FACE

FACE

Introduction• The face is the anterior aspect of the head from the forehead to the

chin and from one ear to the other

Muscles of facial expression• They are subcutaneous

They are grouped under the following six heads

1. Muscles of the scalp Occipitofrontalis:• is a flat diagastric muscle with two bellies(frontal and occipital

bellies) which share a common tendon called the epicranial aponeuroses

Muscles of the eyelids Orbicularis oculi Corrugator supercilli Levator palpebrae superioris

3. Muscles of the nose Procerus Nasalis muscles • Tranverse part of nasalis muscle/ compressor naris • Alar part of nasalis muscle/ dilator naris Depressor septi nasi

4. Muscles surrounding the mouth orbicularis oris Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris alaeque Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis Risorius Buccinator

5. Muscles of the Auricle Aurcularis anterior Aurcularis superior Aurcularis posterior

6. Muscles of the neck platysma

Common facial expression and the muscles producing them• Surprise : frontalis• Smiling and laughing : zygomaticus major• Sadness : levator labii suprioris, levator anguli oris, depressor

labii superioris, depressor anguli oris• Frowning: corrugator supercili and procerus• Anger: dilator naris (alar part of nasilis), depressor septi• Doubt: mentalis• Grinning: risorius• Closing of the mouth: orbicularis oris• Whistling: buccinator, and orbicularis oris• Tension and stress: platysma

Musclea Origin Insertion Main Action(s)Occipitofrontalis

Frontal belly1 Epicranial aponeurosis Skin and subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and forehead

Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead; protracts scalp (indicating surprise or curiosity)

Occipital bellya Lateral two thirds of superior nuchal line

Epicranial aponeurosis Retracts scalp; increasing effectiveness of frontal belly

Orbicularis oculi (orbital sphincter)1,2

Medial orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone

Skin around margin of orbit; superior and inferior tarsal plates

Closes eyelids: palpebral part does so gently; orbital part tightly (winking)

Corrugator supercilii1 Medial end of superciliary arch Skin superior to middle of supraorbital margin and superciliary arch

Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly, creating vertical wrinkles above nose (demonstrating concern or worry)

Procerus plus transverse part of nasalis3

Fascia aponeurosis covering nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage

Skin of inferior forehead, between eyebrows

Depresses medial end of eyebrow; wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (conveying disdain or dislike)

Alar part of nasalis plus levator labii superioris alaeque nasii3

Frontal process of maxilla (inferomedial margin of orbit)

Major alar cartilage Depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal aperture (i.e., “flaring nostrils,†as during �anger or exertion)

Orbicularis oris (oral sphincter)3 Medial maxilla and mandible; deep surface of perioral skin; angle of mouth (modiolus)

Mucous membrane of lips Tonus closes rima oris; phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips (kissing) or resists distension (when blowing)

Levator labii superioris3 Infraorbital margin (maxilla)

Skin of upper lip

Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)Zygomaticus minor3 Anterior aspect, zygomatic bone

Buccinator (cheek muscle)3 Mandible, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe

Angle of mouth (modiolus); orbicularis oris

Presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)

Zygomaticus major3 Lateral aspect of zygomatic bone

Angle of mouth (modiolus)

Part of dilators of mouth; elevate labial commissure—bilaterally to smile (happiness); unilaterally to sneer (disdain)Levator anguli oris3 Infraorbital maxilla (canine

fossa)

Risorius3 Parotid fascia and buccal skin (highly variable)

Part of dilators of mouth; widens rima oris, as when grinning or grimacing

Depressor anguli oris4 Anterolateral base of mandible Part of dilators of mouth; depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown (sadness)

Depressor labii inferioris4 Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible

Skin of lower lip Part of dilators of mouth; retracts (depresses) and/or everts lower lip (pouting, sadness)

Mentalis4 Body of mandible (anterior to roots of inferior incisors)

Skin of chin (mentolabial sulcus) Elevates and protrudes lower lip; elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)

Platysma5 Subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions

Base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth (modiolus); orbicularis oris

Depresses mandible (against resistance); tenses skin of inferior face and neck (conveying tension and stress)