CREST13

Lesti River Semeru Volcano

Brantas RiverFig. 1

* **

***

***

***

京都大学防災研究所年報 第 50 号 B 平成 19 年 4 月

Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 50 B, 2007

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Fig. 2(a)

Fig. 2(b)

Fig.3 (Dampit)

(Tawangrejeni)

Poncokusumo(Argosari)

Gedog Wetan

Genteng RiverSrimuryo

Table 1

Sengguruh dam Sutami dam

Mt. Semeru

Lesti R.Basin

Brantas R.

Tawangrejeni

Fig. 1 Lesti River basin

Year

110066mm33

Gross Storage

Effective Storage

Dredging

1988

Gross Sedimentation ratio:89.2%

Fig. 2(a) Reservoir sedimentation of Sengguruh dam

Construction of Sengguruh dam

Effective Storage

Gross Storage

GrossSedimentation ratio:49.2%

1988 Year

11006mm3

Fig. 2(b) Reservoir sedimentation of Sutami dam

Fig. 3 Observation sites in the Lesti River basin

FOREST

TREE CROPS

CULTIVATED

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Fig. 4

1997 6ADEOS AVNIR

Table 2

Date Article Location 2002, Oct.

Setting up of micro rain radar Malang (JASA TIRTA I)

2003, Feb.

Measurement of water discharge and turbidity by using ADCP, turbidity meter and etc.

Tawangrejeni

2003, Oct.

Setting up the rain gauges and erosion depth measurement poles

Tawangrejeni, Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan

2003, Dec.

Turbidity measurement Wajak, Poncokusumo, Tawangrejeni

2004, Mar.

Data collection of rainfall and erosion

Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni

2004, Nov.

Setting up the more rain gauges and erosion depth measurement poles

Argosari, Srimuryo

2005, Mar.

Measurement of water discharge and turbidity, data collection

Genteng, Tawangrejeni, Wajak

2005, Jul.

Brantas River Workshop at Batu city

Batu

2005, Nov.

Data collection Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni, Argosari, Srimuryo

2006, Mar.

Measurement of water discharge and turbidity, data collection

Genteng, Tawangrejeni, Wajak

2006, Sep.

Workshop of the research at JASA TIRTA I Corporation and data collection

Malang (JASA TIRTA I), Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni, Argosari, Srimuryo

Table 1 Outline of the observations

Fig. 4 Land cover classification in the Lesti River basin

ETM+ AVNIR MODIS Platform LANDSAT7 ADEOS TERRA/AQUALaunch 1999 1996 1999/2002 Orbit Near polar, sun synchronous Altitude(km) 705 797 705 Swath(km) 186 80 2300 Resolution(m) 30 (15) 16 250 (500,1000)Band 7 4 36 Red band(mm) 0.63-0.69 0.61-0.69 0.62-0.67 NIR (mm) 0.76-0.90 0.76-0.89 0.84-0.88 Used scene May 22, 2002 June 4, 1997 36 (Jan.2002-)

Table 2 Inter-comparison of the sensors

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Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 5

TERRA MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

NDVI Normalized

Difference Vegetation IndexFig. 7

Fig. 8

Oct. 2003 July 2005

Rainy Dry Rainy

Fig. 5 Seasonal change of the condition of the farmland cover

Oct. 2002 Dry Feb. 2003 Rainy Dec. 2003 RainyOct. 2003 Dry

Oct. 2004 Dry Mar. 2004 Rainy Mar. 2005 Rainy Nov. 2005 Rainy

Fig. 6 Seasonal change of the condition of the farmland cover from 2002 to 2005

May, 2002 July, 2002 Aug. 2002

Oct. 2002 Dec. 2002 Mar. 2002

Fig. 7 Seasonal Variability of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) (TERRA/MODIS, 250m resolution)

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Fig. 9

+

NDVI

JASA TIRTA IJASA TIRTA

I

ADCP

Fig. 11

WajakFig. 3

6.5 m3/s12,600 mg/liter

295 ton/h

NDV

Fig. 8 Seasonal Variability of NDVI

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

11 12 1 2 3Month (2003-2004)

(Dai

ly E

rosi

on +

Dep

osit)

/ D

aily

Rai

nfal

l [-]

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

ND

VI

Cultivated (Gedogwetan)Tree crops (Poncokusumo I)Forest (Poncokusumo II)NDVI (Cultivated)NDVI (Tree)NDVI (Forest)

Fig. 9 Outline of the observed results concerning to the soil erosion

Fig. 10 Observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in 2003

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ST

2004 Fig. 12

)()( tRftrxq

th (1)

)(,,

0,/

hddhdhddhddhddhdhd

q

sm

scacc

sccacc

cccc

(2)

:h :q :)(tr:f

:)(tR :, ac

ikcc ikaa (3)

:ac kk:i

(2) :, sc dd

ni / :n ca kk / :m :t:x

frss DDtxexcq

tch ),( (4)

er KKD stf hccD (5)

:sh :c :sq:rD

:fD(Govers and Rauws, 1986) :K

=0.002kg/J :eK ::tc

Fig. 13

rKe 48.56

3600/)(),( fr DDtxe

stf hccD 1000/

4.1254.187 ic st

Fig. 11 Sediment transport rate evaluated by the observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni

Fig. 12 Schematic view of surface and subsurface flow

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:s :,

,0.9 0.2Fig. 14(a) 2003 10 3 10 7

(b) 2005 919 9 20

Fig. 15NDVI

rD er KKD 1

1K

Fig. 16(a) (b)

Fig. 17 2005 3 11

Fig. 16(b)

DEM Kinematic wave modelRichards

Sharma, 2006

Manning

seMeyer and

Wischmeier, 1969 ,2rFce wfs (10)

Fig. 13 Relationship between rainfall intensity measured by rain gauge and impact energy work of rain drop per 1mm amount of rainfall

Fig. 14(a) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity in 2003 flood

( 9.0 , 2.0 , 002.02.0K )

Fig. 14(b) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity in 2005 flood

( 9.0 , 2.0 , 002.02.0K )

Fig. 15 Seasonal change of the erodibility of the top soil (right) and NDVI (left)

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m

mmw dh

dhdhF

1/1exp

(11)

:r :h:fc :md

182.0001242.0 rdm (12) MRR

he:0he :0he ST

ACCce stgh (13)

:gc :sC :A :tC

ghiugdh

uuCs

t *2

3* ,

121 (14)

:u :*u :g:s :d :i

Q

hsss ee

xQC

tAC (15)

,

ManningSharma,

2006 Fig. 18 12 NDVI Manning

pn 8.2exp0713.0 (16) :n Manning :p NDVI

Fig.19 (16)NDVI Manning

NDVI Manning

Takahashi, et. al., 2001

Fig. 17 Comparison between calculated and observed accumulated sediment volume in the period from March 2005 to October 2005

Fig. 18 Relationship between Manning’s roughness coefficient and NDVI (NDVI value is obtained from the satellite data taken in December 2002).

Fig. 16(a) Comparison between calculated and observed long term water discharges at Tawangrejeni from October 2004 to October 2006

Fig. 16(b) Comparison between calculated and observed long term turbidity at Tawangrejeni from October 2004 to October 2006

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Fig. 20(a), (b)

NDVI ManningManning

1.0n 5.0n 8.0n

Table 3NDVI Manning

Fig. 19 Distribution of roughness coefficient evaluated by using eq.(16) in the Lesti River basin (NDVI value is obtained from the satellite data taken in December 2002).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71

Time(hrs)

Disc

harg

e(m

3/s)

observedsimulated

0.0

1000.0

2000.0

3000.0

4000.0

5000.0

6000.0

7000.0

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71

Time

Turb

idity

(ppm

)

observedsimulated

Fig. 20 (a) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in the period from 0:00, Nov. 21, 2003 to 0:00, Nov. 24, 2003

NDVI - n 1.0n 5.0n 8.0n

Discharge 11.9 35.9 20.1 47.5

Turbidity 550.1 1860 1458.3 1315.4

Table 3 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for different roughness coefficient

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22

Time

Disc

harg

e(m

3/s)

obs-dissim-dis

Fig. 20 (b) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in the period from 0:00, Sep. 19, 2005 to 0:00,Sep. 20, 2005

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Dian Sisinggih

Govers, G. and Rauws, G. (1986): Transporting Capacity of Overland Flow on Plane and on Irregular Beds, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 11, pp. 515-524.

Meyer, L.D. and Wischmeier, W. H. (1969): Mathematical simulation of the process of soil erosion by water, Transaction of ASAE, pp.754-759.

Nakagawa, H.,Satofuka, Y., Muto, Y., Ohishi, S., Sayama, T. and Takara, K. (2005): On sediment yield and transport in the Lesti River basin, a tributary of the Brantas River, Indonesia,-Experiences from field observations and remotely sensed data-, Proc. of the International Symposium on Fluvial and Coastal Disasters, CD-ROM.

Sharma,R. H. (2006): Study on Integrated modeling of rainfall induced sediment hazards, Doctoral Thesis of Kyoto University, pp.71-96.

Takahashi, T., Nakagawa, H. and Satofuka, Y. (2001): Estimation of debris-flow hydrographs in the Camuri Grande River basin, Research report on natural disasters, pp.41-50.

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Rainfall and Sediment runoff in the Lesti River Bain, Tributary of the Brantas River

Hajime NAKAGAWA, Yoshifumi SATOFUKA*, Satoru OISHI**, Yasunori MUTO, Takahiro SAYAMA, Kaoru TAKARA and Raj Hari SHARMA***

* Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University ** Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi

*** Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University

Synopsis Intensive and continuous observations on sediment yield and transport are conducted in the Lesti River Basin, a tributary of the Brantas River, Indonesia. This report presents the observation results of raindrop characteristics investigated with Micro Rain Radar (MRR), seasonal and inter-annual land cover change detected by remotely sensing, soil erosion measurements with staves installed at different land covers, river discharge and velocity measurements with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and sediment turbidity measurements at the outlet of the Lesti River. Our motivation of these integrated observations is to understand all the processes from sediment yield to transport with the consideration of human impact such as cultivation, deforestation, and sand mining.

Keywords: rainfall runoff, sediment runoff, vegetation index, Brantas River, observation, modeling

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