.96±0.25 NACysteine 0.72±0.01 NAGlutamic acid 6.04±0.52 NAGlycine 3.00±0.12 NAHistidine 1.10±0.09 NAIsoleucine 2.29±0.32 4.2
Table 3.3: Amino Acid composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Leucine 5.01±0.35 4.8
Lysine 3.72±0.48 4.2
Methionine 1.34±0.08 2.2
Phenylalanine 3.67±0.22 2.8
Proline 2.72±0.11 NA
Serine 2.52±0.15 NA
Threonine 2.60±0.17 2.8
Tyrosine 2.20±0.13 2.8
Valine 2.81±0.11 4.2
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.NA: Not Available
Phytochemical Concentration (mg/kg)
Total alkaloid 16.6±0.2
Phenolic compounds 6.0±0.1
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
Table 4: Total Alkaloids and phenolic content of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Rat ID
Dose
(g/kg.bw)
Short-term
result (48 h)
Long-term
result (12 days)
A 3.25 Survival survival
B 8.37 Survival survival
C 17.51 Survival survival
D 21.50 Survival survival
Table 5: Results of LD50 test of Water hyacinth leaf
protein concentrate
WK0 WK5 WK10 WK15 WK2017
27
37
47
57
67
77
I
II
III
IV
V
Period (Weeks)
Wei
ght (
g)
Figure 2. presents the growth response of rats placed on feed formulated with water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) over a period of twenty weeks.
CONCLUSION
• Experimental evidence from the present study revealed that;
• Water hyacinth is a good source of leaf protein concentrate
• The water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) is nutritious as evidenced by proximate composition
CONCLUSION
• WHLPC contains alkaloids and phenolic compounds at physiologic amounts
• WHLPC is not acutely toxic as revealed by the studies on LD50
• WHLPC supports normal growth in rats and compared favourably with soybean
THANK YOU