1. 1. Extreme sports: (also called action sports, aggro sports, and adventure sports) is a popular term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion, and highly specialized gear.
2. 2. FIVE EXTREMES MOTOCROSS MOUNTAIN BIKING SKIING SKATEBOARDING SURFING
3. 3. Motocross is form of timed motorcycle racing which is held within enclosed off-road courses. This circuit normally consisting of winding dirt trails with sharp turns, hills, jumps and offer even muddy terrain. It is a physically demanding sport as it is held in all-weather conditions with professional race normally lasts up to 30 minutes.
4. 4. Motocross first started evolving within Europe during the early 1900s from motorcycle trial competitions. Over a number of years in the 1920s these trials turned into the event called (scrambles) which would later be viewed as the birth of modern motocross. The sport grow in popularity throughout coming years and in 1952s the European championship series was created. 10 years later this championship was upgraded to the world championship status marking the true start of international competitions.
5. 5. COMPETATIVE MOTOCROSS Motocross competitions come in a range of levels starting from local club events working up to the pinnacle of the sport; international competition. Examples of elite motocross are: AMA Motocross Championship is the largest motocross series that is held within the united states Motocross des Nations is a once a year motocross event that has been dubbed the Olympics of Motocross
6. 6. MOUNTAIN BIKING Mountain bike riding has emerged as a popular hobby and competitive sport in recent times, it has been seen as a physically demanding but also mentally challenging sport for all riders who aim to achieve their personal best.
7. 7. WHAT IS MOUNTAIN BIKING Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain.
8. 8. HISTORY OF MOUNTAIN BIKING One of the first examples of bicycles modified specifically for off-road use, is the expedition of Buffalo Soldiers from Missoula Montana to Yellowstone in August 1896. The Swiss military had its first bike regiment in 1891. US 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps, 1897
9. 9. COMPETITIVE MOUNTAIN BIKING Mountain biking has emerged as a competitive sport in recent years, with many competitions being run all year round, in many countries. With the top races being held in Italy. It is stated that it is the one of the most physically demanding sports of earth, with some days lasting up to 12 hours. Competition can be in the form of timed and untimed events.
10. 10. MOUNTAIN BIKE CULTURE To many people that enjoy mountain biking, it is more than a hobby ,it is a lifestyle choice. It allows people to push their limits, whilst enjoying the scenery around them and meeting people with the same ambitions in riding.
11. 11. SKIING Skiing is both a recreational activity that can be enjoyed by many age groups and a competitive winter sport. It is when a person uses skis to glide over the snow amongst other things. Skiing is recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has been part of the Winter Olympics in one form or another since 1924 There are many forms of skiing including Alpine, Cross Country and Ski jumping just to name a few.
12. 12. SKIING HISTORY Skiing in its modern form originates from Scandinavia, but could have been practised as early as 600BC in modern day China. The word Ski originates from a Norwegian word meaning Split Piece of wood or firewood It was originally purely utilitarian and developed to help people hunt in snowy conditions but in the 1800 people took it on as a recreational activity and a sport. The first recorded organized skiing exercises and races came from the Norwegian and Swedish Armys.
13. 13. EXTREME SKIING
14. 14. COMPETITIVE SKIING There are many different Skiing competitions around the world but the ultimate is the Winter Olympics. Skiing has been part of the Winter Olympics for the better part of a century in one form or another. From 1948-1980 the Olympics served as the world championship in Olympic years so the best skiers from around the globe get together and fight it out for the gold. Separate competitions were held in the even numbered non- Olympic years and in these years the Olympic medalist would receive an additional medal of the same colour from the International Ski Federation.
15. 15. SKIING CULTURE Aprs-ski is French for After Skiing and means any form of entertainment or social events done specifically at ski resorts. It adds to the fun for people staying at the resorts and gives them something to do apart from skiing and snowboarding. The culture started in the Alps, where skiers would stop off after their last run of the day and have a drink in their ski gear. Nowadays this culture is a massive factor when holidaymakers are looking for a place to book and often the resorts with the best Aprs-ski are the most popular.
16. 16. SKATEBOARDING Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered a recreational activity, an art form, a job, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world.
17. 17. HISTORY OF SKATEBOARDING The history of skateboarding begins in the 1950s, when all across California surfers got the idea of trying to surf the streets. The first skateboards started as wooden boxes or boards with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. The boards evolved as the popularity of skateboarding grew, and eventually companies were producing decks of pressed layers of wood. By the 1970s, skateboarding began to take its form as a serious sport rather than a hobby after competitions began to show the skill needed to be a freestyle skateboarder. By the 1990s, skateboarding had hit the mainstream and quickly became accepted as a professional extreme sport.
18. 18. COMPETITIVE SKATEBOARDING In the 1960s, skateboarding companies such as Jacks, Hobie, and Makaha started having real freestyle competitions where skaters like Torger Johnson, Woody Woodward and Danny Berer paved the way for future skaters. In 1975, a freestyle contest was held at the Ocean Festival in California where the legendary Zephyr team showed the world what skateboarding could be. The zephyr team had a lot of influential skaters such as legends like Tony Alva, Jay Adams, Stacy Peralta and Alan Gelfand (nicknamed Ollie). In 1995, ESPN held the first ever X-Games, which brought skateboarding into the mainstream light and sparking an interest in many young kids. The X-Games continues to become more and more popular with Skateboarding. One of the big factors today that makes skateboarding so huge, is the fact that pros make real money.
19. 19. SKATEBOARDING CULTURE Skateboarding is a sport like no other. Skateboard Culture has influenced fashion, music, video games and even the way we talk. As its popularity spread across America, it developed a culture of its own. Skateboarding has also played a big role in fashion, earning its place among the masses. Companies like Diamond Supply Co, Hurley, Vans, and RVCA all making millions off the skateboarding lifestyle.
20. 20. SURFING Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer toward the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, but can also be found in lakes or in rivers in the form of a standing wave or tidal bore. However, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial wave pools. The term surfing refers to the act of riding a wave, regardless of whether the wave is ridden with a board or without a board, and regardless of the stance used (goofy or regular stance). The native peoples of the Pacific, for instance, surfed waves on alaia, paipo, and other such craft, and did so on their belly and knees. The modern-day definition of surfing, however, most often refers to a surfer riding a wave standing up on a surfboard; this is also referred to as stand-up surfing.
21. 21. HISTORY OF SURFING Surfings roots lie in premodern Hawaii and Polynesia, where the sport was practiced by both men and women from all social strata from royalty to commoners. Early European explorers and travelers praised the skills of Hawaiian surfers, but 19th-century missionaries assigned to the islands disapproved of the constant intermingling, without any restraint, of persons of both sexes and banned the pastime. Surfing was practiced only sporadically in Hawaii by the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, however, concomitant with the development of Hawaii as a tourist destination, surfing underwent a revival, and the sport quickly spread to California and Australia.
22. 22. COMPETITIVE SURFING Although large wagers were often placed on ancient surf contests, it wasnt until the 1960s that surfing again involved prizes or cash awards. In 1965, money awards were still nominal, but by the time the Fifth Annual Duke Kahanamoku Invitation Surfing Championship was held in 1969, the first prize had grown to $1,000. In 1970, the Smirnoff Pro-Am meet organized by Fred Hemmings at Makaha Beach awarded $3,000 to the first place surfer. In 1971, the most prestigious professional surfing tournament - Pipeline Masters - held its first contest. Today it's the apex of surfing's Triple Crown, following contests at Haleiwa and Sunset Beach, and the winner walks away with prize money in the tens of thousands. Surfing is a big sport and big business worldwide. The World Championship Tour includes events all over the globe - from Biarritz, France to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico to Tavarua, Fiji - with male and female competitors. Sponsorships and product endorsements can provide big bucks to top athletes. As surfing has grown in international popularity, producers of surf equipment, accessories and clothing have also enjoyed commercial success around the world. With the growing popularity of surf contests, individual surf champions gained visibility. Fred Hemmings Jr. became Hawaii's first world champion when he won the 1968 World Amateur Championship in Rincon, Puerto Rico. Among the first to envision a professional tour for surfers, Hemmings fashioned one out of existing surf events. Competitors score points at various contests throughout the year with the championship going to the surfer with the most accumulated points. Hemmings also helped launch the International Professional Surfers (now the Association of Surfing Professionals) in 1976 and served as their president during its first three years.
23. 23. SURFING CULTURE Because they were lightweight, easy to transport, and easy to ride, malibus popularized surfing and sparked a unique, hedonistic subculture. This subculture originated in Southern California but spread around the world, from South Africa to Australia, by surf-film cinematographers, surf magazines, and the travels of the peripatetic California surfers. By the late 1960s a distinctly Australian way of surfing had emerged; based on more aggressive maneuvers performed on shorter boards, it quickly dominated and influenced the global surf culture.
24. 24. HARVARD REFERENCING INTRO Extreme sport 2015, Wikipedia.com, last viewed 05 May 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_sport. Extreme sports 2014, Youtube.com, last viewed 05 May 2015,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lnGYb3fLsA.
25. 25. HARVARD REFERENCING MOTOCROSS Dirt Family P/L 2013, Extreme motocross FMX & speedway, last viewed 06 May 2015, https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=extreme+motocross&spfreload=10. History of motocross 2014, Freestyle motocross.net, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.freestyle-motocross.net/info/guide/fmx/history. Motocross history, Motocross Australia.org, last viewed 05 MAY 2015, http://www.ma.org.au/index.php?id=68. Motocross, Wikipedia.com, last viewed 05 May 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross. Youngblood, E 2014, The Birth of Motocross 1924 1939, Ed Youngblood, Motocross America, Last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/asp/museum/exhibits/mx/history.asp.
26. 26. MOUTAIN BIKING Cremin, A 2015, The top ten multi-stage Mountain Bike races in the world, Andrew Cremin, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://outsidetimes.com/adventures/the-top-10-multi-stage- mountain-bike-races-in-the-world- 2925/#cEbzP3WGMpYY40ZW.97. Brandt, J 2005, A brief history of the mountain bike, Jobst Brandt, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://sheldonbrown.com/brandt/mtb- history.html. Cycling: History of mountain bike at the Olympic games 2015, olympic.org, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.olympic.org/Assets/OSC%20Section/pdf/QR_sports_s ummer/Sports_Olympiques_VTT_eng.pdf.
27. 27. SKIING Aaron Inkajon 2014, The Hawaii surfing history, last viewed 06 May 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33RsEIYC_H0. History of skiing 2014, wikipedia.org, viewed 06 May 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing. International Ski Federation 2015, Olympic skiing competitions, International Ski Federation, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.olympic.org/fis-alpine-skiing. International skiing history association 2014, A short history of skis, International skiing association, viewed 06 May 2015, https://www.skiinghistory.org/history/short-history-skis-0. MSP films 2015, Most insane ski line EVER, last viewed 06 May 2015, https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=extreme+skiing.
28. 28. Skateboarding History of skateboarding 2013, Street is culture.com, last viewed 06 May 2015,http://www.streetisculture.com/2013/11/07/history- of-skateboarding/. The evolution of skateboarding A history from sidewalk surfing to superstardom 2013, Skateboarding magazine.com, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.skateboardingmagazine.com/the- evolution-of-skateboarding-a-history-from-sidewalk-surfing-to- superstardom/.
29. 29. SURFING Booth, D.G 2014, Surfing, Douglas G Booth, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575128/surfing. Hawaii history.org 2015, Competitive surfing, Hawaii History, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=39 5. Surfing 2015, Wikipedia.org, last viewed 06 May 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing.