556 OLR (1990) 37 (6)

organisms, the communities of organisms living in extreme aquatic natural environments (such as those of temperature, pH, pE, and salinity), the adapta- bility of life to successive environmental crises during biospheric evolution, and the remarkable properties of 'dissipative structures.' Grendon, Barcaldine, Oban, Argyll, PA37 I SG, UK.

90:3607 Iwabe, Naoyuki et al., 1989. Evolutionary relation-

ship of archaehacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.SA., 86(23): 9355-9359.

Previous attempts to derive a phylogenetic tree elucidating the evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, have been plagued by the inability to determine a common root based on comparison of a single RNA or protein from a number of species. A modified approach is described, wherein a composite tree is derived from comparison of a pair of genes which arose via gene duplication prior to the divergence of the primary kingdoms. Results of analyses of two such gene pairs suggest that the archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than to eubac- teria. Dept. of Biol., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka 812, Japan. (gsb)

90:3608 Jablonski, D., 1989. The biology of mass extinction: a

palaeontological view. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325( 1228): 357-368.

Analysis of molluscan survivorship patterns for the end-Cretaceous suggests that some traits that tend to confer extinction resistance during times of normal (background) levels of extinction are ineffectual during mass extinction. For genera, high species- richness and possession of widespread individual species imparted extinction-resistance during back- ground times but not during mass extinction, when

overall distribution of the genus was an important factor. Mass extinctions can break the hegemony of species-rich, well-adapted eludes, permitting radia- tion of taxa that had previously been minor faunal elements. Dept. of the Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

90:3609 Smith, J.M., 1989. The causes of extinction. Phil.

Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1228):241-252.

A species may go extinct either because it is unable to evolve rapidly enough to meet changing circum- stances, or because its niche disappears and no capacity for rapid evolution could have saved it. Although recent extinctions can usually be inter- preted as resulting from niche disappearance, the taxonomic distribution of parthenogens suggests that inability to evolve may also be important. A second distinction is between physical and biotic causes of extinction. Fossil evidence for constant taxonomic diversity, combined with species turnover, implies that biotic factors have been important. The term 'species selection' should be confined to cases in which the outcome of selection is determined by properties of the population as a whole, rather than of individuals. An adequate interpretation of the fossil record requires a theory of the coevolution of many interacting species. Such a theory is at present lacking, but various approaches to it are discussed. School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.

FA10. Miscellaneous

90:3610 Geraci, J.R. et al., 1989. Humpback whales (Mega-

ptera novaeangliae) fatally poisoned by dino- flagellate toxin. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(11): 1895-1898. Dept. of Path., Univ. of Guelph, ON NIG 2Wl, Canada.

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

90:3611 Eymard, L., C. Klapisz and R, Bernard, 1989.

Comparison between Nimbus-7 SMMR and ECMWF model analyses: the problem of the

surface latent heat flux. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., 6(6):866-881. CNET-CNRS, 38-40 rue du Gen- eral Leclerc, 92131 Issy les Moulineaux, France.

90:3612 King, J.I.F., R.G. Hohlfeld and J.C. Kilian, 1989.

Application and evaluation of a differential

OLR (1990) 37 (6) F. General 557

inversion technique for remote temperature sens- ing. Met. atmos. Phys., 41(3): 115-126.

A new theoretical approach is based on application of Laplace transform techniques to the radiative transfer equation. This allows calculation of the atmospheric temperature profile from measurements of the upwelling radiance and its derivatives. Atmospheric temperatures are obtained by this technique without the use of any apriori temperature information. Limitations arising from experimental errors, truncation errors, round-off, numerical errors, and instability of numerical Laplace trans- formation are discussed. Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, MA, USA.

90:3613 Wunsch, Carl, 1989. Sampling characteristics of

satellite orbits. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., 6(6): 891-907. Dept. of Earth, Atmos., and Planetary Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

90:3614 NORCSEX '88 group, 1989. The Oceanography

Report. NORCSEX [Norwegian Continental Shelf Experiment] '88. A Pre-launch ERS-I experiment. Eos, 70(49):1528-1530, 1538-1539.

The European Space Agency's first Earth Resource Satellite (ERS-1) will carry the same active micro- wave sensor package as Seasat. The pre-launch experiment described here was designed to match sea truth on surface wind, waves and currents with ERS instrumentation modules carried on aircraft. (fcs)

F160. Applied oceanography

90:3615 Venkatesh, S. and T.S. Murty, 1989. Geophysical

aspects of marine hazards. Mar. Geod., 13(1):73- 76.

This paper reviews presentations made at the 1988 International Conference on Natural and Man-made Hazards in Coastal Zones, held in San Diego, California, and Ensenada, Mexico. The focus was on the identification, understanding, prediction and mitigation of all manner of coastal hazards and disasters. These included earthquakes, landslides, erosion, pollution and ecological destruction, wind, waves, floods and tsunamis. Atmos. Environ. Serv., Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. (fcs)

F180. Ships, submersibles, etc. 90:3616

Treadwell, T.K., D.S. Gorsline and R. West, 1989. Review and comment. History of the U.S. academic oceanographic research fleet and the sources of research ships. Oceanography, 2(2):36- 39. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA.

FI90. Navigation, cartography, etc.

90:3617 Bell, R.D. et al., 1989. Nautical chart production

using digital data and interactive compilation ICanadian Hydrographic Service]. Lighthouse, 40:25-29.

90:3618 Schenke, H.W., 1989. Digital terrain models in

marine cartography. Lighthouse, 40:13-15.

The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is increasingly becoming important as a source for geographical and morphological analysis and digital mapping. DTMs are being used in geographical information systems, remote sensing, the geosciences, oceanog- raphy and related fields. Various display products such as contour lines, shaded relief, profiles and three-dimensional perspective views can be derived from DTMs. Because the seabed is not visible, DTMs are fundamental elements for the devel- opment of marine cartographic databases. Progress and prospects are outlined.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

90:3619 Bockstael, N.E., K.E. McConnell and I.E. Strand,

1989. Measuring the benefits of improvements in water quality: the Chesapeake Bay. Mar. resour. Econ., 6(1): 1-18.

Federal, state, and local government agencies have joined forces in the ambitious and expensive task of improving the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay. This paper addresses the question of how people use the bay and how much they are willing to pay for the changes in water quality that improve their use. We estimate the annual aggregate willingness to pay for a moderate improvement in the Chesapeake Bay's water quality to be in the range of $10 to $100 million in 1984 dollars. Dept. of Agric. and Resour. Econ., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.

558 F. General OLR (1990) 37 (6)

90:3620 Fondekar, S.P., 1988. MT Lajpatrai Mow-out studies

at Bombay Harbour. Mahasagar, 21(4):235-237. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

90:3621 Greathouse, Daniel, Jay Clements and Kirk Morris,

1989. The use of expert systems to assist in decisions concerning environmental control. CRC critical Rev. environ. Control, 19(4):341-357.

Some of the main predications and concepts con- cerned with artificial intelligence, especially expert systems, are outlined. Criteria for their applicability and development are discussed, and developmental examples in the field of environmental assessment and control are presented. For example, 'PROS- PECTOR' shows where to mine, given geological and geochemical data; 'AQUISYS' assesses the vulnerability of aquifers to contamination, given pollution and hydrologic data, etc. It is said the systems work best when attacking problems simple enough that an actual expert could solve them in 1-8 hours. Risk Reduction Engng Lab, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA. (fcs)

90:3622 Sims, G.K. and E.J. O'Loughlin, 1989. Degradation

of pyridines in the environment. CRC critical Rev. environ. Control, 19(4):309-340.

The occurrence and environmental fate of pyridine and substituted pyridines are reviewed. These com- pounds (which may be generated by synfuel and coal tar processing, pesticide use, and chemical manu- facturing), have been detected in surface and groundwaters. Their ecotoxicology is largely de- pendent on ring substitution, making generalizations difficult. Biodegradation appears to be the primary removal mechanism. Dept. of Agronomy, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA. (gsb)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

90:3623 Bagge, Olc and Otto Rechlin (cds.), 1989. Baltic Sea

fishery resources. A symposium held in Rostock, 29 February-3 March 1988. Rapp. P.-v. R~un. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Met, 190:287; 47 papers.

The symposium consisted of three sessions; the first deals primarily with the basic biology and ecology of Baltic Sea fish stocks (abundance, distribution,

migration, feeding, predation, growth and repro- duction). The second session focuses on the interplay between fish stocks (recruitment and growth) and environmental factors (both biotic and abiotic) including hydrodynamics, temperature, and pollu- tion. The final session covers resource assessment and management and includes resource modelling studies and reviews of stock assessments through 1987. (gsb)

90:3624 Guzm~in del Proo, S. et al., 1986. [Diagnosis for the

investigation and exploitation of the marine algae of Mexico.] Inv. mar. CICIMAR, 3(2):63pp. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

Of the 1 ! 14 species of marine algae recorded from the coasts of Mexico, only five are currently exploited to an economically significant extent. The occurrence and potential for exploitation (including harvesting natural beds and mariculture) of five species are discussed: Macrocystis pyrifera, Gelidium robustum, Gigartina canaliculata, Porphyra perforata, and Euchema uncinatum. The potential of other species is also explored and recommendations for future research are presented. Escuela Nac. de Cienc. Biol. del Inst. Politecnico Nac., Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Mexico, D.F.C.P. 11340, Mexico. (gsb)

90:3625 Hatcher, B.G., R.E. Johannes and A.I. Robertson,

1989. Review of research relevant to the conser- vation of shallow tropical marine ecosystems. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:337-414.

A definitive treatment in 1975, of the assessment, interpretation, and management of anthropogenic impacts on shallow tropical marine ecosystems is used as the starting point for a review of subsequent research on these topics. A table of comparisons between tropical and temperate ecosystems is up- dated and discussed in terms of its implications for tropical conservation practice. The major ecosystems of the shallow marine tropics are treated separately; coral reefs receive most attention. Research into the prediction and control of man's interaction with the marine environments of the tropics has done little to slow their degradation. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Western Australia, P.O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6020, Australia.

90:3626 Sambasivam, S. and P. Subramanian, 1988. Gulf of

Mannar--a coral dominated [marine park] eco- system in danger. Ci~nc. mar., Baja Calif., M~x., 14(3):39-50. (Spanish and English.) Ctre. of Adv. Study in Mar. Biol., Annamalai Univ., Parangi- pettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.

OLR (1990) 37 (6) F. General 559

F280. Policy, law, treaties

90:3627 Filho, J.M., 1989. Remote sensing of the Earth and

the international law. Ci~ncia Cult., S Paulo, 41(4):339-343. (In Portuguese, English abstract.)

A United Nations General Assembly resolution to regulate remote sensing by satellite in order to protect the rights of countries subject to surveillance, represents the culmination of 12 years of effort and a first step toward a much needed international treaty. At issue is the principle of free exploration and use of outer space versus the sovereign right of nations to protect their territory and natural resources. Rua Joaquim Murtinho, 772/404, CEP 20241, Rio de Janeiro, R J, Brazil. (hbf)

F290. International concerns and or- ganizations

90:3628 Bardach, J.E., 1989. Global warming and the coastal

zone. Clim. Change, 15(1-2):117-150.

This article first deals with varying effects on fish production in the coastal zone. Exploitation of non-living coastal resources is not likely to be affected by a sea level rise, but recreation will suffer through land loss while aquaculture may be favored in some and disfavored in others of its modes. Estuaries and atolls can be severely impacted by a sea level rise both by loss of valuable, if not essential, land; they are also more vulnerable to salt water incursion, storm surges, and typhoons. Tropical river mouths, especially in Asia and Arctic regions, are treated. Anticipatory actions toward mitigation of effects of a sea level rise are essentially those of coastal zone planning with the caveat that technical fixes eventually to be employed have to be adjusted to the highly site-specific characteristics of the land/water interface. Environ. and Policy Inst., East-West Ctr., 1777 East West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96848, USA.

90:3629 Dickinson, R.E., 1989. Uncertainties of estimates of

climatic change: a review. Clim. Change, 15(1- 2):5-13.

While climate modeling gives substantial informa- tion about the future climate, there are still many uncertainties. This review addresses the question of the response of the climate system to forcing by increasing atmospheric trace gases. The uncertainties of greatest concern are: the transient adjustment

controlled by ocean heat uptake; snow and ice cover in high latitudes; the changes in cloud radiative properties; and shifts in regional patterns connected to ocean and land surfaces and to the internal dynamics of the atmosphere. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA.

90:3630 Oerlemans, Johannes, 1989. A projection of future

sea level. Clim. Change, 15(1-2): 151-174.

Evidence is reviewed that suggests faster sea-level rise when climate gets warmer. Four processes appear as dominating on a time scale of decades to centuries: melting of glaciers and small ice caps, changes in the mass balance of the large polar ice sheets, possible ice-flow instabilities (in particular on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet), and thermal expan- sion of ocean water. Calculations yield a figure of 9.5 cm of sea-level rise since 1850, within the uncertainty range of estimates of the 'observed' rise. A further 33-cm rise is found as most likely for the year 2050, but the uncertainty is very large. Contribution from melting of land ice is of the same order of magnitude as thermal expansion. The mass-balance effects of the major ice sheets tend to cancel (increasing accumulation on Antarctica, increasing ablation on Greenland). For the year 2100 a value of 66 cm above the present-day stand is found (o = 57 cm). The estimates of the standard deviation include uncertainty in the temperature scenario. Inst. of Meteorol. and Oceanogr., Univ. of Utrecht, Prince- tonplein 5, Utrecht, Netherlands.

90:3631 Oppenheimer, Michael (guest editor), 1989. Special

issue. Greenhouse gas emissions: environmental consequences and policy responses. Clirn. Change, 15(1/2):335pp; 18 papers.

In 1985 a conference in Villach (Austria) concluded that the issue of anthropogenic climatic change warranted the attention of policy makers. One of the main responses to that finding was another confer- ence and workshop in Villach in 1987 designed to specifically examine the environmental and eco- nomic consequences of continued greenhouse warm- ing and what mitigating measures would be required. The second Villach conference provided technical input for a convening of high-level policy makers in Bellagio (Italy) later that same year. That, in turn, led to a conference of statesmen in Toronto, in 1988, and the formation of a standing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes. By now, 'world leaders at least feel compelled to acknowledge global warming' as a big item on the international agenda. The papers in this issue are from the second Villach conference and workshop, and provide an early collection of the

560 F. General OLR (1990) 37 (6)

topics that just a few years later received headline status in the mass media: whether, when, and how much climate change; slow, medium and fast scenarios on temperature rise; effects on biota, agriculture, water resources, and the coasts; pros- pects/mechanisms for slowing or stabilizing the effects; and necessary human adaptations to some (inevitable) degree of warming. (fcs)

90:3632 Vellinga, Pier and S.P. Leatherman, 1989. Sea level

rise, consequences and policies. Clim. Change, 15(1-2): 175-190.

Accelerated sea-level rise and its effect on coastal areas represent one of the most important impacts of global climate warming. Coastal nations should now be planning for one-half to a meter rise in sea level during the next century. Lowlands will be the areas most vulnerable to impact. Increased storm-induced flooding represents the major danger in developing countries. In western countries, beach erosion will be a primary concern. Each area must be considered on a site-specific basis, but a global response is required in that international research and cooperative efforts represent the only reasonable approach. Ministry of Housing, Phys. Planning and Environ., P.O. Box 450, 2260 MB Leidschendam, Netherlands.

F310. Contemporary development of science (especial ly oceanography)

90:3633 Stommel, Henry, 1989. Why we are oceanographers.

[Address at the Oceanography Society's Inau- gural Meeting, Monterey Bay, August 1989.] Oceanography, 2(2):48-54.

'The world has changed a lot since the day when Henry Bigelow advised Ray Montgomery not to enter oceanography because he did not have a private fortune.' And in spite of oceanography's perhaps inevitable turn toward 'Big Science,' the field won't stay healthy unless 'wonderful and unplanned things happen, unrelated to large scale planning.' For Stommel, one of four surviving members of the Society of Subprofessional Ocean- ographers (SOSO), 'it is the personal mental wres- tling match...that is the central activity and reward.' WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (fcs)

90:3634 Weiler, C.S. and P.H. Yancey, 1989. Dual-career

couples and science: opportunities, challenges and strategies. Oceanography, 2(2):28-31,64.

The family-career balancing act is explored with reference to marriages in which both spouses are scientists. Five problem areas are discussed: widely- held perceptions that women with family/domestic responsibilities would be unable to also meet the challenges of a career in science; the time crunch associated with combining household and childcare duties with two careers; the 'science ethos' that demands superhuman commitments of time and energy, making no allowances for the demands of home and family; the difficulties inherent in trying to find suitable positions for both spouses within a reasonable commuting distance; and the remaining vestiges of gender discrimination at all levels. The need for perception and policy changes in industry, government, and academia, and the benefits these institutions would reap from such changes in light of the predicted decline in the scientific workforce, are discussed. Sci. Initiatives, 224 N. Bellevue Ave., Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA. (gsb)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

90:3635 Chaloner, W.G. and A. Hallam (eds.), 1989. Evo-

lution and extinction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1228):239-488; 16 papers.

The nature and causes (including extraterrestrial bodies and sea-level changes) of mass extinctions are explored in six papers; two more consider extinc- tions caused by humans or affecting humans. The remaining papers deal with extinctions associated with specific groups (plants, ammonoids, tetrapods, dinosaurs, mammals), environments (marine waters, islands), or geological time periods (Paleozoic, K-T). (gsb)

90:3636 Ingram, R.G., J.C. Osier and L. Legendre, 1989.

Influence of internal wave-induced vertical mixing on ice algal production in a highly stratified sound. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 29(5):435-446.

Field observations of tidally forced flow over a sill in a constricted region of the highly stratified Mani- tounuk Sound (Hudson Bay, Canada) are examined during the winter period under a complete landfast ice cover. Internal wave activity occurs more often on the downstream side of the constriction during flood. A fortnightly variation in upper layer salinity and nutrients is attributed to a similar periodicity in internal wave activity and upward salt transport across the pycnocline. The variation in nutrient levels within the upper layer and at the ice-water

OLR (1990) 37 (6) F. General 561

interface is thought to have a controlling effect on under-ice microalgal biomass downstream of the sill. Dept. of Meteorol., McGill Univ., 805 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

90:3637 Bullister, J.L., 1989. [Overview.] Chlorofluorocarbons

as time-dependent tracers in the ocean. Ocean- ography, 2(2): 12-17.

Equilibrium concentrations of CFCs in surface seawaters depend on the atmospheric concentration and on the temperature and salinity of the water. Data on the distribution of dissolved CFCs in the water column in conjunction with CFC input models yield information on surface (gas uptake) and interior (mixing and circulation) ocean processes. A rapid and sensitive shipboard method is now available for determination of concentrations of the CFCs F-l l and F-12 dissolved in seawater, but sample contamination remains problematic. CFCs can be used to trace deep-water formation, sub- surface transport, and ocean ventilation. Recent studies in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are used as examples of the use of CFCs as ocean tracers. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (gsb)

90:3638 Clark, H.L., 1989. Review and comment. Ocean

science instrumentation development at the Na- tional Science Foundation: a status report. Oceanography, 2(2):22-25. Oceanogr. Tech. Prog., Natl. Sci. Foundation, 1800 G St. N.W., Washington, DC 20550, USA.

90:3639 Hardy, John and Hermann Gucinski, 1989. [Over-

view.] Stratospheric ozone depletion: implications for marine ecosystems. Oceanography, 2(2): 18-21.

The implications for marine organisms of a pro- jected 16% decrease in stratospheric ozone (pre- dicted for the year 2060) relative to pre-1970 concentrations are discussed. Depletions in the Northern Hemisphere for 1969-1986 averaged 13- 1.9% and 2.3~6.2% in summer and winter, respec- tively; in the Southern Hemisphere during 1978- 1987 depletions ranged from 2.0-10.6%, with up to 50% decreases over Antarctica during austral spring. Laboratory and mesocosm data on the sensitivity of marine organisms (plankton, crustaceans, fish, root- ed vegetation) are used to predict possible impacts of the projected depletion. Uncertainties as to the

magnitude of negative effects on survival, growth, reproduction and trophic dynamics complicate predictions. Areas of necessary research are iden- tified. Huxley Colt. of Environ. Studies, Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA 98225, USA. (gsb)

90:3640 Molinari, R.L., 1989. Review and comment. Sub-

tropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS): an update. Oceanography, 2(2):32-35. NOAA, At- lantic Oceanogr. and Meteorol. Admin., 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, USA.

90:3641 Munk, Walter, 1989. Review and comment. Global

ocean warming: detection by long-path acoustic travel times. Oceanography, 2(2):40-41.

A sufficiently energetic sound pulse generated at Heard Island (Australia) would travel along unim- peded, refracted geodesics to both sides of North America, and would be recorded in all the major ocean basins. Greenhouse-induced warming of the seas should decrease these half-global travel times by 0.2 to 0.5 s, while geophysical noise might be of the order of 0.5 s. Thus 10 years of records might be able to show a true warming signal. These ideas are discussed here. Univ. of California, Inst. of Geophys. and Planetary Phys., A-025, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (fcs)

90:3642 Shackleton, N.J., 1989. Palaeoclimate. Deep trouble

for climate change. [Report.] Nature, Lond., 342(6250):616-617.

In this issue of Nature, a report by R.G. Fairbanks calls into question the hypothesis that the Younger Dryas event--a brief excursion of global climate to near-glacial conditions occurring between 11,000 and 12,000 BP-- was caused by a Mississippi River meltwater diversion that upset North Atlantic density stratification. By coring submerged coral reefs, Fairbanks has been able to establish detailed sea level history, its rates of rise, and hence the meltwater fluxes throughout the last interglacial. He concludes that meltwater flux almost stopped during the Younger Dryas, and that some other explanation for the sudden excursion is required. Godwin Lab. for Quat. Res., Univ. of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RS, UK. (fcs)

90:3643 Smith, R.C. and K.S. Baker, 1989. [Overview.]

Stratospheric ozone, middle ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton productivity. Oceanography, 2(2):4-10.

562 F. General OLR (1990) 37 (6)

In laboratory experiments, UV-B (280-320 nm) light has been shown to be harmful to aquatic organisms, including phytoplankton. Decreasing ozone creates a double-edged sword--greater transmission of the deleterious UV-B wavelengths and essentially un- changed levels of the beneficial wavelengths: UV-A (320-400 nm), which is involved in photorepair, and photosynthetically available radiant energy (400-700 nm), which is the light region necessary for photo- protection and photosynthesis. Exactly what the effects of increased UV-B will be on natural communities remains unknown. Extrapolation of experimental results is complicated by variable light environments, variability in sensitivity of different organisms and life stages, the possibility of selection for resistant organisms, and indirect effects, among others. CSL, Ctr. for Remote Sensing and Environ. Optics, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. (gsb)

90:3644 Wunsch, Carl, 1989. Review and comment. Com-

ments on oceanographic instrument development. Oceanography, 2(2):26-27.

There are problems with the way oceanographic instrumentation is developed and funded. One is that truly innovative instrumentation may take a decade or more of development, but such a schedule cannot be planned with just one- or two-year funding cycles. Another is that instrumentation development involves failures, and the funding system is not tolerant of that fact. A third is that engineers attached to research institutions are insufficiently rewarded, recognized and utilized. The hope is expressed that the Oceanography Society can redress some of these problems. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. (fcs)

F 3 9 0 . E d u c a t i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e

90:3645 Thomas, R.L., R.K. McMillan and D.L. Keys, 1989.

Acoustic surveys: implications to the geoscienee discipline. Lighthouse, 40:37-42.

The work described in this paper was undertaken primarily to locate underwater wrecks and other obstacles to navigation, using side-scan sonar plus low- and high-frequency echo sounding. The utility of these records for elucidating structural and micro-structural features of Lake Ontario's bottom are illustrated, and the case made that more comprehensive acoustical surveys should become part of the hydrographer's mission. (fcs)

90:3646 Williams, Ted, 1990. The exclusion of sea turtles.

Audubon, 92(1):24-33.

'Here we are, human beings, pointing guns at each other about a damned sea turtle.' Does the gulf battle over Turtle Excluder Devices (TED) presage the actual enforcement of other, more stringent environmental laws? Six of the seven sea turtle species face extinction. Consider Kemp's ridley. Nesting adult females were estimated to be 42,000 strong in 1947. Now there are fewer than 900. U.S. shrimp trawlers are estimated to kill 11,000 turtles annually. Ten to twenty pounds of unwanted 'by-catch' (including turtles) are caught for each pound of shrimp. Most of the by-catch is dumped overboard, dead. Because of the ensuing anger over NMFS's 'incipient' enforcement of TED regulations, half the dead sea turtles washing ashore have been found with human-inflicted mutilations: severed flippers, bullet wounds and the like. Death threats have been issued against NMFS regulators, spokes- people for conservation groups, manufacturers of TEDs, and even a Congressman. One manufacturer has been told his house would be burnt down; his car has collected 13 bullet holes. But the shrimpers eke out a meager living as it is, and claim the TED simply stresses their economics to the breaking point. It is, they claim, a fight to the death. In spite of NMFS's assertion that the latest version of the TED does not reduce catch, and in spite of the occasional shrimper who thinks the TED is a good idea, even researchers are afraid to pull them now. At this writing, compliance and enforcement 'seem unlikely.' (fcs)

F 4 2 0 . M i s c e l l a n e o u s

90:3647 Diamond, J.M., 1989. The present, past and future of

human-caused extinctions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1228):469-477.

This paper re-evaluates whether we are really at the start of a mass extinction caused by humans. As regards the present, estimates of extinction rates underestimate real values by a large factor, because the record concerns only those species that have attracted attention. Especially in tropical areas with few resident biologists, many poorly known species go extinct without having been the object of specific attention, and others disappear even before being described. As regards the past, it is now clear that the first arrival of humans at any oceanic island with

OLR (1990) 37 (6) F. General 563

no previous human inhabitants has always precip- itated a mass extinction in the island biota. Human- caused mass extinction is not a hypothesis for the future but an event that has been underway for thousands of years. As regards the future, consid- eration of the main mechanisms of human-caused extinctions (overhunting, effects of introduced spe- cies, habitat destruction, and secondary ripple effects) indicates that the rate of extinction is accelerating. The basic reason is that there are now more humans than ever before, armed with more potent destructive technology, and encroaching on the world's most species-rich habitats: the tropical rainforests. Dept. of Physiol., Univ. of California Med. School, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1751, USA.

90:3648 Lovelock, J.E., 1989. The First Leslie Cooper

Memorial Lecture given at Plymouth on 10 April 1989. Gala. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 69(4):746-758.

Lovelock contrasts the Gaian approach to the earth and life sciences--viewing the earth as a whole-- with the more prevalent bottom-up approach. He laments the compartmentalization of the earth and life sciences, and favors 'geophysiology' as a way of studying the earth, in particular the interactions between its biotic and abiotic components. He defends Gaia theory against the objections raised by neodarwinian and coevolutionary theorists, and gives some examples of Gaian research, including the proposed algae-climate link. Mathematical models of Gaia, and implications of global envi- ronmental concerns within the context of Gaia, are discussed. Coombe Mill Experimental Sta., St. Giles on the Heath, Launceston, Cornwall, PLI5 9RY, UK. (gsb)

9t1:3649 Raup, D.M., 1989. The ease for extraterrestrial

causes of extinction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc, (B)325(1228):421-435.

The dramatic increase in our knowledge of large- body impacts that have occurred in Earth's history has led to strong arguments for the plausibility of meteorite impact as a cause of extinction. Proof of causation is often hampered, however, by our inability to demonstrate the synchronism of specific impacts and extinctions. Range truncation, because

of gaps in sedimentation, lack of preservation, or lack of discovery, can make sudden extinctions appear gradual and gradual extinctions appear sudden. Also, stepwise extinction may appear as an artefact of range truncation. These effects are demonstrated by experiments performed on data from field collections of Cretaceous ammonites from Zumaya (Spain). Dept. of Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

90:3650 Tayler, Roger, 1989. The birth ol dements. New

Scient., 124(1695):25-29.

It has long been thought that stars were the crucibles of the elements, the elemental dust then scattered across the universe by the stellar explosions called supernovae. But a lot of thinking on stellar evolution and the creation of elements was theoretical. Old supernovae provided no compositional clues because their ejecta had long since mixed with interstellar dust. Then, in 1987 (to our eye) a nearby star (in the Large Magellanic Cloud) blew up. Dubbed SN 1987A, this supernova has been the focus of every conceivable astronomical observation since then, and is bearing out the clever constructs of the theoreticians. Dept. of Astronomy, Univ. of Sussex, UK. (fcs)

90:3651 Tudge, C., 1989. The rise and fall of Homo sapiens

sapiens. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1228):479- 488.

Human beings have broken the ecological ' law' that says that big, predatory animals are rare. Two crucial innovations in particular have enabled us to alter the planet to suit ourselves and thus permit unparalleled expansion: speech and agriculture. However, natural selection has not equipped us with a long-term sense of self-preservation. Our popu- lation cannot continue to expand at its present rate for much longer, and the examples of many other species suggest that expansion can end in cata- strophic collapse. Survival beyond the next century in a tolerable state seems most unlikely unless all religions and economies begin to take account of the facts of biology. This, if it occurred, would be a step in cultural evolution that would compare in import with the birth of agriculture. 208 Clive Rd., London SE21 8BS, UK.