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Eric PrebysEric Prebys

Accelerator Physics and Educational Programs at Fermilab

f What do particle physicists do?What do particle physicists do?

Particle physicists use high energy particles to study things far to small to be seen any other way Find the smallest particles Find the rules for how these particles behave Recreate conditions as they were right after the Big

Bang

The first “particle physics experiment” told Ernest Rutherford the structure of the atom (1911)

Study the way radioactive particles “scatter” off of atoms

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Accelerators allow us to probe down to a few trillionths of a second after the Big Bang!

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f What do accelerator physicists do?What do accelerator physicists do? Accelerator physicists design, build, and operate the

machines that accelerate particles to high energies for use in: Particle physics Medicine:

• Cancer treatment• Medical isotope production

Materials science and biophysics• Study detailed structure of materials, cells, proteins, etc,

using– Electrons– Protons– Neutrons– Photons

Industrial applications• Electron welding• Food sterilization• Etc, etc, etc

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f Evolution of acceleratorsEvolution of accelerators

The first “accelerators” were natural radioactive elements

The first man-made accelerators would fit on a table

Berkley “cyclotron” (1930)

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f Things keep getting biggerThings keep getting bigger

60” cyclotron (1935) Berkeley and elsewhere

Fermilab Built ~1970 Upgraded ~1985,

~1997 Most powerful

accelerator in the world (for a bit longer)

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Main Injector

Linac Drift Tube

Tevatron

Cockcroft Walton

The Fermilab acceleratorsThe Fermilab accelerators

Booster

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f The future: even biggerThe future: even bigger

CERN On Swiss-French border

LEP 27 km in circumference!! Built in 1980’s as an

electron positron collider Large Hadron Collider

(LHC) Built in LEP tunnel About 7 times more

energy that Fermilab Started in 2008

• Had some problems Just restarted!!

• Come to my talk

/LHC

My House (1990-1992)

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f Other Accelerators: B-FactoriesOther Accelerators: B-Factories

- B-Factories collide e+e- at ECM = M((4S)).-Asymmetric beam energy (moving center of mass) allows for time-dependent measurement of B-decays to study CP violation.

KEKB (Belle Experiment):

- Located at KEK (Japan) - 8GeV e- x 3.5 GeV e+- Peak luminosity 2E34

PEP-II (BaBar Experiment)

- Located at SLAC (USA) - 9GeV e- x 3.1 GeV e+- Peak luminosity 1E34

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f Major Accelerators: Relativistic Heavy Ion Major Accelerators: Relativistic Heavy Ion ColliderCollider

- Located at Brookhaven:

- Can collide protons (at 28.1 GeV) and many types of ions up to Gold (at 11 GeV/amu).

- Luminosity: 2E26 for Gold (??)

- Goal: heavy ion physics, quark-gluon plasma, ??

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f Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)

Locate at Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA

6GeV e- at 200 uA continuous current Nuclear physics, precision spectroscopy, etc

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f Light Sources: Too Many too CountLight Sources: Too Many too Count

Put circulating electron beam through an “undulator” to create synchrotron radiation (typically X-ray)

Many applications in biophysics, materials science, industry. New proposed machines will use very short bunches to

create coherent light.

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f Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge, TNSpallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge, TN

A 1 GeV Linac will loads 1.5E14 protons into a non-accelerating synchrtron ring.

These are fast-extracted to a liquid mercury target.

This will happen at 60 Hz -> 1.4 MW

Neutrons are used for biophysics, materials science, inductry, etc…

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f International Linear Collider (ILC)International Linear Collider (ILC)

Proposed “next big thing” in physics

30 km long, 250x250 GeV e+e-

Superconducting RF Major push at Fermilab to host

Currently significant effort in Photoinjector Superconducting RF Low Level RF (LLRF) ect

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f Many uses outside of scienceMany uses outside of science

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f Some challenges in the FieldSome challenges in the Field

Theoretical challenges: Beam stability issues Space charge Halo formation

Computational challenges: Accurate 3D space charge modeling Monitoring and control.

Instrumentation challenges: Correctly characterizing 6D phase space to compare to

models. Engineering challenges:

Magnets RF Cryogenics Quality control/systems issues.

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f Accelerators as a Career: ProsAccelerators as a Career: Pros

Accelerators are very complex, yet largely ideal, physical systems. Fun to play with.

Accelerators allow a close interaction with hardware (this is a plus or minus, depending on your taste).

Can make contributions to a broad range of physics programs, or even industry.

Many people end up doing a wide variety of things in their careers.

Still lots of small scale, short time, interesting things to be done.

Can be involved with HEP without joining a zillion member collaboration.

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f Accelerator Physics as a Career: ConsAccelerator Physics as a Career: Cons

Accelerator physics is not fundamental, in the sense that finding the Higgs or neutrino mass is. Although it’s a vital part of that research

Accelerator physics is a means to an end, not an end in itself.

Limited faculty opportunities That may be changing

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f The ProblemThe Problem

Although the need for accelerator physicists is growing, few schools offer specialized education in accelerator physics Generally one undergrad class, and accelerator

physics taught as part of particle physics in grad school.

Partial solution US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS)

• Started in 1987 to address the shortage of accelerator physics classes

• Held twice a year (June and January) at varying host universities

• One and two week courses– Two weeks = one semester

• Open to both students and more senior people• Some financial aid available

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f Sample USPAS Course GuideSample USPAS Course Guide

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f Fermilab Accelerator PhD ProgramFermilab Accelerator PhD Program

Started in 1985 by Leon Lederman in response to diminishing number of students going into the field.

A student works with an advisor at his or her home institution and a local advisor at Fermilab.

After completing the formal course requirements at the home institution, the student comes to the lab to work on thesis research.

Fermilab pays for tuition, stipend, and housing allowance.

Degree is granted by home institution. Fermilab PhD Committee regularly reviews progress.

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f GraduatesGraduates

T. Koeth (Rutgers) 2009 R. Miyamoto (UT Austin) A. Poklonsky (Michigan State) 2008 P. Yoon (Rochester) 2007 P. Snopok (Michigan State) 2007 B. Bordini (Pisa) 2006 X. Huang (Indiana) 2005 R. Zwaska (UT Austin) 2005 K. Bishofberger (UCLA) 2005 S. Seletskiy (Rochester) 2005 L. Nicolas (Glasgow)  2005 M. Alsharoa (IIT) 2005 L. Imbasciati (Vienna) 2003 V. Kashikhin (SRIEA, Russia) 2002 V. Wu (Cincinnati) 2001 J.-P. Carneiro (U. of Paris) 2001 M. Fitch (Rochester) 2000 O. Krivosheev (TPU, Russia) 1998 K. Langen (Wisconsin) 1997

E. Colby (UCLA) 1997 L. Spentzouris (Northwestern) 1996 D. Olivieri (Massachusetts) 1996 P. Chou (Northwestern) 1995 D. Siergiej (New Mexico) 1995 X. Lu (Colorado) 1994 W. Graves (Wisconsin) 1994 K. Harkay (Purdue) 1993 P. Zhou (Northwestern) 1993 T. Satogata (Northwestern) 1993 J. Palkovic (Wisconsin) 1991 P. Zhang (Houston) 1991 X. Wang (IIT) 1991 S. Stahl (Northwestern) 1991 L. Sagalofsky (Illinois) 1989 L. Merminga (Michigan) 1989 M. Syphers (Illinois - Chicago) 1987

First graduate Co-wrote definitive textbook

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f New Program: Lee Teng Undergraduate InternshipNew Program: Lee Teng Undergraduate Internship

Joint Program: Fermilab/Argonne National Accelerator Lab First year: 2008 Like existing internships, but focused on accelerator physics Under auspices of virtual “Illinois Accelerator Institute” ~5 students at each lab Joint selection process, after which program administered separately at the two

labs Program

Matched to existing SULI/IPM Program • 10 weeks, ~June 1-> August 7• Includes 2 weeks at USPAS!!

Student works closely with a mentor on a predetermined project involving accelerator physics or related technology

Includes:• Transportation to/from lab• Lodging and daily transportation to work• $450/wk stipend (including time at USPAS)• Transportation, tuition, and board for USPAS

Eligible Physics, Math, Engineering, or Computer Science majors at U.S. Universities (not

necessarily U.S. citizens) Juniors or outstanding Sophomores

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f 2009 Interns2009 Interns

  FNAL

  ANL

2008 2009Argonne 6 6FNAL 5 5Total offers 13 14Rejections 2 3Males 10 9Females 1 2non-US 3 2Illinois schools 5 2Sophomores 1 3Juniors 10 8

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f For more informationFor more information

USPAS http://uspas.fnal.gov/

Joint PhD program http://phd.fnal.gov/

Lee Teng Internship http://www.illinoisacceleratorinstitute.org

Or contact me prebys@fnal.gov http://home.fnal.gov/~prebys/

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