FAFACTCTOR 4 AND FACTOR 10OR 4 AND FACTOR 10

Isabelle Sjöberg -Isabelle Sjöberg -Alesia Nahibina - Alesia Nahibina -

Denis NazarovDenis NazarovTenel BurkitbaevTenel BurkitbaevEvgeny BogatikovEvgeny Bogatikov

Åsa LarssonÅsa LarssonXingqiang Song Xingqiang Song Fabrizio Meloni -Fabrizio Meloni -

Frida Pollak -Frida Pollak -

Technology and sustainable developmentTechnology and sustainable development

SITUATION TODAYSITUATION TODAY• Violent and life-threatening reactions of the ecosphere to the stresses Violent and life-threatening reactions of the ecosphere to the stresses

imposed by human activities are still growing in all parts of the worldimposed by human activities are still growing in all parts of the world;;

• Humanity continues to live in an increasingly dangerous and unsustainable Humanity continues to live in an increasingly dangerous and unsustainable environmentenvironment;;

• More people are exposed to polluted air and have less clean water available More people are exposed to polluted air and have less clean water available than ever before and fertile soil is eroding fastthan ever before and fertile soil is eroding fast;;

• Fresh water supplies are dwindling, bio-diversity is still rapidly declining, and Fresh water supplies are dwindling, bio-diversity is still rapidly declining, and so are forested areasso are forested areas;;

• Environmental damage is caused not only by pollution but also by the Environmental damage is caused not only by pollution but also by the processes involved in extracting natural resources. Extracting resources is processes involved in extracting natural resources. Extracting resources is the more significant cause, not only because all materials taken into an the more significant cause, not only because all materials taken into an economy end up sooner or later as emissions and wastes, but also because economy end up sooner or later as emissions and wastes, but also because technical displacement of natural resources causes irreversible changes by technical displacement of natural resources causes irreversible changes by itself.itself.

AlesiaAlesia

• On the average, more than 90% of the resources harvested and On the average, more than 90% of the resources harvested and displaced in nature are wasted on the way to producing food, machines, displaced in nature are wasted on the way to producing food, machines, vehicles, and infrastructuresvehicles, and infrastructures;;

• On the average, close to 100 tons of non-renewable are consumed every On the average, close to 100 tons of non-renewable are consumed every year per person to support the current life-style in industrialized year per person to support the current life-style in industrialized countriescountries..

SITUATION TODAYSITUATION TODAY

AlesiaAlesia

SO, REACHING SUSTAINABILITY DEMANDS AN SO, REACHING SUSTAINABILITY DEMANDS AN ABSOLUTE REDUCTIONABSOLUTE REDUCTION IN RESOURCES USE AT IN RESOURCES USE AT

LEAST 50%LEAST 50%

THE THE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT OF ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY (1960-2000)TECHNOLOGY (1960-2000)

• DILUITION DILUITION (1960)(1960)• END-OF-PIPE END-OF-PIPE (1970)(1970)• RECYCLING RECYCLING (1980)(1980)• CLEANER PRODUCTION CLEANER PRODUCTION (1990)(1990)• ECO-INTELLIGENT ECO-INTELLIGENT (2000)(2000)

AlesiaAlesia

FACTOR 4. FACTOR 4. “DOING MORE WITH LESS"“DOING MORE WITH LESS"

• Accomplish everything we do today as well as Accomplish everything we do today as well as now, or better, with only one fourth the energy now, or better, with only one fourth the energy and materials we presently use.and materials we presently use.

• The use of resources will be more equally The use of resources will be more equally divided between nations. divided between nations.

• But we need to be more efficient if we want to be But we need to be more efficient if we want to be ecologically sustainable. ecologically sustainable.

ÅsaÅsa

HOW CAN WE BE MORE EFFICIENT?HOW CAN WE BE MORE EFFICIENT?

• Develop more efficient productsDevelop more efficient products• Products which last longer Products which last longer Second handSecond hand

High qualityHigh quality

UpgradeUpgrade

• SubstitutionSubstitution• Multipurpose Multipurpose • CooperationCooperation

ÅsaÅsa

New technologies and new ways of New technologies and new ways of linking them together. linking them together.

Big savings can then become even Big savings can then become even cheaper than small savings.cheaper than small savings.

  

ExampleExample : Super efficient car costs less to : Super efficient car costs less to build than normal.build than normal.

ÅsaÅsa

REDESIGN THE CAR FROM SCRATCHREDESIGN THE CAR FROM SCRATCH

• Ultra-strong yet Ultra-strong yet crashworthy materialscrashworthy materials

• Advanced compositesAdvanced composites• Better design, good Better design, good

aerodynamicaerodynamic• Better tiers, less Better tiers, less

weightweight• HybridHybrid

ÅsaÅsa

• Increasing Increasing EfficiencyEfficiency and and ProductivityProductivity

MAIN CRITICISM:MAIN CRITICISM:

• It can be It can be expensiveexpensive

ANSWER:ANSWER:

• It is possible It is possible reducing the wastesreducing the wastes

• Save resources and money at the same timeSave resources and money at the same time

FabrizioFabrizio

HOW TO DO IT?HOW TO DO IT?

- 93 % - 93 % of the materials used never end up in saleable productsof the materials used never end up in saleable products

- 80 % - 80 % of the products become wastes after a single useof the products become wastes after a single use

- 99 % - 99 % of the materials used become a waste within 6 weeks of of the materials used become a waste within 6 weeks of sale sale

HOW MUCH IS WASTED?HOW MUCH IS WASTED?

HOW MUCH CAN BE SAVED?HOW MUCH CAN BE SAVED?

- 10- 10÷30÷30 % % in the 1970sin the 1970s

- - 9090÷99÷99 % % in the 1990sin the 1990s

- 2000$/y lost by an average American for energy wastes- 2000$/y lost by an average American for energy wastes

ECONOMIC CONVENIENCEECONOMIC CONVENIENCE

FabrizioFabrizio

SOME NUMBERSSOME NUMBERS

A change in the culture and behaviour of society is A change in the culture and behaviour of society is strongly neededstrongly needed

FabrizioFabrizio

PROBLEMS TO DO ITPROBLEMS TO DO IT

• Conventional education and the high costs for Conventional education and the high costs for replace personnel;replace personnel;

• Inertia of capital owners and customers.Inertia of capital owners and customers.• Discriminatory financial criteria Discriminatory financial criteria • Prices that sometimes distort actual costs to the Prices that sometimes distort actual costs to the

environment and to the future generations;environment and to the future generations;• Obsolete regulations that discourage efficiency;Obsolete regulations that discourage efficiency;• The universal practice to regulate utilities for The universal practice to regulate utilities for

increasing use and consumption.increasing use and consumption.

FACTOR 10FACTOR 10

• Factor 10 Factor 10 is an absolute target for is an absolute target for

lowering the distribution of natural resources = lowering the distribution of natural resources =

increase the resource productivity increase the resource productivity

• ”• ”rich” countries must make environmental space rich” countries must make environmental space available for the ”poor” countries by at least a available for the ”poor” countries by at least a Factor 10Factor 10

• • Factor 10 includes changes in technology, Factor 10 includes changes in technology, culture, economy, and institutional organizations culture, economy, and institutional organizations

FridaFrida

DIFFERENT TOOLS FOR MEASURINGDIFFERENT TOOLS FOR MEASURING

• MIPSMIPS == the material input per total unit of servicesthe material input per total unit of services

• FIPSFIPS == the surface coverage per unit servicethe surface coverage per unit service

• TOPSTOPS == the eco-toxic exposure equivalent per unit the eco-toxic exposure equivalent per unit serviceservice

• S/MIS/MI = the measure of resource productivity= the measure of resource productivity

• Ecological rucksackEcological rucksack = the total quantity (in kg) of = the total quantity (in kg) of natural material used minus the products own weightnatural material used minus the products own weight

FridaFrida

TOOLS FOR REACHING FACTOR 10TOOLS FOR REACHING FACTOR 10

1.1. Changing of environmental policiesChanging of environmental policies..

• PPresent environmental policiesresent environmental policies: : enendd-of-pipe -of-pipe solutions, treating or re-cycling solutionssolutions, treating or re-cycling solutions..

• Changing of focus of environmental policies Changing of focus of environmental policies from tail to front-end solutions is needed. from tail to front-end solutions is needed.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

2. Changing of energy consumtionChanging of energy consumtion

• For changing in energy consumption pattern less For changing in energy consumption pattern less resource intensive fuel should be used: wind power, resource intensive fuel should be used: wind power, solar power. solar power.

• Great attention should be taken on renewable fuel – fuel Great attention should be taken on renewable fuel – fuel with low MI. with low MI.

• Dematerialising an economy by Factor 10 will lead to an Dematerialising an economy by Factor 10 will lead to an energy reduction of roughly a factor 5 overall. energy reduction of roughly a factor 5 overall.

• Achieving Factor 10 therefore means the end of the Achieving Factor 10 therefore means the end of the fossil age as well as the end of the debate about nuclear fossil age as well as the end of the debate about nuclear power.power.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

3. Minimization of rebound effect.Minimization of rebound effect.

• Rebound (”boomerang”) effects – effects that Rebound (”boomerang”) effects – effects that counteract reductions of resource use, waste counteract reductions of resource use, waste avoidance and emission decreases, achieved on avoidance and emission decreases, achieved on the level of individual production and consumption. the level of individual production and consumption.

• Example: energy savings by improved car engines Example: energy savings by improved car engines are frequently “eaten-up” by bigger cars, faster are frequently “eaten-up” by bigger cars, faster driving and longer distances. driving and longer distances.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

4. Population growth limitation.Population growth limitation.

• The larger the world population becomes, the The larger the world population becomes, the fewer natural recourses are available. fewer natural recourses are available.

• Limitations in population growth are needed Limitations in population growth are needed (as in China now). (as in China now).

• The tendency to “singles” is very dangerous.The tendency to “singles” is very dangerous.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

5. Change in psychology.Change in psychology.

• Change in psychology is needed: we should Change in psychology is needed: we should change our consuming pattern from goods to change our consuming pattern from goods to services. services.

• We should forget about stuff like prestige and We should forget about stuff like prestige and boasting, to buy things only on the base of boasting, to buy things only on the base of their practical parameters, not fashion or their practical parameters, not fashion or prestigeprestige..

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

6. New innovation and design.New innovation and design.

• Massive technological and social innovation Massive technological and social innovation as well as re-direction of consumption are as well as re-direction of consumption are unavoidable. unavoidable.

• Basic requirement of eco-design: to generate Basic requirement of eco-design: to generate as much units of service of utility (and fun) as as much units of service of utility (and fun) as possible out of the smallest possible quantity possible out of the smallest possible quantity of natural resources (including rucksacks) for of natural resources (including rucksacks) for the longest possible time period. the longest possible time period.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

7. Market, fiscal reforms and employmentMarket, fiscal reforms and employment

• Currently market prices are too low to Currently market prices are too low to stimulate development of factor 10 and more. stimulate development of factor 10 and more.

• Chances and timing of reaching Factor 10 Chances and timing of reaching Factor 10 depends to a considerable degree upon depends to a considerable degree upon increasing the relative prices of natural increasing the relative prices of natural resources. The higher prices, the more will resources. The higher prices, the more will competition among producers push innovation competition among producers push innovation toward dematerialised products and services.toward dematerialised products and services.

• Tax-relieves for products with low-MIPSTax-relieves for products with low-MIPS• Shifting sources of public reveneu from labor to Shifting sources of public reveneu from labor to

sources.sources.• Shifting from a throughput economy to one where Shifting from a throughput economy to one where

longevity of products becomes the standart of longevity of products becomes the standart of successsuccess..

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

8. World trade and foreign aid.World trade and foreign aid.

• Most products and services traded on the Most products and services traded on the world market today are “high-MIPS” in nature. world market today are “high-MIPS” in nature.

• The infrastructures, buildings, products, food The infrastructures, buildings, products, food and services provided to developing and services provided to developing countries today within the context of foreign countries today within the context of foreign aid must be viewed as ecological time aid must be viewed as ecological time bombs. bombs.

• Foreign aid policies and export to developing Foreign aid policies and export to developing countries must change as soon as possible. countries must change as soon as possible.

Denis, TenelDenis, Tenel

ECO-EFFICIENCYECO-EFFICIENCY

• A concept for improving the ecological character A concept for improving the ecological character of of production related activitiesproduction related activities while while maintaining/improving their profitabilitymaintaining/improving their profitability

• Both economy and ecology includedBoth economy and ecology included

• An operational concept: less nature use for more An operational concept: less nature use for more outputoutput

• Compatible with MIPS and factor 10Compatible with MIPS and factor 10

IsabelleIsabelle

LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS

• Refers exclusively to the production sectorRefers exclusively to the production sector

• Does not consider importance of Does not consider importance of minimising the use of spaceminimising the use of space

IsabelleIsabelle

ECO-INTELLIGENCEECO-INTELLIGENCE

• Includes material, energy, surface coverage and Includes material, energy, surface coverage and dispersion of toxic materials – from cradle to dispersion of toxic materials – from cradle to gravegrave

• Eco-intelligentEco-intelligent

- production systems- production systems

- economies- economies

- consumption- consumption

IsabelleIsabelle

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

• Sustainable development includes not only the Sustainable development includes not only the ecological sustainability, but the economic, ecological sustainability, but the economic, technological and social sustainability as well. technological and social sustainability as well. Sustainable development of natural resources is Sustainable development of natural resources is imperative for society. imperative for society.

• The chances for moving toward sustainability The chances for moving toward sustainability depend critically upon the increase of the depend critically upon the increase of the resource productivity of all economic activities.resource productivity of all economic activities.

Xingqiang SongXingqiang Song

• Factor 4 and factor 10 are two approaches and Factor 4 and factor 10 are two approaches and the latter is a necessary strategy for sustainable the latter is a necessary strategy for sustainable development. They predict that we can vastly development. They predict that we can vastly increase our resource efficiency.increase our resource efficiency.

• Factor 10 is not an economic goal. It indicates Factor 10 is not an economic goal. It indicates how many industrialized countries have to how many industrialized countries have to increase their resource productivity to approach increase their resource productivity to approach sustainability from the point of life cycle.sustainability from the point of life cycle.

Xingqiang SongXingqiang Song

• A factor of 4 to 10-Fold increase in resource A factor of 4 to 10-Fold increase in resource efficiency has been proposed for industrial efficiency has been proposed for industrial countries for the next 30 to 50 years in order to countries for the next 30 to 50 years in order to cut by half the global resource requirements. cut by half the global resource requirements.

• The aim to increase resource productivity 4 to The aim to increase resource productivity 4 to 10-Fold has attracted wide attention. Several 10-Fold has attracted wide attention. Several countries included the aim in political countries included the aim in political programmes and many countries take positive programmes and many countries take positive attitude towards them.attitude towards them.

Xingqiang SongXingqiang Song

• However, the implementation of adequate However, the implementation of adequate management measures and the monitoring of management measures and the monitoring of effectiveness of many measures will depend on effectiveness of many measures will depend on available analytical instruments. available analytical instruments.

• Factor 10 is a system innovation. Factor 10 is a system innovation. Resource Resource productivity improvement need technological productivity improvement need technological innovations, infrastructure change and change innovations, infrastructure change and change of consumer lifestyle.of consumer lifestyle.

Xingqiang SongXingqiang Song

• Sustainable development is a global issue. Only Sustainable development is a global issue. Only when stakeholder including companies and when stakeholder including companies and governments indeed realize the present awful governments indeed realize the present awful situations, can some solutions (for example, the situations, can some solutions (for example, the factor 4 and 10) be carried out smoothly, widely factor 4 and 10) be carried out smoothly, widely and feasibly.and feasibly.

Xingqiang SongXingqiang Song

FAFACTCTOR 4 AND FACTOR 10OR 4 AND FACTOR 10

Isabelle Sjöberg -Isabelle Sjöberg -Alesia Nahibina - Alesia Nahibina -

Denis NazarovDenis NazarovTenel BurkitbaevTenel BurkitbaevEvgeny BogatikovEvgeny Bogatikov

Åsa LarssonÅsa LarssonXingqiang Song Xingqiang Song Fabrizio Meloni -Fabrizio Meloni -

Frida Pollak -Frida Pollak -

Technology and sustainable developmentTechnology and sustainable development