F
A Comprehensive Scoping and Assessment Study of Climate Smart
Agriculture (CSA) Policies in Madagascar
Report
30 April 2014
By
Dr Rakotondrasoa Lovanirina Olivia; Mrs Ratovo Olitina
Food Agriculture, Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network
FANRPAN
Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) Physical address: 141 Cresswell Road, Weavind Park 0184, Pretoria, South Africa
Postal address: Private Bag X2087, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 12 804 2966 or +27 (0) 12 804 3186
Fax: +27 (0) 12 804 0600 Email: [email protected] URL: www.fanrpan.org
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... x
1.1 Country overview of agriculture, land, and food security issues ................................................. x
1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ xi
2. FARMING SYSTEMS AND CSA TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES ........................................................ xi
2.1 Agriculture sector ........................................................................................................................ xi
2.1.1. Conservation agriculture (CA) ............................................................................................. xi
2.1.2. System of Rice cultivation Intensification (SRI) ................................................................. xiv
2.1.3. Others techniques .............................................................................................................. xv
2.2 Forestry sector ........................................................................................................................... xvi
2.3 Livestock sector .......................................................................................................................... xvi
2.3.1. Research program ............................................................................................................. xvi
2.3.2. Regional network of expertise on dynamic adaptive systems ruminant to a changing
environment (ARChE_Net) ......................................................................................................... xvii
2.4 Fishery sector ............................................................................................................................ xvii
2.5 Constraints on CSA ................................................................................................................... xviii
2.6 Action undertaken to Food security .......................................................................................... xix
3. CSA POLICY FRAMEWORK: EFFECTIVENESS AND EQUITY ................................................................ xxi
3.1 International conventions and regional collaborations ............................................................. xxi
3.2 Policies and strategy at a national level ..................................................................................... xxi
3.2.1 Climate change policy ......................................................................................................... xxi
3.2.2 Agricultural policies .......................................................................................................... xxiii
3.2.3 Natural resources policies ................................................................................................. xxv
3.3 The key institutions relative to CSA ..........................................................................................xxvi
3.4 Policies and gender equity ....................................................................................................... xxvii
3.4.1 Society and gender ........................................................................................................... xxvii
3.4.2 Policy and gender ............................................................................................................. xxvii
3.4.3 The Gender Network in Madagascar ............................................................................... xxviii
3.4.4 CSA and gender ............................................................................................................... xxviii
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... xxix
4.1 The key challenges to implementing CSA in Madagascar......................................................... xxix
4.1.1. On existing Policy and strategy......................................................................................... xxix
4.1.2. On CSA .............................................................................................................................. xxix
4.2 Recommendations: ....................................................................................................................xxx
4.2.1. On existing Policy and strategy..........................................................................................xxx
4.2.2. On CSA ...............................................................................................................................xxx
4.2.3. On Food security ............................................................................................................... xxxi
BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................................................... xxxii
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................... xxxiii
TABLE LIST
Table 1: Climate change policy : objectives, institutions, instruments ................................................ xxi
Table 2: Agriculture policies ............................................................................................................... xxiii
Table 3: Natural resources policies ..................................................................................................... xxv
Table 4: DCC services ..........................................................................................................................xxvi
FIGURE LIST
Figure 1: Institution arrangement ...................................................................................................... xxvii
APPENDIX LIST
Appendix 1 : Liste of institution visited ............................................................................................. xxxiii
Appendix 2 : Presence list ................................................................................................................ xxxvii
Appendix 3: Examples of current climate change adaptation projects being implemented in
Madagascar ( WWF) ............................................................................................................... xxxviii
Appendix 4: GSDM members and partenaires projects ........................................................................ xli
Appendix 5: SRI Statictic (GSRI, 2013) ................................................................................................. xliii
Appendix 6: Details of research topic (WWF et al, 2013) .................................................................... xlv
Appendix 7 : Policy and program faced to climate change ................................................................ xlvii
ACRONYMS ACCA: Adaptation au Changement Climatique en Afrique
AD2M: Appui au Dévelopement de Menabe et Melaky
AFD: French Agency for Development
ANAE: National Association of Environmental Actions
AP: Protected Areas
ASJA: Private Agronomic University
AVSF: Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières
BNGRC: Disaster Risk Management Office
BV-PI : Watershed-Irrigated area
CA : Conservation agriculture
CARWG : Regional Conservation Agriculture Working Group
CBO: Community Based Organization
CDM : Clean Development Mechanism
CI: International Conservation CIRAD: Center for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development
CIRAGRI: Agricultural Service Center
CNOSRI : National Orientation SRI Committee
COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COP: Conferences of the Parties
CSA: Climate Smart Agriculture
CT REDD : Thematic group of REDD
DCC: Climate Change Directorate
DMC : Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping system
DNA: Designated National Authority of the Kyoto Protocol CDM
DPPSC : Direct Planting on Permanent Soil Cover
DRR : Disaster Risk Reduction
EP : Environment Program
EPP-PADR : Permanent Pilot Team for the Rural Development Action Plan
ESSA : Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques/ School of Agronomy
FAFIALA : Centre d’Experimentation et de diffusion pour la gestion paysanne des Tanety
FANRPAN: Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network
FAO: Food Agriculture Organization
FAPBM: Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity
FEKRITAMA: Malagasy Farmers Confederation
FFEM: French Fund for World Environment
FIFAMANOR: Malagasy Norwegian Agriculture and Livestock
FOFIFA: National Center for Applied Research on RuralDevelopment
FORECA: Forêts Engagées dans la Réduction des Emissions de Carbone
GCF: Gestion contractualisée des forêts –
GCM: Global Climate Models
GELOSE: Gestion locale sécurisée
GIZ: Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GRET: Research Group andTechnological Exchanges
GSDM: Direct seeding group of Madagascar
GSRI: Group on System or Rice Intensification
GTCC: Thematic group on climate change
ICPM: Common Initiative Advocacy on Disaster Risk Reduction in Madagascar
IHSM : l’Institut Halieutique des Sciences Marines de Toliara
INSTAT: National Institute of Statistics
IOC: Indian Ocean Commission
IRACC : Regional Climate Change Initiative Agro Ecology
IRD: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
KfW: Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
LPDR: Rural Development policy brief
LRI: Laboratory Research on Isotopes
MNP: Madagascar National Parks
MOPH : Ministry of Public Health
MPA: Marine Protected Area
MRV: Monitoring‐ Reporting‐ Verification
NAMA : National Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NAPA: National Action Plan for Adaptation
NCATF : National Conservation Agriculture Task Force
NEAP : National Environnemental Action Plan
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
NSRD: National Strategy for rice Development
NSS: National Seed Strategy
ODR : Rice Observatory
OMD : Millenium developpement Goal
ONE: National Environment Office ONN : National Office of Nutrition PACA: Agricultural Production in Ankililoaka basin/valley and Antseva corridor
PADR: Action Plan for Rural Development
PANA: National Action Plan of Adaptation
PANAGED: National Action Plan for Gender and Development
PANSA : National Action program on Food security PNLCC : National Policy on Climate Change
PNPF: National Policy of Women Promotion
PNVA : National Program of Agricultural Popularization
PSASA: Seed Supply Securing Project for Androy
RDNP: Rural Development National Programme
REDD: Reduction of emission due to degradation and deforestation
ROR: Rural Observatory Network
R-PP : REDD Readiness Plan
SACC: Service of Attenuation of Climate Change
SADC: Southern African Development Community
SAECC: Service of Adaptation to the Effects of Climate Change
SCRID: Researcher team for Sustainable Upland Rice -
SDMad: Semis Direct de Madagascar
SGBD: Service of Database Management and Climate Modelling
SRI: System of Rice cultivation Intensification
UNFCCC: United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund
VCUs : Voluntary Carbon Units.
VERAMA: VERgers d’Anacardes de Masiloka
WCS: Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); WFP: World Food Programme
WUA Water Users Associations
WWF: World Wild Fund for nature
1. 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. 1.1 Country overview of agriculture, land, and food security issues
With 59 million hectare of surface, Madagascar are covered with 8% agriculture land, 21% of forest, 57%
of pasture. Three (03) issues persist in Madagascar, soil degradation and exhaustion, biodiversity
degradation and human environment degradation (MEF, 2003).
First, the agriculture problems according to the PADR (Action Plan for Rural Development) in 2001 are:
institutions and rules, empowerment of civil society and production system. To tackle the issues, the
government opts for decentralization to find solution for each 22 regions of Madagascar. In addition, the
ministry of agriculture developed the green revolution since 2007 to improve land use techniques.
Secondly, the country’s natural resources have the potential to generate substantial and tangible
economic benefits but their management is affected by a lack of sustainable financing mechanisms and
poor governance (Wolrd Bank, 2013). However, the environment is among the priorities of the
Government of Madagascar in its strategy of development and poverty reduction. Thus, there are many
international treaties that Madagascar had adopted and much more local policies to reach the
development goal according to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs).
Finally, with 19 million of habitat, 72 % of Malagasy population depend to the agriculture and live in a
vulnerable area in the countryside. Nevertheless, the decline in agricultural production causes a rise in
malnutrition rates and food insecurity. For instance, the first alarm in food security in Madagascar was
in 2004 with the rice crisis. Since then the government in collaboration with International Organization
such FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) try to solve the problem in both national level and in local
level (family and individual). Thus, the PANSA (National Action Programme on Food Security) had been
adopted in 2005.
Beside these issues, climate change has the real potential to halt or undermine economic development
in Madagascar and is threatening the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (WWF & al,
2013). Therefore, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is one approach that is being widely promoted as the
future for Agriculture (agriculture, livestock, forestry) and as a viable answer to climate change. FAO
considers CSA as a combined policy, technology and financing approach to enable countries to achieve
sustainable agricultural development under climate change. The CSA approach involves the direct
incorporation of climate change adaptation and mitigation into agricultural development planning and
investment strategies (FAO, 2012).
In this context, FANRPAN programme (Food Agriculture Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network)
promotes CSA in Africa. The overall objective of the FANRPAN CSA policy programme is to increase
agricultural productivity and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable smallholder farmers to the impact
of climate change. This study is initiated by FANRPAN in collaboration of the ministry of agriculture in
Madagascar to seek to:
- Conduct comprehensive reviews of the existing CSA policy context in Madagascar;
- Analyze gaps in the existing policy frameworks; - Identify relevant policy recommendations; - Develop and share policy recommendations (briefs) at national and regional levels.
2.1. 1.2 Methodology
The adopted methodology covers:
Data collection and compilation, which consist on collecting, compiling and synthesizing literature on CSA in Madagascar
Key-informant interviews to have an idea, appreciations, visions, of the policies and strategies in order to know how they relate the main opportunities and threats for developing CSA. In all, about 20 institutions were visited. Moreover, our team had discussion with the responsible of environment department in each ministry and the person responsible of climate change programme in the different Non Governmental Organization (NGO) and finally visited farmers organization. The list of visited institutions are given in appendix 1
To have effective strategies and recommendations at national level in term of conservation agriculture policy development at the end of the first part of our intervention, we organized a meeting work that held in the meeting room of the ministry of agriculture with all persons visited at. A brief presentation of the result of the data collection was done and after that, there was a discussion time to improve the draft and to discuss about the policies and institutions concerning CSA in Madagascar. The list of the person present is recorded in the appendix 2.
2. 2. FARMING SYSTEMS AND CSA TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES
To tackle the issues of climate change, Madagascar has undertaken adaptation and mitigation actions.
Many actions were developed especially in the natural resources areas (some examples are given in
appendix 3). However, as our study is more focused on agriculture, the next section will give information
about that.
3.1. 2.1 Agriculture sector
In Madagascar, the sector most affected by climate change is agriculture. Thus, many entities and
organizations had been promoting new techniques and researches in this area from 1990 until now.
Actions and initiatives on CSA have been undertaken for several years to reduce vulnerability or to adapt
to adverse climate change effect. The techniques that support CSA developed in Madagascar were: a)
Conservation Agriculture (CA), b) SRI (System of Rice Intensification), c) Watershed management and
others (Agro forestry, best agricultural practices, reforestation ...)
2.1.1. Conservation agriculture (CA)
The CA aim is to promote food sufficiency, poverty reduction, and value added production through
improved crop and animal production, and production in relation to market opportunities (National
resource team of Madagascar, 2013).
Conservation Agriculture emerged in Madagascar under Direct Planting on Permanent Soil Cover
(DPPSC) system in the early 1990s. The aim at the beginning was to create a «reference farms» by
settling reference sites in order to master and disseminate a range of Conservation Agriculture
compared with labor traditional system, in term of technical and economical performances.
Principles
The CA consists of three keys principles: a) permanent soil coverage, b) minimum soil disturbance, c) crop rotations and associations to improve soil fertility and to break the soil pan layer (National resource team of Madagascar, 2013).
Advantages
The CA brings three benefits: a) Improve mineral balance, soil physical properties, and biological balance, b) promote micro climate (the vegetation cover buffering climate risk), micro economy (rise the production and decrease day work and field work), c) reduces weeds infestation and diseases by darkness and allelopathy. (Michel Raunet, www.agrobiologie.cirad.fr)
Technical and sensitize programmes
Two platforms lead CA activities in Madagascar:
- GSDM (Groupement Semis Direct de Madagascar/ direct seeding group of Madagascar) is the focal point of promoting CA in Madagascar which effectively and actively up scale the CA. It was created in 2001. In addition, there are 15 organizations members. All the project realised by each member of GSDM are resumed in the appendix 4
- NCATF (National Conservation Agriculture Task Force) help for a national coordination of all actions on CSA and for broadening the area of intervention to CSA. It involves 40 members (Ministry of environment, Ministry of Agriculture, National and International NGO, seeds producers, research organisms and producers, aims to coordinate the actions of the CA, play an advocacy role for the CA and CSA and mobilize resources…) and was created by the initiative of FAO in 2009 and regroups. This national platform in CA is part of the Regional Task Force on Agriculture Conservation CARWG network (Regional Conservation Agriculture Working Group) in the region of Southern Africa. It also promotes the agro-ecology (combining best agricultural practices in valuing ecological processes) project initiated by the IRACC (Regional Climate Change Initiative Agro ecology) affecting the islands of the Indian Ocean. Thus, GSDM is the focal point of NCATF and the Ministry of agriculture is the focal point of the Agro-ecology platform.
These two platforms promote the CA/CSA at both institutional and operational level. They: i)
progressively identify individual and collective skills in CA/CSA (an almost exhaustive survey was
produced during the workshop IRACC, project) ii) promote the exchange of information and knowledge
between operators achievements with some involvement of members through working groups, iii) open
up trade with Administration officials and organizations involved in environmental protection, iv)
identify the training needs of different members that whether in terms of Conservation Agriculture with
an organization training conducted at the GSDM or good agricultural practices managed by the IRACC
project.
In addition, the two platforms organize exchange and field visits very favourable to knowledge sharing
on achievements in CA/CSA Madagascar. Till now, this NCATF is supported by the Agro-ecology project
managed by the GSDM. It is still functional but this project ended on December 2013.
Projects promoting Conservation Agriculture in Madagascar
PLAE project (Anti Erosive Program) 1998-2006: the project, funded by KfW German, is to carry out related actions to anti-erosive in sensitive sites of watersheds of the irrigated perimeters of Marovoay (1998), Soavina Amoron'i Mania (2005) and Bezaha (2006). In partnership with GSDM and TAFA, reference sites and demonstration plots on CA system are put in place in its three localities.
Conservation of Mahafaly Plateau Project: 1st phase: 2002-2008 and 2nd phase: 2009-2012 under FFEM/AFD funds and implemented by WWF, the project's mission is to accompany the extension of Tsimanapesotsa National Park and to reduce pressures by using CA for sustainable agriculture and livestock production systems. TAFA NGO is in charge of the implementation of CA reference sites (Satrampaly and Itampolo) while “la Maison des Paysans” was responsible for the CA dissemination from TAFA based results.
BVPI project (watershed and Irrigated perimeters) at Alaotra lake: 1st phase: 2003-2008 and 2nd phase: 2008-2013. Funded by AFD and the Malagasy State and implemented by CIRAD, in the vision of transforming the landscapes on watersheds in deterioration, the project objective is to contribute farmers’ incomes improvement, watershed natural resources preservation and downstream investments by supporting CBOs’ for their autonomy in the development management. GSDM supports the project in the Conservation Agriculture implementation. The other partners such as BRL, AVSF, ANAE, SD - Mad provide dissemination.
National Project conducted by GSDM: Phase 1: 2004-2008 under "Support to dissemination of Agro-Ecological techniques in Madagascar" project and phase 2: 2008-2013 under "Support to National agro-ecology", co funded by AFD, Malagasy State, European Union, KfW and Region La Reunion, and in partnership with other agencies working on Conservation Agriculture, the project missions involve - a wide range CA techniques development adapted to different agro-ecological and socio-economic situations, - a wide scale agro-ecological techniques dissemination, - an active agro-ecological network implementation, - Training tools development for training of managers, technicians and farmers - and put in place conditions to the development of the CA techniques.
Project implemented by GRET and GSDM in the Androy Region: Phase 1: 2005-2008 under the FASARA project "agricultural value chain and food security improvement of Androy Region" and phase 2: 2008-2010 under the PSASA project "Seed Supply Securing Project for Androy". In collaboration with TAFA and FOFIFA, the project aims to ensure the households food security in the semi-arid area with strong wind erosion of Androy by increasing local production of the main food crops by the sustainable production system through Conservation Agriculture.
PACA Project (Agricultural Production in Ankililoaka basin/valley and Antseva corridor): 2006-2010, co- funded by the European Union and GSDM and implemented by TAFA NGO as leader, SD - Mad and HASYMA, the objective is to increase food and cash crops productions through Conservation Agriculture in the South West fertile region.
South East High Plateau Watershed and irrigated perimeter Project under AFD funding, in partnership with institutions such as SD - Mad, FAFIALA and AVSF, the project covers the irrigated perimeter of Vakinankaratra, Amoron'i Mania, Vatovavy Fitovinany and South East regions and tried to achieve watersheds management by implementing CA techniques diverse climates.
INTERREG Project: Funded by “La Reunion Region” and with partnership between CIRAD, La Reunion and Malagasy Organization involved in CA, integrated with the livestock (FIFAMANOR, TAFA and GSDM), the project objective is to produce/develop French and Malagasy technical leaflets on production and use of fodder and livestock integration with CA farming.
Around the National Park of Andasibe funded by Conservation International, ANAE disseminates among other activities around Andasibe National Park the Conservation Agriculture.
AD2M: with the support of GSDM, the AD2M project under IFAD funding started dissemination agro-ecological sites in the district of Miandrivazo, Mahabo and Belo sur Tsiribihina in the Menabe Region (Ouest of Madagscar)
2.1.2. System of Rice cultivation Intensification (SRI)
Principles
The basic strategy with SRI is to create soil, water and nutrient conditions that accelerate the growth of
rice seedling.
The central principles of SRI are: a) rice field soils should be kept humid rather than continuously saturated, minimizing anaerobic conditions, as this improves root growth and supports the growth and diversity of aerobic soil organisms, b) rice plants should be planted singly and spaced optimally widely to permit more growth of roots and canopy and to keep all leaves photosynthetically active, c) rice seedlings should be transplanted when young, less than 15 days old with just two leaves, quickly, shallow and carefully, to avoid trauma to roots and to minimize transplant shock (GSRI, 2010).
SRI principles and practices have been adapted for rain-fed rice as well as for other crops (such as
wheat, sugarcane …), with yield increases and associated economic benefits.
Advantages
The SRI advantages are (GSRI, 2010):
- Seeds saving offered by single seedling transplantation: 1ha of rice field only requires 6kg of seeds compared to 80kg for the conventional system.
- Water saving: maintenance of a certain level of water and alternation of dry and irrigated condition reduce water consumption of the rice field when compared to that of conventional system which is in a submerged condition.
- Less dependence to external resources: SRI methods rely on the respect of the physiology of the rice plant so it can express its tillering potentiality. Farmers that are mostly constrained by the lack of cash-flow for the purchase of improved seeds or chemical fertilizer can adopt SRI in order to at least double their rice yield.
Technical and sensitize programmes
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been promoted in Madagascar since 1998. The Ministry of
Agriculture entered the actions with the PNVA Project (National Program of Agricultural Popularization),
and by the encouragement of the farmers to participate in one regional and national compete. The
initiative called MAP (Madagascar Action Plan) presented also the SRI as a main tool to reach the
objective of doubling the rice production in 2010 and promoted the distribution of the SRI.
The Group on SRI (GSRI), led and coordinated by a permanent Secretariat, has been created in 2008 with
13 organisms’ members, including umbrella organizations and actors of rural development. The GSRI
currently consists of 267membersin the 22 regions of Madagascar.
Regions participate in the SRI distributions. The "Regional offices of the Rural Development" train
farmers with NGOs, "Districts of the Agriculture (Farming) ", CIRAGRI, “Agricultural Service Center”. In
principle, they have a knowledge base about the SRI from NGO since 1990 and thus speak about it with
full knowledge of the facts.
(Source: GSRI website: http://groupementsrimada.org)
SRI Adoption
All the 22 regions in Madagascar practice the SRI. While the mean surface cultivates per farmer is about
0.31 ha the production per hectare with SRI (4t/ha) is twice more than the production with the
traditional techniques (2t/ha) (GSRI, 2013). The statistic showing the number of farmers and the surface
cultivates with SRI is shown in appendix 5.
Even though the SRI is already known as a solution to the food security in Madagascar, mastering of the
technique needs more investment. Lack of materials (weeder, fertilizer) and irrigation infrastructures,
the farmers opt for traditional technique instead of SRI. Moreover, the local price of rice is very low.
SRI is more use by many development projects or conservation project as alternative livelihoods.
However, as many project interventions are in a short term and depend to the abroad funding, often,
there are no monitoring after the post project and the farmer don’t have perseverance to continue due
to the lack of incomes.
2.1.3. Others techniques
Some other CSA techniques are developed by various programmes/projects such as:
- Adaptation of agricultural calendar according to the rainfall period - Promoting short-cycle and drought or inundation-resistant seeds (rice) - Promoting short-cycle and drought-resistant seeds (sorghum, maize) - Diversification of cultures (cowpea, groundnut, bean, yam…)
- Promoting hydroponics techniques, small scale irrigation systems, market gardening - Plantation of tree fences made of “Vetivers”, “Agaves”, Euphorbia stenoclada and
others (Tephrosia, Cajanus cajan…) to protect soils from being eroded or blown away by increased and long sustained winds and to increase water retention and infiltration.
- Promoting sorghum cultivation: (launched in 2008). Sorghum is a plant adapted to dry regions such as the south of Madagascar. It requires a minimum of water and fertilizer.
- Promoting traditional Rice cultivation with fish breeding - Promoting Off-season conservation agriculture
4.1. 2.2 Forestry sector
Forestry sector actions resume on:
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD)
It consists mainly REDD projects. Madagascar has five REDD projects. Three of them (managed by CI and
WCS) are located in the eastern part of Madagascar, in the rain forest, and aim at producing carbon
credits. The two others (managed by GTZ / Intercoopération, and WWF / Good Planet) have several
different sites, and are more focused on methodology. They mainly tried to produce specific approaches
and tools (e.g., reference scenario, allometric equations) adapted to the Malagasy context. It must be
underlined that the group of technicians involved in these projects, as well as national administration
and technical bodies (as the ONE, National Environment Office) have been willing to work together and
created the CT – REDD (national technical committee for REDD), and helped producing the ‘R - PIN’
(Readiness Project Idea Note) to allow Madagascar to benefit from World Bank funds to work on a
national approach for REDD.
Now there also is ‘REDD+’, which includes a broader scope that includes sustainable forest
management, conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks. REDD + concernes the reduction of
deforestation, degradation of the forest, and in the same way promotes alternative livelihoods and
development for the resident communities through carbon selling. In this way, the project will generate
Voluntary Carbon Units (VCUs). Income from the sale of these VCUs will be used by the project and the
Government of (the Republic of) Madagascar GoM to partially finance the management of the protected
area and to expand economic opportunities for local communities (CSA, health care…).
- Use of renewable energy and management of energy wood: (hydro power, biofuel, solar in
Agronomic Research for Development), WWF (World Wide for Nature) and the Tany energy). Many
organism work on that, such as CIRAD (Center for International Cooperation Meva Foundation
5.1. 2.3 Livestock sector
2.3.1. Research program
In collaboration with its partners, the Ministry of Livestock conducts research on improving farming techniques to climate change. In addition, researchers at the Department currently are working on the modeling of biomass flows, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon in livestock farms. The main partners of the Ministry of Livestock include FOFIFA and FIFAMANOR.
- FOFIFA is an applied research centre oriented towards rural development created in 1974; it is the most important agricultural research institute in Madagascar. It has different research departments, as a department for livestock and veterinary sciences.
- FIFAMANOR is a research center for rural development in agriculture and livestock, based in Antsirabe. It contributes to the diffusion of agro-ecological techniques in the Vakinankaratra region thanks to an important network of extension officers. It is also involved in the development of cropping methods helping the soil fertility’s regeneration and in the slash-and-burn farming in highlands. There are two examples of its research topics: (1) improving feed and conduct dairy farming: determination of food composition values of forages and provender; (2) genetic improvement of dairy cows: artificially inseminated, selection of dairy cows, broadcast spawners.
2.3.2. Regional network of expertise on dynamic adaptive systems ruminant to a
changing environment (ARChE_Net)
The ARChE_Net project is a multi-partner regional project funded by the Reunion Regional Council, the
EU and the French Government. It aims to define regional strategies to manage the ruminant production
systems’ adaptation to agro-ecological and socio-economic changes thanks to the implementation of
innovative monitoring tools and to the reinforcement of skills exchange within the Indian Ocean. These
tools will allow to propose alternative ways and innovative technical strategies to improve technical and
environmental performances of production systems, animal production quality and farms economic
viability. They should help to anticipate the necessary changes on farming advisement, in a context
where the economic, societal and environmental issues have an increasing importance.
The ARChE_Net’s Malagasy partners are:
- School of agronomy- University of Antananarivo
- FIompiana FAmbolena MAlagasy NORveziana (FIFAMANOR)
- FOibem-pirenena ho an'ny FIkarohana ampiharina ho FAmpandrosoana ny eny Ambanivohitra (FOFIFA)
- Groupement Semis Direct Madagascar (GSDM)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
- Radio-Isotopic laboratory (LRI)
6.1. 2.4 Fishery sector
We can mention the following projects:
- Projet d’appui aux communautés des pêcheurs (PACP) or Project to support fishing
communities in the south of Madagascar (Atsimo Andrefana Region between Soalara and Morombe).
One component of this project is the development and sustainable management of resources. This
component is related to climate change adaptation initiatives in the sector. Establishment of marine
reserves, improvement of information on traditional fishing, exploitation of new areas fishing and
development of aquaculture activities are part of these initiatives. PACP intervene with 92 villages of
coastal, affecting approximately 70000 inhabitants (including 19.500 fishermen). Four platforms of
associations fishermen are implemented, in partnership with Institute of Marine Sciences of Toliara and
international NGOs (Blue Venture, WCS and WWF). Each platform manages the reserves, deciding the
dates of opening and closing of fishing. There is also GAPCM (Association of Fishermen and Farmers of
Shrimp in Madagascar) which ensures good practice managements resources and makes proposals for
the implementation of a rational policy on management of shrimp activity in all its aspects, including the
monitoring of resources, regulation, quality control and monitoring.
- African Environmental Monitoring for Sustainable Development (AMESD).
As part of the partnership between AMESD and the Mauritius Oceanography Institute (MOI), a receiving
station was installed in the premises of fisheries Monitoring Centre within the Ministry of fisheries and
Marine resources. It aims to produce oceanographic maps for the detection of potential fishing zones,
monitor the physical oceanographic variables…
- Implementation of a development and management plan of natural resources used in traditional fisheries sectors in the districts of Mitsinjo and Soalala (Boeny Region)
Boeny region, by its geographical position facing the extent of the Mozambique Channel, is the leading
seafood purveyors in the national market. About 2800 families, or 98% of the population of the coasts,
live by fishing (fish, shrimp, crabs and sea cucumbers) in this region Boeny. But traditional fishermen
found that programs to protect the marine and coastal ecosystem of operating traditional fishing areas
are not sufficiently effective or are not yet exist.
Therefore, all relevant (including traditional fishermen, collectors fish products, local authorities, district
rural development, agricultural service center, NGO Asity and Madagascar National Park) are agreed to
establish a development and management plan of resource. The agreed plan is a major awareness
campaign on the laws governing traditional fishing one hand. On the other hand, local controllers by
sector, after training and capacity building support local communities. The establishment of Dina1
designed by local initiatives strengthens sanctions to be applied to those who violate the laws and texts
or do not conform to the plan.
7.1. 2.5 Constraints on CSA
The limits may be technical and / or related to the production environment.
At the technical level:
- Effects of slow and not immediate ecological processes on agricultural productions.
- Possible need for additional space to manage the crop rotation system and fallow.
- The CSA uses a knowledge-intensive and is based on techniques which are not provided directly by the search but developed from the knowledge and experience of farmers.
- Lack of agricultural knowledge.
- Difficulties managements of crop residues.
1 Collective agreement between the communities of one or several villages, including regulations and sanctions.
- Competition between livestock biomass, ground cover necessary for the formation of bedding and other uses ( fuel , materials, ... ) .
- Temporary reduction possible and yields during the installation phase.
In the point of view context and environment of agricultural production:
- The broadcasting (distribution) is limited to project beneficiaries
- The change of scale in the distribution of CSA seems difficult and requires numerous efforts both institutional and operational levels.
- Required to bring the information, the knowledge of the CSA at all levels of the different actors through various appropriate means, to ensure interdepartmental coordination.
- The support for CSA requires a good understanding of political decision-makers and a few key elements to guide them.
- The implementation of the CSA requires time and skills at all levels, from the farmer to the engineers including the technicians and supervisory pilot farmers.
Constraints in target farmers (who are mainly the most poorest):
It is found that many difficulties are based on the fundamental problem of the nature of the
interventions and beneficiaries. The poorest people can not constitute a dynamic steering wheel of the
private sector susceptible to take the relay in driving term of the development.
Indeed, the targeted beneficiaries are usually under difficult conditions, for which the risk-taking is
necessarily limited. Means of financing or credit support should be considered for agricultural
development; protection of the environment has a cost, shares this goal must be supported. Finally,
food security justifies social measures, different and well beyond the means necessary for rural
development
In addition, any operation of environmental protection has a cost and can only be undertaken if it can
quickly provide supplementary income or food self-sufficiency, thereby contributing to the twin goals of
food security and environmental protection. But sometimes we ask farmers to think about the
management of their watersheds and infrastructure protection downstream where sometimes different
types of operations are affected by upstream and downstream. In this context, the CSA systems develop
very difficult without support and subsidies from the project but are against inconsistent with the
principle of development required for the project.
8.1. 2.6 Action undertaken to Food security
Situations
Half (50%) of Malagasy households faced a significant food security shock in 2010. More alarming, it is estimated that over 2/3 of Madagascar may be affected by locusts by the 2013–2014 season’s planting period, and exposure to locusts will be widespread in Madagascar if the control program is not fully funded and implemented to scale. Households that are extremely poor reported facing shocks more often (59% of households) than poor households (46%), who in turn faced shocks more often than non-poor households (40%)(GOM 2011a).More rural households reported facing shock than urban households (53% vs. 41%, respectively) (USAID, 2013).
Principe
Madagascar government principle is that food security and country development are dependent. As Madagascar is one of the poorest country where malnutrition is widespread, one programme called PANSA (National Action programme on Food security) adopted in 2001 try to fight against malnutrition till 2015. The ultim goal is to reduce 50% of the vulnerable person, to be self-sufficient in rice production, and to export excess rice production to the Indian Ocean market. However, in 2010 National Periodic Household Survey found that more than three-quarters (77%) of households fell below the national poverty line and an estimated 92% of the country’s population now lives on less than US$2 per day (World bank ,2013).
Advantages
- decentralization of its health system and food and the services
- A national Nutrition Action Plan lead by the ONN (National Office of Nutrition) are currently in phase II for 2012–2015 and defines the main activities that should be implemented to make this policy functional.
Technical and sensitize programmes
These are the actors acting in Nutrition in Madagascar
- National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT)) from the Ministry of Agriculture and the population, that provides data base. Because of the lack of mean the data from this institution is not updated and not credible.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Food Programme (FAO/WFP) work in several region of Madagascar and give data about rice, energy, food products, clothing, basic utilities and housing, health care, and other categories of expenses, for seven major cities.
- The Rural Observatory Network (ROR) and notably the Rice Observatory (ODR) collect market price data from throughout the country
- Permanent Pilot Team for the Rural Development Action Plan (EPP-PADR) conducts national household surveys on a range of variables, including work/employment, agriculture, off-farm activities, remittances/transfers, health, education, consumption/expenditure, poverty, vulnerability, and opinions/beliefs
- UNICEF
- ONN
- Ministry of Public Health
In addition there are some specific programmes such as (USAID, 2013)
- Early Warning System or Système d’Alerte Précoce (SAP) that is limited due to lack of funding,
- USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) aims to establish a remote monitoring system for early warning in Madagascar, starting with a desk review and a livelihood zoning workshop in 2013.
- Strengthening and Accessing Livelihood Opportunities for Household Impacts (SALOHI) Project to implement a community-based early warning funded with USAID.
- National Community Nutrition Program (or Programme National de Nutrition Communautaire) (PNNC)
3. 3. CSA POLICY FRAMEWORK: EFFECTIVENESS AND EQUITY
9.1. 3.1 International conventions and regional collaborations
The ratification of the UNFCCC on December 18, 1998 and the Kyoto Protocol on September 3, 2003
shows Madagascar’s commitment to cope the issues related to environmental disturbances, particularly
climate change. These two treaties lead Madagascar intervention nowadays.
In addition, being a State member of both the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), the Common Market for
Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC),
Madagascar integrates in the work and thoughts of these entities
The IOC programme called ACCLIMATE help the countries member to finalize the adaptation strategies
to climate change. The goal is to enhance the ability to respond to risk factors such as a rise in sea levels,
strong exposure to extreme climatic events, unpredictable storm levels and changes to natural
conditions that can affect agriculture and tourism (IOC, 2014).
The Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the COMESA-EAC-SADC region is a five-
year initiative that started in 2010 that aims to inject Africa’s Unified Position on Climate Change into
the post-2012 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) global agreement so
as to unlock resources for promoting strategic interventions that sustain productivity and livelihood
improvements for millions of climate-vulnerable people in the region. The Programme is linked to the
AU-NEPAD CC Adaptation-Mitigation Framework and its Investment Platform for Climate-Smart
Agriculture (CSA) (National resource team of Madagascar, 2013).
10.1. 3.2 Policies and strategy at a national level
There are two types of policies or strategy or action plan that rules the CSA in Madagascar: Climate
change policies and the main sectors policies (Agricultural policies, forestry policies).
3.2.1 Climate change policy
The National Policy on Climate Change (PNLCC) was adopted in 2011. This policy is the only references
of climate change interventions in Madagascar. The table 1 below gives us the details
Table 1: Climate change policy: objectives, institutions, instruments
Year 2011
Policy National Policy on Climate Change (PNLCC)
Objectives
- To promote measures to reduce the vulnerability of Madagascar
to climate change and emissions of
greenhouse gases,
-To develop behaviors that aid in the combat against climate change.
Institutions
-Ministry in charge of environment
-Directorate of Climate Change (DCC)
-Designated National Authority (DNA) of the Kyoto Protocol CDM
-Thematic group on climate change (GTCC) established in 2010 (GTCC is
a platform for discussion, sharing, mutual reinforcement)
-Meteorological department
- Disaster Risk Management Office (BNGRC)
-CT REDD (Thematic group of REDD)
Instruments
- National Action Plan of Adaptation (PANA) (2006)
-National strategy related to CDM with 17 projects registered and
approved by DNA
- First and second national communication in 2003 and 2010 contains
the inventory of Green House Gases, Vulnerability assessment and
Adaptation and Cross cutting issues. (the third document is ongoing
actually)
-On COP 15 in Copenhagen (December 2009), Madagascar proposed a
list of National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA).
-30 new climate stations established the vulnerable areas of
Madagascar in collaboration with organisms working on food security
(WFP, WWF, UNICEF…)
NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7
Even thought Madagascar was considered as a leader in natural resources policies in Africa, the key
critiques leveled at policy development processes include a lack of:
- Participation by civil society and communities in the preparation of policies, - Multi-agency input and poor cross-sector coordination resulting in duplication and
contradiction amongst policies, - Dissemination of adopted policies (World Bank, 2013). In addition, Madagascar effort focuses are divided in three (03) parts:
According to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) demand,
- The first and second national communication had already done in 2003 and 2010. These documents contain the inventory of Green House Gases, Vulnerability assessment and Adaptation and Cross cutting issues (the third document is ongoing actually).
- The National Action Plan of Adaptation (PANA) was adopted in 2006 - After the COP 15 in Copenhagen (December 2009), Madagascar proposed a list of National
Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA). - The action plan of the PNLCC is on going
According to Kyoto protocol demand,
- Strategy of Adaptation and mitigation effects and impacts of climate change adopted in 2010 with DNA as a focal point.
Integration of climate change in different sectors
- Creation of environmental unit in each Ministry to integrate environmental level and climate change in their policies and programme.
- Creation of a platform of discussion about climate change such as GTCC, - Partnership development: Partnership with Meteorological department, Elaboration of the
Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock - fishery sector in 2010
In general, Madagascar government has focus more on disaster instead of addressing climate changes
issues. All efforts are currently put in small pilot project in a vulnerable area such as the coast and
marine areas (Morondava). According to the actions undertaken, the priority for Madagascar is to
improve understanding on future climate change projections, the associated economic and social effects
of climate change, and the costs and benefits of different adaptation approaches (World Bank, 2013).
Moreover, most of environmental units now suffer from a critical lack of resources.
3.2.2 Agricultural policies
Madagascar effort to developpe the agriculture had been starting from 2000 til know. Many steps and
many policies and strategies with action plan were developped and resume in the table 2.
Table 2: Agriculture policies
Year 2001
Policy Rural Development policy brief (LPDR) and Rural Development National
Programme (RDNP)
Objectives To speed up the growth of rural economy
Institutions
- Ministry of agriculture
- Civil society
- GSDM
-FOFIFA
-Farmers organizations
Instruments
- Action Plan for Rural Development (PADR) (2001),
- Poverty Reduction Strategy Document in 2003
-National Seed Strategy (NSS), National Strategy for rice Development
(NSRD)
- Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) for the period 2007-2012
- Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock - fishery sector
(2013)
- Note of Political Orientation Policy paper in support of the Agriculture
Livestock and Fisheries Sector Programme (NOP PSAEP) (2013)
- Policy letter on BV-PI (Watershed-Irrigated area)
- Green revolution strategy
NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7
The Malagasy government has launched a number of important agricultural and rural policy initiatives
since 2000. The policies initiatives focused on reducing poverty, protecting the environment, ensuring
good governance, and stimulating economic and export growth. All of them acknowledge that,
agriculture plays a key role and in the national economic. Thus, all policies and strategies in the table
below were contributed to these goals. Nevertheless, a new step was developed in 2007 with the
“Green revolution strategy”. The ministry of agriculture changed his approach by creating ASC
(Agricultural Service Center) and FRD (Agriculture Development Fund) per region to help the farmer’s
organizations to access to a new techniques, ameliorate seeds, water control, fertilizer, agricultural tools
and a financial support.
Since 2012, the effort of the ministry of agriculture had been producing positive effect such as:
- The new techniques are already developed by GSDM and hid partners (see paragraph 2.1)
- Seed production by FOFIFA (National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development) and his partners: all the actions are undertaken within the framework of the National Seed Program.
- Madagascar is the second country in sub Saharan Africa in term so irrigated area with a million hectares, representing 30% of agricultural land (Card and al., 2005). Therefore, more effort is required to build irrigation infrastructures. However, the creation of Water Users Associations (WUA) was helping the small farmers to manage their irrigation area.
- According to the MAP, all agriculture interventions have to respect the environment. While the use of biology fertilizer is already developed, much more effort (technical training for preparing biologic fertilizer) is required.
- Agriculture tools aims to boost mechanization agriculture by facilitating the acquisition of agricultural implements by farmers. There are much partnership collaboration with the ministry of agriculture and the donors in this area to give materials and training to the farmers. Despite the positive result, more investment are needed in this area especially in creation adaptive tools to the land use in the countryside
- Funding support provides rural funding by a micro-finance service. It is very helpful for the farmers. However, micro finance and technical institutions have to collaborate to increase the production if not the farmers will perish.
Briefly, the policy and strategies in agriculture are efficient till now but more efforts are required
to fight the food security and the poverty especially in the countryside.
3.2.3 Natural resources policies
Table 3: Natural resources policies
Year 1990-1997 2010
Policy Environment Charter Malagasy
forest policy Updated in 2010
Policy of sustainable development of
coastal and marine
Objectives
to promote conservation and
community based natural resource
management
to promote sustainable development
of coastal and marine areas through
the implementation of integrated
management
Institutions
-Ministry of environment and its branches
-Madagascar National Parks (AP I, II, II, IV)
- Civil Societies : national and international NGO:AP V et VI
- trust funds : Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity (FAPBM) and
the Tavy Meva. Foundation
-ONE
- Ministry of environment
Instruments
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)
- Protected areas
- Management transfer to local communities (GELOSE, GCF)(1990)
NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7
Due to the conservation policies, Madagascar has 144 protected areas nowadays. Moreover, the local
communities are involved in the protected areas management through GELOSE (Gestion locale
sécurisée) and GCF (Gestion contractualisée des forêts – a form of community based natural resources
management contract. Thus, all the farmers around the parks benefit alternative livelihoods (CA, SRI,
training, new incomes…) to slash-and-burn agriculture. In this area, the national and international NGO
invest more to improve the socio-economical conditions of the population. However, the short coming
of conservation projects in Madagascar is the fact that they depend entirely in abroad funding.
11.1. 3.3 The key institutions relative to CSA
All interventions about climate change is under the function of ministry of environment and forest. To
address climate change, the Government introduced a specific branch in charge of environmental
management and climate change: the Climate Change Directorate (DCC), to facilitate the control of
national policy, and for the preparation of negotiations at international level.
DCC is an institution under the auspices of the General Directorate of Environment of the Malagasy
Ministry of Environment and Forests and was created by Decree No. 2010-043 of February 9, 2010.
Therefore, the DCC is relatively a new department that is still in the process of establishing its
identity and role under the ministry of environment and the three (03) services including in this
department are given in the table 4.
Table 4: DCC services
Services Mission
Adaptation to the Effects of
Climate Change (SAECC)
- Coordinate and supervise Government led adaptation projects in Madagascar ( implementation of NAPA and collaboration with partners)
- Develop the capacity of stakeholders working on climate change adaptation projects
Attenuation of Climate Change
(SACC)
- Work on projects targeted to reduce GHG emission
Database Management and
Climate Modeling (SGBD)
- Collects and manages database relevant to climate change adaptation and attenuation,
- Furnishes climate modelling data and projections to the two other services.
Source: DCC department
Under the lead of Ministry of Environment and Forests work other entities such as Ministry of
Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and the Ministry of livestock, International and National NGO, And the
platform of discussion about climate change GTCC and the institutional arrangement is resumed in the
figure 1.
Figure 1: Institution arrangement
(Source: WGCC, 2011)
12.1. 3.4 Policies and gender equity
3.4.1 Society and gender
Typically, a family’s land in Madagascar is principally under the control of the man, who is responsible
for social obligations related to family tombs. Men are also responsible for the agricultural production.
Final decisions always belong to men and accessibility to information, training and resources are mainly
to men. In addition, the main fields for food and cash crops tend to be primarily the
responsibility of men. A woman role is to maintain a backyard garden. Women generally are
responsible for poultry/fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) and can manage small livestock
(goats, sheep, and pigs), while men manage the cattle and often the small livestock (USAID,
2013).
3.4.2 Policy and gender
The National Policy of Women Promotion (PNPF)
The National Policy of Women Promotion was established in 2000 with the principal objective to reduce
the disparities between men and women, and between rural and urban dwellers in order to establish
balanced development, particularly between women and men. PNPF has five components, mainly
concerning the economic status of women:
- Improvement of the income and economic state of women, particularly the most deprived (rural women, women-headed household, etc.)
- Improvement of the level of education and training of girls and women
- Promotion of the right to health and women’s rights on reproductive health
- Reinforcement of women’s rights and of their participation in decision-making
- Improvement of the institutional system for the promotion of balanced development between men and women. (Ramiaramanana et al,2013)
The National Action Plan for Gender and Development (PANAGED)
By adopting the Beijing Platform of Action during the 4th World Conference on Women in 1995 in
Beijing, the Malagasy Government signatories accepted the equality of the sexes and the emancipation
of women as fundamental principles of human and durable development. Therefore, since then
Madagascar, committed himself to integrate a gender dimension in all the development interventions
and implement specific policies.
Due to this National commitment integration of gender issues are mandatory in all project or
programme working in Madagascar. Moreover, some donors (USAID programme, European Union)
require the promotion of gender equity in Madagascar.
3.4.3 The Gender Network in Madagascar
The actors in gender development in Madagascar are:
- Southern African Development Community (SADC) is taking the lead on establishing policy and strategy frameworks for reducing gender inequality in Madagascar, under the umbrella of the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development (SADC Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance 2013).
- A number of organizations (national and international) are members of the national Network.: FFE (Friedrich Erbert Foundation), CARE, FORMGED (Training gender and development), USAID, ONE (Environment national Office, SAHA (Sahan’Asa sy Fampandrosoana), MINPOP (Ministry of Population), …
- In addition, there are organizations working on CSA and gender approach (Tany Mena Foundation). They help improve some households for women to get orientation. Some NGOs promote truck farming and breeding at a short cycle within women
3.4.4 CSA and gender
According to the PANAGED, all projects have to consider gender issues and gender equity in their schedule. Many projects promoting the CSA in Madagascar consider the gender issues such as:
- FOFIFA: it is one institution integrating gender in their research. With participatory approach research, gender issues are considered according to process imposed by the partnership and convention
- All the conservation or development projects help farmers organizations. In general, in mixed farmers’ organizations, women represent 25 % of the members
At a national level, achieving gender balance remains a work in progress such as:
- Gender mainstreaming in the organizations at local, regional and national levels - Technical capacity building - Improving access to resources - Facilitating access to information (help women in recognized leadership positions
(Sacau, 2013)
4. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
13.1. 4.1 The key challenges to implementing CSA in Madagascar
4.1.1. On existing Policy and strategy
Madagascar has numerous policies and strategies connected to the CSA. Despite the national
commitment, there is a need to recognize Madagascar’s inability to mobilize the necessary financial
means to meet its needs and to face challenges regarding climate change. For example, Madagascar
developed its NAPA in 2006 and its implementation is far waiting funding.
The coordination of existing initiatives remains a major challenge of the " frame (executive) of
implementation " face of climate change:
- As the ministry of environment has a leading role to play he has do opt to a consensual manner approach with the others stakeholder concern by climate change (NGO and others ministry) .
- Nevertheless, dynamism, implication and involvement of non-state actors must be better incited, facilitated and encourage. Such are the issues of coordination for a better synergy of actions, in a context of insufficiency of financing for the country.
In addition, the policies are not efficient because the existing policy do not affect or convince the
farmers.
4.1.2. On CSA
Some possible causes the delay in the adoption of CSA in Madagascar
- There is no National CSA Investment framework in Madagascar
- No national Policy targeting scaling up of CSA at the national level;
- Lack of sensitization of policy makers on CSA
- Too much focus on CA extension among small scale farmers, scaling up limited because average size of farm less than 0.5 ha;
- All projects depend to abroad funding. Currently, the policy crisis in 2009 stopped many interventions in Madagascar.
14.1. 4.2 Recommendations:
4.2.1. On existing Policy and strategy
One specific policy resumes all the different policies needs to be developed to promote CSA in Madagasc
ar, according to the stakeholder working in the CSA , they are lost with the several policies existing nowa
days. In addition, the following points are recommended:
- the translation into concrete action plans and the implementation of the sectorial policies;
- the development of adaptation strategy and specific mitigation to every sector;
- the scalability and replicability of best practice and pilot projects;
- the continuous strengthening capacity of the human-key resources;
- the continuity of communication efforts and education at all level, so that all the actors increases their implications in the adaptation to the climate change;
- increased mainstreaming through the integration of the actions of mitigation and adaptation to the climate change, in the municipal and regional plans
Furthermore, the financial instability of all Malagasy institutions needs a real solution: for instance, a co
nsensual priority of action in CSA is recommended and a strategy of autonomy and financial sustainabilit
y has done be developed.
4.2.2. On CSA
From the general point of view, it is recommended:
- Integrating the farmers right from the beginning of research
- Stronger capitalization of the results
- Creating an appropriate framework for the donors
- Research should be made more in a simple form for some people to understand, especially
the farmers.
- Supporting farmers from the beginning
- Farmers should carry on the CSA activities even after the donor funded projects end.
- Elaborate a strategy or an approach at local or regional levels, targeting gender aspect and
CSA
- Strengthen the capacity of current and future stakeholders through training institutions as
IHSM, School of agronomy …
Agriculture sector
- Promoting traditional Rice cultivation with fish breeding
- Expanding upland rice cultivation in the Midwest
- Improving SRI and seeding agriculture systems.
- scalability and replicability of best practice and pilot projects;
- Capacity building at all levels (local, regional and national).
Forestry sector
- Equitable sharing of benefits arising from the payment of environmental services among all stakeholders (government, NGO manager, local community)
- Promote the use of renewable energies.
Livestock sector
- Implementation of mobility strategies for the sustainable management of biomass and water resources in arid zones (pastoralism),
- Creation and strengthening of animal health services in rural areas to reduce the impact of emerging diseases,
- Developing livestock diversity by selecting animals in order to privilege local species and races that can resist heat and diseases,
- Diversification of livestock and agricultural activities.
Fishery sector
- Improve production in respect of the maintenance of ecosystem functions and reproduction of the species;
- Collaborate with the Ministry of Health for a joint advocacy on toxic marine animals.
4.2.3. On food security
According to the PANSA, food security needs four (04) criteria: food availability, food accessibility, food
quality and food stability. Malagasy government has to ensure food security inter-annual fluctuation and
seasonality with the consideration of these four (04) criteria. Thus, the efforts to do are:
- Improve access to clean and safe water and food sources, latrines, a clean household environment.
- Focus more in the region hit by chronic food insecurity :the deep south (Anosy and Androy regions), the southern highlands (Haute Matsiatra, Amoron’i Mania, and Ihorombe regions), the east and southeast (Atsimo Atsinanana, Atsinanana, and Vatovavy Fitovinany regions) and the southwest (Atsimo Andrefana region)
5. BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1. Card, David and Ethan G. Lewis, 2005. “The Diffusion of Mexican Immigrants in the 1990s: Patterns and Impacts.” UC Berkeley Center for Labor Economics Unpublished Working Paper, February.
2. FAO, 2012, Developing a climate-smart agriculture strategy at the country level:lessons from recent experience, Background Paper for the Second Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change ,Hanoi, Vietnam, 3-7 September 2012, 46 pages
3. FAO, 2013, Climate smart agriculture source book, 570 pages
4. GSDM database, Cdrom Conservation Agriculture
5. GSRI website:http://groupementsrimada.org
6. GSRI, 2010. Le SRI à Madagascar, un levier de la sécurité alimentaire, de la croissance économique et du développement durable ». Rapport atelier National SRI. 37p.
7. GSRI,2013, fiche technique SRI
8. MICHEL Raunet, www.agrobiologie.cirad.fr
9. NATIONAL RESOURCE TEAM OF MADAGASCAR, 2013,Climate Change Programme Baseline Report, 36 pages
10. RAMIARAMANANA D,RANDRIAMBOLANORO L,RABARY B ., RAZAFIMADIMBY S, 2013, Challenge for gender mainstreaming in Centre National de Recherche Appliquées au développement rural (FOFIFA) , Madagascar, 21 pages
11. USAID, 2013, Food security country framework for Madagascar fy 2015-2019, 89 pages
12. WGCC, 2011, Madagascar facing the climate change challenges, capitalization of experiences, 31 pages
13. WORLD BANK ,2013, Madagascar country Environmrnt Analysis, 164 pages.
14. WWF,NORAD ,MEF, 2013 ,Climate Change Adaptation In Madagascar :Challenges, Responses & Future Priorities, publication, madagascar, 16 pages.
15. IOC, 2014, Magasine N°2 Seychelles-Mauritius, 16 pages
16. COALITION FOR AFRICAN RICE DEVELOPMENT (CARD) Madagasca, 2005, National strategy for the development of rice growing (NSDR) , 27 pages
17. SACAU, 2013,GENDER IN AGRICULTURESYNTHESIS REPORT FOR MADAGASCAR, MALAWI SOUTH AFRICA, ZAMBIA AND ZIMBABWE, Regional Conference on Gender and Youth in Agriculture,Pretoria, 26 pages
6. APPENDIX
Appendix 1 : List of institution visited
N° Institution Contact person
01 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Mrs RAZANAMIHARISOA Jane
+261 34 05 621 52
02 Ministry of Agriculture Mrs ANDRIAMAHAZO Michelle
+261 34 05 610 31
03 Ministry of Livestock Mrs LAHIMASY Ampiza
04 Ministry Fisheries and Marine resources Mrs. RANAIVOSON Samuline
+261 33 40 612 96
05 Ministry of Tourism M. RABENASOLO Eric
+261 34 05 620 51
06 Metereology service Mrs RAHOLIJAO Nirivololona
+261 34 05 560 94
07 FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) Mrs RAHARINAIVO Volantiana
+261 33 13 313 63
08 WWF (World Wide Fund) Mrs RAKOTONDRAZAFY Harisoa
+261 34 49 803 70
09 WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) M. BURREN Christian
10 CI (Conservation International) M. RAJASPERA Bruno
11 GSRI (Group on System or Rice
Intensification)
M. RAZAFIMAMISOA Rojoharilala
+261(0)20.26.359.90
+261(0)32.05.225.89
12 GSDM (Direct Seeding Group of Madagascar ) M. RAKOTONDRAMANANA + 261 32 071 29 96 [email protected]
13 CIRAD (Center for International Cooperation
in Agronomic Research for Development)
M. MONTAGNE Pierre
14 School of Agronomy, University of
Antananarivo
M. RAMAMONJISOA Bruno
+261 340878334
15 Tany Meva Fundation
Mrs RAJAOBELINA Miara
16 SDMAD (Direct Seeding of Madagascar) [email protected]
17 FOFIFA (National Center of Applied Research
for Rural Development)
Mrs RAKOTOARISOA Jacqueline
+261341495002
18 FIFAMANOR (Malagasy Norwegian
Agriculture and Livestock)
www.fifamanor.com
19 VERAMA (VERgers d’Anacardes de MAsiloka) +261 62 239 97
20 FEKRITAMA: Malagasy Farmers
Confederation [email protected]
21 Farmer organizations M. RAMAROSON Ignace
+261 33 11 013 66
22 ODR ('Observatoire du Riz or Observatory M. RIVOLALA Bezaka
Rice) +261 34 05 950 51
23 DRDR Analamanga (Regional Directorate of
Rural Development of Analamanga)
M. RAKOTO Joseph
+261 34 05 610 80
24 BVPI (watershed and Irrigated perimeters
project)
M. RAMAROSON Lantonirina
+261 34 05 610 31
25 Farmers M. RANDRIAMAHAZOMANANA Philbert
+261 33 85 896 83
Mrs RAMAROMANANA Emilienne
+261 32 58 641 45
Appendix 2 : Presence list
Appendix 3: Examples of current climate change adaptation projects being implemented in
Madagascar ( WWF)
Organization/
Institution
Project title Objective
CI, WCS, WWF Climate Change Adaptation
for Conservation in
Madagascar
- develop an action plan for maintaining and
restoring forest connectivity in priority areas, and
for reducing pressure on natural forests.
- build the key knowledge about coral and
mangrove systems in Madagascar, develop
effective approaches for building resilience in these
systems and to work with the Malagasy
government to incorporate that knowledge into
conservation planning.
- engage with the government of Madagascar to
incorporate climate change considerations into
both terrestrial and marine natural resource
management planning.
GRET PSASA (Projet de
sécurisation de
l’approvisionnement en
semences pour l’Androy)
- Improve food security in Androy Region
- Minimize the impacts of periods of food insecurity
-Improve the quality of life of vulnerable
households
ESSA, LRI, IRD Vulnerability and
adaptation of agricultural
systems to climate change
- Improve the understanding of the climate change
vulnerability of the Malagasy agricultural system
- Facilitate exchanges between ACCA researchers
and stakeholders at different levels
- Disseminate project results to enable sharing of
knowledge related to climate change vulnerability
of agricultural systems
- National capacity building in terms of climate
change adaptation.
Ministry of
Agriculture
Rural Development
Support Project
- Reduce the vulnerability of rural areas and
maximize preservation of natural resources base
- Contribute to the improvement of food security
- Increase the productivity and incomes of small-
scale farmers within the 22 regions
Watersheds and Irrigation
Project
- 50% Average increase of agricultural production
using irrigation and pluvial techniques in 4 sites.
- 30% increase of land surfaces benefiting from
sustainable land management system.
Program for the
improvement of resilience
for food insecurity
- Facilitate increased production while ensuring
dissemination of the techniques to a larger
population alongside in a sustainable manner
Tany Meva Community afforestation
project for timber, wood
fuel, and restoration of
degraded land
- The protection of watershed , valorization of
degraded land and contribution to the combat
against greenhouse gas through the storage of
carbon in the biomass;
- Establishment of a “pilot experience” in the high
land area of Madagascar regarding large
community reforestation, in sustainable finance for
local communities environmental and social project
through carbon offset;
- Production of wood fuel, timber and fruit to
improve local communities’ livelihood.
WWF Climate Change Adaptation
Capacity in Madagascar
- WWF MWIOPO integrates climate change
adaptation in its conservation work and is able to
support its conservation partners in this area.
- Awareness on climate change impacts on
biodiversity and livelihoods is increased within
Malagasy conservation community, decision-
makers and targeted local communities.
- Climate change adaptation strategies and
measures are implemented within WWF MWIOPO
priority ecoregions.
Building Resilient MPAs in
Madagascar
Climate change responses are integrated into MPA
design and management, and sound monitoring
programmes are developed
- Key stakeholder capacity to be effective
marine/coastal resource managers is strengthened
- Feasible sustainable financing mechanisms for
Nosy Hara are identified
- A knowledge base for marine biodiversity and
MPAs is developed and used by all stakeholders
and as an educational tool.
Climate Change Adaptation
Capacity in Diana Region
The capacity of Diana regional actors is developed
to enable them to design and implement
adaptation policies to enhance the resilience of
marine and coastal priority areas
- Adaptation approaches are developed and
implemented in two priority areas for conservation
and one natural resources management project.
- Climate change integration is implemented into
Diana Regional Plan and lessons from Diana are
shared at the national level.
Appendix 4: GSDM members and partenaires projects
Institution Topics
WWF
Detailed vulnerability analysis of various natural ecosystems and social & economic systems
Feasibility and costing studies on key aspects of forest restoration
Feasibility study to assess current conditions of gallery forests in Madagascar
Analyses of change of crop suitability with climate change
Identification of sustainable and resilient livelihood activities
SCRID : FOFIFA, CIRAD and University of Antananarivo
(2009 to 2013)
CA systems with high biomass production for livestock; Rice breeding under CA, mid-West Vakinankaratra;
Integrated control of rice blast based on CA;
Effects of CA systems on soil biodiversity
Biological control of Striga asiatica based on CA
Socio economic aspects of CA Training
LRI (Laboratory Research on Isotopes), Antananarivo University
2010 to now
Nitrogen and Phosphate uptake under Stylosanthes cover (Middle east of Vakinankaratra)
ESSA (2010) Performance of CA on Carbon sequestration
GSRI+ESSA Constraints to SRI adoption : tree decisions
ACCA + LRI + ESSA + IRD study on vulnerability and adaptation of agrosystems to Climate Change
DCC+ESSA Impact of pollution on agriculture
DCC+ESSA What should we do against negative effects of Agriculture on Climate Change
DCC + Faculty of Science -University of Antananarivo
Impact of Climate Change on water resources in the Analamanga region.
AGRISUD /LRI/Good Impact carbone des Pratiques Agroécologiques de la Région Itasy–
Planet/IRD Madagascar: empreinte carbone, cartographie et modélisation
GSDM members
Activities Area Financement
AD2M disseminates agro-ecological
Miandrivazo, Mahabo and Belo sur Tsiribihina in the Menabe Region
IFAD
ANAE disseminates agro-ecological
around Andasibe National Park
International conservation
INTERREG Project/ FIFAMANOR ,TAFA
Integration of agroecology and livestock
Antsirabe CIRAD
South East High Plateau Watershed and irrigated perimeter Project/ SD - Mad, FAFIALA and AVSF
watersheds management by implementing CA techniques diverse climates
irrigated perimeter of Vakinankaratra, Amoron'i Mania, Vatovavy Fitovinany and South East regions
AFD
PACA Project (Agricultural Production )
Increase food and cash crops productions through Conservation Agriculture
Ankililoaka basin/valley and Antseva corridor
European Union and GSDM
GRET and GSDM in the Androy Region: Phase 1: 2005-2008 under the FASARA project "agricultural value chain and food security improvement of Androy Region" and phase 2: 2008-2010 under the PSASA project "Seed Supply Securing Project for Androy". In collaboration with TAFA and FOFIFA
ensure the households food security in the semi-arid area with strong wind erosion of Androy by increasing local production of the main food crops by the sustainable production system through Conservation Agriculture
Androy
GSDM: Phase 1: 2004-2008 under "Support to dissemination of Agro-Ecological techniques in Madagascar" project and phase 2: 2008-2013 under "Support to National agro-ecology"
Developpement of CA techniques adapted to different agro-ecological and socio-economic situations, -
Implementation of an active agro-ecological network, development of a training tools for managers, technicians and farmers
AFD, Malagasy State, European Union, KfW and La Reunion Region
BVPI project (watershed and Irrigated perimeters) at Alaotra lake: 1st phase: 2003-2008 and 2nd phase: 2008-2013/ CIRAD
Contribute to farmers’ incomes improvement
Watershed natural resources preservation and downstream investments
Alaotra AFD
PLAE project (Anti Erosive Program) 1998-2006
Carry out related actions to anti-erosive in sensitive sites of watersheds of the irrigated perimeters
Soavina Amoron'i Mania, Bezaha, Marovoay
KFW
Conservation of Mahafaly Plateau Project: 1st phase: 2002-2008 and 2nd
phase: 2009-2012 mission is to
accompany the extension of Tsimanapesotsa National Park and to reduce pressures by using CA for sustainable agriculture and livestock production systems
Tsimanapetsotsa FFEM/AFD/WWF
Appendix 5: SRI Statictic (GSRI, 2013)
Year Surface SRI (ha) Participant Member/partenaires of GSRI
2008 : Creation of GSRI
unknown unknown 13
2009 10.000 65.000 70
2010 112.000 159.000 130
Middle- 2011 (1er semestre)
63.714 218.155 230
Appendix 6: Details of research topic (WWF et al, 2013)
Organization/In
stitution
Project title Objective
Climate Change
Directorate
(DCC) / Ministry
of
Environment
and Forests
Promoting climate resilience
in the rice sector
- To strengthen the capacities of Malagasy
authorities to analyze and
manage climate risks to the rice sub-sector;
- To implement and disseminate a series of
changes to the rice
production practices;
- To determine further adaptation options for the
rice sub-sector;
-To restore and maintain ecological services
around rice ecosystems.
Pilot project strengthening
local communities and
natural ecosystem
resiliencies facing climate
change
- Reduce local communities’ vulnerability;
- Apply agriculture adaptation measures;
- Sustainably manage natural resources and
diminish ecological
footprints;
- Mitigate extreme poverty;
- Transfer technologies.
Adapting coastal zone
management to climate
change considering
ecosystem and livelihood
improvement
- Develop institutional capacity to address climate
change impacts;
- Restore and protect coastal zones;
- Mainstream adaptation measures to sectoral
policies in coastal zones.
Appendix 7 : Policy and program faced to climate change
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) (1990): Environmental policy in Madagascar is informed by the NEAP. This document came into force through Law 90-033 on 21st December 1990 and served as the strategic framework for all who are involved in environmental action for a period of 15 years divided into three phases known as EP-1, EP-2 and EP-3. The first phase of the NEAP under Environment Program 1 (1991 – 1997) aimed at creating a proper policy, regulatory and institutional framework. The second phase under Environment Program 2 (1997 – 2003) consolidated first-phase programs, putting national institutions more firmly in the pilot site. But its stated development objective to reverse environmental degradation was too ambitious within the time frame. The third phase under Environment Program 3 (2003 – 2008) aimed at mainstreaming the environment into macroeconomic management and sector programs that focus on results at the regional and field levels. Within Environment Program III strategy, DMC system was recognized as agricultural techniques to be used at protected area and priority intervention zones. CA could be highlighted in the actual reviewed Environment Chart.
Malagasy forest policy (1997): Six basic principles guide this policy: i) compliance with national development policy , ii) conservation of forest resources through appropriate sustainable management iii ) limiting ecological risk iv ) contribution of the forestry sector to economic development ; v) empowerment of local stakeholders in the management of forest resources and vi ) adaptation of forestry activities to the realities of the country.
Policy Letter of Rural Development (2001) provides a clear vision of the objectives pursued by the government and intervention procedures to ensure efficiency of the actions undertaken to achieve these objectives.
National Strategy for Risk and Disaster Management (2003), established in 2003, represents an important step in the identification and management of risks and hazards in Madagascar. It sets policy and priorities of the Government in reducing risk and the relative institutional framework. Its implementation is provided by the National Bureau of risk Management and Disaster.
Policy Letter of Livestock Sector (2003). Its targets are to increase and improve the competitiveness of animal production and agri -livestock integration , improve the situation and the vigilance of the national herd and the hygiene of products of animal origin, appropriate by civil society the processes involved and the disengagement of the state and the productive functions and take into account environmental aspects.
Vision Madagascar Naturally (2004), gives the general framework of development and defines particularly the main principles governing rural development.
National Action Plan for Rural Development (2005). This National Action Plan for Rural Development established in order to speed up the growth of the rural economy. Government’s priorities include integrating rural production into the market economy through institutional environment improvement, rural development sector actor capacity building and sustainable infrastructure and resources management. As amply demonstrated in these strategic documents, the government clearly recognizes the linkage between the environment and sustainable development.
National Program for Rural Development (2005). Its development refers in the "Vision Madagascar Naturally" and Poverty Reduction Strategy Document. PNDR is an intersectorial national program, which should allow to harmonize and to coordinate the sectorial and regional interventions.
Land Policy Letter (2005): This policy aims to land management suitable to private investment in agricultural production , management and protection and renewal of natural resources , development of decentralized communities through the provision of tools territorial and fiscal management, and strengthening social cohesion at local and municipal level.
Policy Letter of watersheds and irrigated perimeters Development (2006) indicates a specific manner of modes of intervention and means of achieving on watersheds and irrigated areas, particularly in areas with high agricultural potential
Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) (2006): Reference Document on development for 2007-2012 , derived from the " Vision Madagascar Naturally". MAP, in its Commitment 7, has challenges on climate change (Challenge 1: Conduct a study to determine the value of ecosystem services in Madagascar including absorption / sequestration of carbon dioxide by plants ; Challenge 2 : promoting the development and use of alternative energy such as biofuels ; and Challenge 3: ensure the implementation of international conventions on the environment ratified by Madagascar, such as the Kyoto Protocol ).
National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) (2006), its principal objective is to identify priority activities that respond to the urgent and immediate needs allowing them to adapt to climate variability and climate change. NAPA has identified 15 priority projects that address five vulnerable sectors (Agriculture, Health, Water Resources, Forestry, and Coastal areas ).
National Seed Strategy (2008) which aims to promote the utilization of improved seed varieties to achieve a rapid development of the seed market.
Agricultural Sector Programme (2008 - current update) aims to modernize the agricultural sector in Madagascar, improving in a sustainable manner the performance of key stakeholders.
National Rice Development Strategy (2009) aims to ensure the development of rain fed rice as an option for the disappearance of the tavy from 2013 , and a substantial increase of the area of irrigated rice to 2018.
Strategy of Adaptation and mitigation effects and impacts of climate change (2010). Its vision is "Responding to climate change to promote sustainable agriculture , guaranteeing food security in Madagascar ."
National Environment Policy (2010) serves as a reference for environmental management in Madagascar and its main objective is restoring a sustainable and harmonious balance between the needs of human development and environmental concerns. It presents an overview highlighting the fight against climate change as a national priority.
National Climate Change Policy (PNLCC) (2010) : This policy is part of the National Environment Policy and focuses on five areas: (1) strengthening adaptation measures to climate change taking into account the real needs of the country, (2) the implementation of mitigation measures for the country development, (3) the integration of climate change at all levels, (4) the development of instruments for sustainable financing, and (5) the promotion of research, development and technology transfer and adaptive management
Policy of sustainable development of coastal and marine (2010): This policy aims to promote sustainable development of coastal and marine areas through the implementation of integrated management
National Strategy for Clean Development Mechanism (2010): This document defines the general framework of the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Madagascar. It is based on five strategic areas: (i ) improving the governance of sustainable development , (ii) strengthening national capacity to benefit countries the opportunities offered by the CDM, ( iii ) strengthening institutional synergies , (iv) improving the database on the environment and (v ) launch marketing campaign.
Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock - fishery sector 2012 - 2025 (2012): The vision is that " By 2025, Madagascar sustainably developed with the Agriculture -livestock- fishery sector as pillar of a green economy to agricultural vocation, resilient to the effects of climate change, contributing significantly to GDP, ensuring food self-sufficiency rural and urban, expanding to foreign markets, and using modern techniques respectful of its environment and its socio-cultural identity."
Note of Political Orientation Policy paper in support of the Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries Sector Programme (NOP PSAEP) (2013)
This document summarizes the policy and strategic framework PSAEP. It will serve as a basis for
negotiating the installation of the program, and whose short-term (recovery strategy) game will be
integrated into the "National Recovery Strategy Development." It will also serve as reference for the
formulation of the letter of interdepartmental policy Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries.
