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FISHESBio IIRupp
TYPES OF FISHESJawlessCartilaginousBony
FISH CHARACTERISTICS4 hallmarks of chordatesSharksLateral lineAmpullae of LorenziniOperculum
GillsTail typesScale typesFish musculatureSwimming and the swim bladder
TAXONOMYKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata
CLASS MYXINIHagfish
CLASS CEPHALOSPIDOMORPHILampreys
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYESSharks, skates, and rays
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGIIRay-finned fishes
CLASS SARCOPTERYGIILobe-finned fishes
CHORDATE HALLMARKSNotochordHagfishes and lampreys keep this their entire livesMade of thick-walled and fluid-filled cells pressed closely together
CHORDATE HALLMARKSDorsal hollow nerve cordNeural tube formationAnterior becomes the brain
CHORDATE HALLMARKSPharyngeal gill slits/pouches
CHORDATE HALLMARKS
FISH DEFINITIONFor our purposes:A gill-breathing, poikilothermic (cold-blooded), aquatic vertebrate that possesses fins and a skin that is usually covered in scalesApproximately 25,000 speciesTwo basic body formsAgnathansjawlessGnathostomesjawed
AGNATHANSCephalospidomorphilampreysectoparasitesMyxinihagfishesscavengers
SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMESCartilaginous fishesClass Chondrichthyesapprox. 850 speciesSubclass Elasmobranchiisharks, skates, and raysDogfish anatomy
DOGFISH ANATOMY
DOGFISH ANATOMY
DOGFISH ANATOMY
GNATHOSTOME ADAPTATIONS
GNATHOSTOME ADAPTATIONS
GNATHOSTOME REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIESInternal fertilizationOviparoussome species lay eggs immediately after fertilizationOvoviviparousretain the developing young in the uterus and they are nourished by yolk sacsViviparousyoung are nourished by a placenta
SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMESBony fishes, aka osteichthyesClass Actinopterygiiray-finned fishesClass Sarcopterygiilobe-finned fishes
OSTEICHTHYES ADAPTATIONSOperculumTail typesSkin and scalesMusculatureSwimmingSwim bladderGills
OPERCULUMA bony plate attached to a series of muscles running over the gillsAid in more efficient respirationBernoullis Principle of Fluid Dynamics
TAIL TYPES
SCALE TYPESScales are embedded in the dermis and covered by the epidermisTypesGanoidCycloidCtenoidPlacoid
GANOID SCALES
CTENIOD SCALES
CYCLOID SCALES
PLACOID SCALESTypical in sharks
FISH MUSCULATUREMyomeres-segments of the muscleMyospetadivision point of the myomeresVertical septum and horizontal septum of body cavity
FISH MUSCULATURERed muscle or dark muscle is used in regular swimmingRed muscle is dark due to extra myoglobin and extreme vascularizationRed muscle is often referred to as the bloodlineWhite muscle for escape response
SWIMMINGShort muscular bodies and lunate tails for most efficient swimming
SWIM BLADDERSMaintain neutral buoyancy and depth controlBalloon-like structurePulls gas out of the water to inflateTwo typesAttached to gutancient fishesDetached from gutmore modern fishesFish without swim bladders: tuna, flounder, sharks, deep ocean fishSharks have a huge fatty liver to maintain neutral buoyancy
GILLSMade of filaments called lamellaeRich with blood vesselsCovered by operculum or gill slitsCounter current blood flow of blood and water increases efficiencydemonstration Gill arches are the point of attachment for lamellaeGill rakers remove debris from gillsLarger gill surface is often correlated with higher fish activity levels