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Health Assessment

EYE

Kenn S. Nuyda, RN

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EYE

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To serve the distribution of tears thatlubricate the surface of the eye.

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2 Par t s of th e Eyelids

1. Lateral Canthus (Outer)

2. Medial Canthus (Inner)- contains the puncta; 2 small openingsthat allow drainage of tears into

lacrimal system.

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Eyelashes - Filter dust and dirt from enteringthe eye.

Conjuctiva ² with 2 portions:

1. Palpebral ² lines inside the eyelids2. Bulbar ² covers the anterior eye

La Crimal Apparatus ² consist of glands andducts to lubricate the eye.

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Lacrimal gland ² located on the upper-outer corner of the eye that produces

tears.

Puncta ² located on the upper, lower

lids of the inner canthus.

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Extraocular Muscles ² are the 6 musclesthat attached to the outer surface of theeyeball.

- It controls the 6 different direction of the

eye movement.- 4 muscles ² for the straight movement- 2 muslcles ² for the diagonal movement

- Supplied with 3 cranial nerves:Oculomotor (III); Trochlear (IV);Abducens (VI).

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In t erval S t ruc t ures of th e Eye

Eye balls ² Composed of 3 separate layers.1. Sclera (external layer) ² white, protective

covering.- support the internal structures of the

eye.- Cornea ́ window of the eyeµ ² permits

the entrance of the light, passes throughthe lens to the retina.- sensitive to pains due to many nerve

endings.

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2. Iris and Ciliary body ( Middle layer )Ciliary body ² controls the thickness of

the lens.- it focused on the near or far object.Iris ² circular disc that contain pigmentsto identify eye color.

Pupil ² is the central aperture of the iris.

- muscle fibers decrease the size toaccommodate near vision; dilates thepupils when far vision is needed.

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Lens ² biconvex, transparent, encapsulated,located posterior to the iris.

- To limit the light rays coming into theretina.

- It bulger to focus on close objects andflattens to focus on far objects.

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3. Retina (Inner Layer) ² receives visualstimuli and sends it to the brain.- rods and cones are numerous layers of

nerve cells that are responsible for light.- ´Photoreceptorsµ- Rods ² highly sensitive to light; regulatesblack and white vision.- cones ² sensitive to bright light andcolors.

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Optic Disc ² Cream-colored, circular arealocated on the retina.

- it is where the optic nerve entersthe eyeball.

Retinal Vessels ² with 4 sets of arterioles and

venules.- vessels are dark red- arterioles are bright red

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C h ambers of Eye Ball

1. Arterior chamber ² between corneaand iris.

2. Posterior chamber ² between iris andlens.

3. Vitreous chamber ² behind the lens

and retina

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Purpose:

- Maintain structure- Protect against injury- Transmit light rays

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VI SIO N

Visual Fields ² refers to what a person seeswith one eye.

- with four quadrants: upper and lowertemporal, upper and nasal quadrants,

- temporal quadrant can be extended furtherthan nasal.

- Two-eyed vision ² result of binocular vision,which the visual cortex fuses together resultingto a slightly different images.

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Visual Perception ² light rays strikes the retinatransformed into nerve impulses

conducted to the brain through opticnerve interpreted light pass through the

transparent media: cornea, aqueoushumor, lens and vitreous body beforereaching the retina.

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Visual ReflexPupilary light reflex ² results from the pupils to

construct when exposed to light.

- Direct reflex ² constriction of the pupils occursin the eye exposed to light.- Indirect reflex ² constriction of the pupil

occurs in the opposite eye, when eye exposed

to light.- Accommodation ² allowing the eye to focuson near object.

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Health Assessment

EAR

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EARSense organ of hearing equilibrium.

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STRUCTURES

OF THE EAR

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EXTERNAL EAR

Composed of pinna/auricle and externalauditory canal.Outer part curves up and back, inner partcurves down and forward.Cerumen ² produced by sweat glands inEEC, that keeps the lympathic membrane

soft; serves as defense from foreign bodies.Lymphatic membrane ² serve as divisionfrom auditory canal and middle ear.

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MIDDLE EAR

Tympanic cavityContains 3 auditory ossicles: Malleus, Incus

and Stapes.Transmit sound waves from the ear drumto inner ear.

Air pressure equalized in tymphanicmembrane by means of eutachian tubethat connects to the nasopharynx.

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INNER EAR

´LabyrinthµFluid filled with bony labyrinth.

With 3 parts: Cochlea, Vestibule andSemicircular canal.Cochlea duct ² sensory organ for hearing.

Vestibule ² help maintain equilibrium.

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HEARING

Sound vibration travel through aircollected by funelled through externalear.Causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate.Sound waves transmitted through auditoryossicles.Causes the 3 middle bones to vibrate

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Sound waves passed to the fluid in inner earcauses this fluid to stimulate the hair cells

that initiates the nerve impulses to the brain,

Conductive hearing ² transmission of soundwaves through external to middle ear.

Perceptive ² ´sensorineural hearingµtransmission of sound waves in inner ear.