FACTORS INFLUENCE INTENTION TO …icmrr.org/global/pdffiles/IJMRR/m201708006.pdfuniversities was...

FACTORS INFLUENCE INTENTION TO PARTICIPATE IN

FRANCHISE INDUSTRY AS A CAREER OPTION: A STUDY ON

MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY GRADUATES

NURUL ASHYKIN ABD AZIZ1 NURUL AIEN ABD AZIZ

2

NOREEN NOOR ABD AZIZ3 YUHANIS MOHAMED NOOR

4

1, 4Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

2, 3Faculty of Business Management, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Segamat, Johor.

ABSTRACT

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the Malaysian Public University Graduates

intention to participating in franchise industry as a career. Survey study in eight Malaysian public

universities was conducted via questionnaire by asking the level of graduates‘ intention to participate

in this study. The results indicate the factors influence graduates intention to participate in franchise

industry integrates: correlation value between attitude and intention to select franchise business as

career option = 0.780 which moderate highly significant. Next, it also illustrates correlation between

perceived behaviour control and intention to select franchise business as career option, r = 0.601

which moderate highly significant. At last but not least, result also illustrates correlation between

knowledge and graduates select franchise business as career option, r = 0.609 which moderate highly

significant. According the result that are gathered, attitude, perceived behaviour control and

knowledge shows the significant relationship between the intentions for graduates in Malaysian public

universities to select franchise business as a career option. Hence, the independent variables are

considered as the factor to intention for to select franchise business as a career option among

graduates.

Key words: Franchising, Franchise, Malaysian Graduates, Public University

1.Background of Study

According to International franchise Association website, franchising is simply a method to

expanding a business and distributes goods and services through a licensing relationship. In

franchising, franchisors whether a company or person who grants the license to a third party for

conducting a business under their marks and not only specify the products and services that will be

offered by the franchisees; a person or company who is grant the license to do business under the

trademark and trade name by the franchisor, but also provide them with an operating system, brand

and support. Based on the research done by (Chee & Bhatti, 2013) the franchising concept was

originated from United States of America, where it is the more powerful way of facilitating the

growth of services organizations.

Years by years franchising is becoming trending. It is growing very fast and outstanding,

effective and the best productive way to start-up and expand a business (Harif, Hoe, & Chin, 2014).

Malaysia itself is the third largest industrialized market economy country in Southeast Asia. With a

Gross Domestic Product that has grown at an annual rate of 6.5% for 50 straight years and a multi-

ethnic and multi-cultural population of over 30 million (75% of whom live in urban areas), the

country, not surprisingly, has attracted franchisors seeking to expand their businesses.

INTERCONTINENTAL JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH REVIEWISSN:2321-0346 - ONLINE ISSN:2347-1670 - PRINT -IMPACT FACTOR :4.311VOLUME 5, ISSUE 8 AUGUST 2017

An Open Access, Peer Reviewed, Refereed, Online and Print International Research Journalwww.icmrr.org 60 [email protected]

In Franchise Business Review‘s industry-wide benchmark survey, 13 percent of franchisees

are between the ages of 18 and 34. Some one-in-five franchisees that launched a business in the last

two years were under the age of 30, according to newly published figures – demonstrating the

increasing popularity of franchising as a career option for young people. The results of the British

Franchise Association (BFA) and NatWest‘s Franchise Survey 2015 showed that young people were

most attracted by the guidance and support offered by established franchisors and the fact that good

quality of training offered and previous business experience to become a franchisee is not required.

In Malaysia, the Malaysian Franchise Association (MFA) was formed in 1994 to support the

implementation of the Government program to promote entrepreneurship through franchising. The

formation of MFA is indeed timely as to promote the development of franchising in Malaysia. Similar

with other developing nations, governments of Malaysian have also taken many initiatives to promote

entrepreneurship more specifically franchise business within in the country in order to create more job

opportunities especially for fresh graduates and for economic growth. In this regard, universities and

also other government institutions have to design and conduct different training programs, seminars

and workshops to promote entrepreneurship in the country.

Universities also participating in promoting entrepreneurship culture by offering different

academic courses to the graduates in order to create awareness and improve the graduate‘s

knowledge, skills and abilities to be a successful entrepreneur. Therefore, the purpose of this study is

to investigate the factor that influence graduate‘s decision to select franchise business as career option

after graduation. Here is the list of the research objectives:

To identify the relationship between attitude and intention to participate in franchise industry

as a career option among Malaysian Public University Graduates.

To identify the relationship between knowledge and intention to participate in franchise

industry as a career option among Malaysian Public University Graduates.

To identify the relationship between perceived behavioural control and intention to participate

in franchise industry as a career option among Malaysian Public University Graduates.

2. Issues of the Study

` The issue that the researcher wants to find out is about the factors that will influence

graduates from public universities to select a franchise business as a career option. Researcher finds

out that there is a lot of limitations that influence graduates to choose franchise business as the career

option. According to (Leo, 2016), it shows that 51% over 100% shows that the majority of

unemployment rate among fresh graduates are from public universities. This is because 59% of them

are poor attitude, 64% are poor in speaking English and 60% are poor in communication skills.

Besides that, it shows that the rate of unemployment rate in March 2014 is 6% compared with 2013 is

3%. In other hand, retrieved from Newhouse Syracuse University, there is 83% of graduate students

in 2014 is employ full-time after six months of graduation ("Employment Statistics ", 2016). The

fresh graduates that employ as part time worker is increases 6% in 2014 compared to previous year

2013 is 3%.In addition, retrieved from Utusan Online newspaper from ("Permodalan Nasional Berhad

need additional funds to increase promotion in franchise business," 2015), government wants to

increase an allocation of funds to Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS) to create more programs and

deliver the information that are relate to franchise for entrepreneurs. Moreover, this allocation is to

carry out marketing promotions and the opportunity that being offered. Furthermore, the government

also committed to develop business by providing the opportunity and gives space to whose want to

venture franchise business. Thus, Ministry of Domestic Trade Cooperatives and Consumerism



(KPDNKK) can increase promotions and services to entrepreneur that has additional funds from

government. There is a 44 pre-franchisor from small entrepreneur and 867 pre-franchise that is

successfully developed and have potential to become a successful entrepreneur. At the end of this

year, PNS wants to increase the number pre-franchisor and pre-franchise that is registered and help to

change business image of small entrepreneurs. Besides that, young people and fresh graduate are

encourage to venture into the franchise business and choose the franchising as the career option.

Lastly, according to previous study, a franchise business can become a career option after graduate.

So, this research is conduct to explore the factors that influencing graduates to select franchise

industry as a career option.

3. Literature Review

Franchising In Malaysia

Franchise is a business that consists of franchisor and franchisee. It using the franchisor‘s trade name

and brand name to do the business and operating their business according to format provide by the

franchisor. (Chong, 2011)According to Miranda 1995 and Justis 1995, franchising is a rapid growth of

business. It is the important and famous in create a new business. (Harif & Hoe, January

2012).According to Chiou, Hsieh and Yang (2004), they classified that the factor of communication,

support service and competitive advantage of the franchisor can affect the relationship between

franchisor and franchisee. (Harif, Hoe, & Chin, ( Exogenous Factors Dictate the Quality of

Relationship Between Franchisee and Franchisor: A Malaysian Franchising Experience), November

21-23, 2013).In 1995, they are 125 franchise systems and consists of 800 franchisees in Malaysia. But

now there consists of 268 franchise systems with more or less than 6000 franchisees. The franchise

sector in Malaysia will have a good prospect and potential to develop (Harif, 2012) By operating a

franchise business in Malaysia can improves the country‘s economic and also help the people who is

fresh graduates. This will bring the advantage to both country and also individual‘s development.

(Hoe & Hoe, 2013).The franchisee should pay the franchisor franchisee fees, royalty fees and

marketing or advertising fees (Kritz). According to Irwin (2011) if want to success in the franchising,

the most important point is to find a place that is strategic to make sure that the population of

customer is many. For example can located near the area that consists of many residents, university

graduates or the city. Nowadays the market consists of variety of franchising such as food and

beverages, education, services, beauty and health, retail etc.Malaysian Government gives fully

support to encourage people to operate franchising to develop the country‘s economic and also spirit

of entrepreneurship. (al, October 2014).In a franchising, a financial plan is important when start up a

business. This can minimize the risk of failure. It can let the franchise system more efficient. (Harif &

Hoe, The New Framework of Financial Planning: A New Franchise System versus New Venture

Business, January 2012).

Intention

According to (Weinzimmer & Nystrom, 2015), intention mostly about how that business can be

created, continued and can be changed in the organization. This is more focused about how to grow

up the business environment in the organization. In this research, it is shown that about intention

complain (Kim & Boo, 2011). Besides that, it is also related with attitude about complaints with

before complaints experience. In other hand, it says that the desire of a people for involve in the

franchise business and how intentionally create to become an entrepreneur. Furthermore, according to

(Liñán, Santos, & Fernández, 2011), it is related how an individual that have entrepreneur background

will has a potential to become an entrepreneur. The intention is about entrepreneurial skill and

knowledge that have with every person that can manage the time wisely. As an entrepreneur,



nowadays, the internet is most important to make a promotion about the product to make customer

knows about the product or services in the market (Ismail, Jaffar, Khan, & Leng, 2012). According to

(Ribeiro Soriano, Guzmán-Alfonso, & Guzmán-Cuevas, 2012), The intention is about entrepreneurial

desire and important thing for entrepreneur to understand and know about business is an

entrepreneurial process because it is as introduction before trying to open a business in entrepreneurial

behaviour. Thus, this example show about how entrepreneurial behaviour begins to build of desire

such as behaviour and this intention is influenced by different factors. From the point of Krueger and

Kickul (2011), intention can be defines as the entrepreneur thinking and also their action. They also

agree that for the success of the entrepreneurial, the intention is very important. (Welsh & Tullar,

2013).According to Sieger et al., 2011.Many of the factors can influence the graduate‘s

entrepreneurial intention.

Attitude

According to Fishbein, the meaning of attitude was study tendency to respond to an object in a

favorable or unfavorable way (Li, 2012). Attitude is showing one‘s positive or negative performance

of behavior. Universities are always promote entrepreneurship culture by provide relevant

entrepreneurship courses to students. This will create the student‘s attitude, knowledge and talent to

improve their interest to become an entrepreneur (Chee & Bhatti, 2013).According to Barclays and

NCGE, past researchers found that the main problem that become the barrier to student is

motivational factor that affect them to open franchise business rather than only want to solve their

financial problem (Chee & Bhatti, 2013). A person that is strongly reliance on one person or no

experience in managing business like the student that is just come out from university and start

entering the journey of working can choose franchising as their career option. This is because the

franchisor will gives franchisee fully support and gives the training program for the franchisee more

than 4-6 weeks (Kritz).In the journey to success, the most important key is the franchisee‘s attitude

and the need to develop their personal capabilities. As highlighted by Singh and Magee (2001), the

student can succeed in franchising because consists of entrepreneurship education that enable them to

have an entrepreneurial thinking and can know the latest technology. (Micozzi & Micozzi, December

2014).

Perceived Behavioural Control

According to past study done by Ajzen (1998), (Kim, Ham, Yang, & Choi, 2013)(Huda, Rini,

Mardoni, & Putra, 2012) find that perceived behavioural control (PBC) is belief that ones have in

their life. PBC exist in Theory of Planned Behaviour. PBC focus on belief because it measure the

resources and opportunity that encounter especially when performing certain behaviour. it also happen

when one having difficulties in life. Besides of this, PBC also about the need of opinion when

performing the specific behaviour and evaluation for the level of importance of those resources and

chances for the achievement of outcomes. PBC or simply behavioural control means that one‘s

perceived simplicity or difficulty in performing of one‘s specific behaviour. PBC is actually reflects a

personal‘s evaluation of the ability to perform the behaviour.PBC will change by rely on the

conditions and the types of behaviours that should be perform. When the beliefs is linked with the

specific accomplishments, for example one‘s belief in expert computing skill. Then, it is called as

perceived behavioural control.PBC also have two control factors which are internal and external

constraining factors. Internal control linked with the knowledge and also self-efficacy such as skills,

capabilities, power of determination, and responsibility. While external control linked with the

environment such as time, chance, and reliability on others. It start from the subjective degree of

control over a behaviour performance when a person evaluate out how simple or hard it would be to



conduct that behaviour. Thus, PBC is the final year students of perception of how easy or difficult to

choose franchise business as career.In the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the actual behavioural

control is linked with the capability to carry out some behaviour. In the literature, most of them will

focus on PCB which is emphasized with studying effect of PCB in Entrepreneurship intention(Matlay

et al., 2012). In the TPB also, the actual behavioural control make easy the influence of intentions on

behaviour. Then, actual behavioural control affects the perceived behavioural control. In the past

studied did by Ajzen (1991), this concept is same with Bandura‘s (1977) perceived self-efficacy,

which is ‗‗focus with judgments of how well one can implement courses of action that needed to

handle with expected situations‘‘.

Knowledge

According to Saes, Silva, de Castro Souza, and Schnaider (2011), a successful business needs to deal

with the ongoing challenges of successive generations of tacit knowledge (derived from the

monitoring of trends and investment in innovative products and services, as well as the need to make

decisions in an uncertain environment). In this situation, it is not efficient for a firm to suspend

capacity to generate knowledge for the benefit of economies of scale, leading to the decision of the

organization to combine strategy internalized and external sources. In the case of a franchise, this is

very clearly a combination of strategic, stable over time, company-owned stores and franchise units.

Yang (2013), he investigated how different the process of gaining of knowledge management and

dissemination of knowledge affect the performance of the manufacturer. In addition, knowledge-

based economic outlook and transaction costs serve as a theoretical basis. Findings from the study

reported a major and positive relationship between the process of knowledge management (KM) and

performance relationship. Based on Nawaz, Hassan, and Shaukat (2014), knowledge organization run

more effectively has gained a competitive position in an uncertain environment. Effective knowledge

management has helped the company to become an innovative organization. Firms will also get a

competitive advantage and first-mover advantages through innovation, then it has improve the

performance of the company. Process innovation relies on knowledge and knowledge management

becomes an important component in carrying out any kind of company. Knowledge management is

necessary to survive in the competitive situation and the company has to innovate to compete. After

focusing the acquisition of knowledge of the past and present, he tried to attract attention by making

the competition between the two paradigms dominate the process of knowledge, "the collection and

spread of knowledge is relatively unstructured and skills through experience, education, and access to

the literature, for example the assists by the web on the whole and encoding a principled substance

within the framework of inference logic-mathematical as supported by the semantic web "and

predicted" which is a bridge between them that would be something greater research and

development, and one with a big surprise in beyond anything that we may rational predict at this

stage."Gaines (2013)

4. Methodology

In this study, research will be conduct by using the quantitative research. According to Mark

Saunders, Philip Lewis, and Thornhill. (2007), quantitative mostly use as a synonym for any data

collection method such as questionnaires or data analysis procedures such as graphs or statistics that

emerged or use numerical data. This method purpose is to quantify data and gather up result from a

sample to the population. A set of questionnaire will be distributed to 240 students in the eight public

universities about the factors that influence graduates in Malaysia public university to select franchise

business as career option. This question will be used to gather all of the information needed regarding

the research topic in which the question will be divided into several parts that will fulfil the research



objectives that the researcher wants to achieve and to study. Since, this research will be focusing on

the franchise business as career option, so this method is very suitable to gather the reliable

information from the students. Population is a group of potential participants to whom researcher want

to gather up the results of the study. (Salkind, 2008)In this research the researcher will choose the

final year students in public universities in Malaysia that has the faculty of business. The total

population will consist of all public universities. This population is choosing based on their intention

about the franchising business that can become as a career when finishing the study. The respondents

are students that learn in faculty business in each public university in Malaysia. The sample size is

more focusing on respondents whereas can help to analyse the result of the finding. This research

conduct to find that factors that can influence graduates to select franchise business as a career option.

Based on this research, the researcher is assuming that 240 respondents are enough to select as

respondents to answer the questionnaire. The researcher is using 8 of public universities that can

answer the questionnaires. Each of universities will answer at least 30 questionnaires. The sampling

method taking the selection of population and using the collection of data as information (Latham,

March 8, 2007). The sampling method that the researcher used is non-probability sampling. This

element does not have equal chance of being selected. It is very economical and easily performed.

The researcher choose to use the snowball sampling. At first, the researcher choose one respondents

that are conform the characteristics of the study. After getting the data from the respondent, the

researcher will ask them to pass to their friends that have the same characteristics. After finish, the

second respondents will pass to others. Then the researcher will stop once the number of respondents

is enough for the study. (Awang, 2012). The data that have collect is a set of questions that respondent

need to answers on their own. Self-completion questionnaires are best for gathering data on relatively

simple topics, and for getting a general overview of an issue.. After collecting the data, researcher will

key in the data into Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS).

5. Results and Findings

Demographic Analysis of Respondents

Table 1: Demographic Analysis of Respondents

Category Frequency Percentage(%)

Gender Male 82 41.0

Female 118 59.0

Race Malay 70 35.0

Chinese 45 22.5

Indian 50 25.0

Others 35 17.5

Age 20-25 years old 115 57.5

26-35 years old 48 24.0

36-45 years old 33 16.5

>46 years old 4 2.0



Level of Education Diploma 56 28

Bachelor‘s degree 97 48.5

Master 47 23.5

PhD 9 4.5

Field/Background Marketing/Retail 76 38

Banking/Finance 43 21.5

Management/HR 24 12.0

Operations 21 10.5

Others 36 18.0

According to table 1, it shows about the demographic analysis of respondent‘s gender where the

percentage for male category is 41% and for the female is 59%. Furthermore, for the analysis of race,

the high percentage is fall at category of Malay followed by Indian and Chinese (35%,25% and 22.5

respectively) and the lowest is others race(17.5%). On the other hand, the analysis for respondent‘s

age shows that it is about 57.5% fall at category of 20 to 25 years old, 24% for 26 to 35 years old,

16.5% for 36 to 45 years old and 2 % for more than 46 years old. Besides that, the chart also shows

about the education level of respondents where it is about 28% of the respondents is a Diploma

holder, 48.5% is a Bachelor‘s degree holder, 23.5% is Master holder and 4.5% is a PhD holder. At last

but not least is the analysis of respondent‘s field. It shows that it is about 38% of the respondents

having Marketing/Retail background, 21.5% having Banking/Finance background, 12% having

Management/Human Resources background, 10.5% having operations background and 18% is others.

Descriptive Analysis

Table 2: Descriptive Analysis

Mean Standard Deviation

Intention 4.5671 0.74533

Attitude 3.4664 0.66207

Perceived Behavioural Control 4.5571 0.68787

Knowledge 3.8213 0.57711

The descriptive analyses are the numbers which are used to provide a brief description of the

data and visualize the data. For the descriptive analysis, the researcher was making an analysis about

the mean for the dependent variables and independent variables. The highest mean is perceived

behavioural control variable which is 4.5571. The lowest mean is attitude which is 3.4664. Overall

average means for all independent variables and dependent variable is range from 3.4664 until 4.5671.

These shows that the average means for the respondent that answers this questionnaire is toward agree



with independent variables and dependent variable. So, this all variables are contributed to this

research. In this research that conducted was used 5 scale which is 1=strongly 2=disagree, 3=neutral,

4=agree, and 5= strongly disagree. In this average mean, it shows that the average means is toward to

4 which are agreed. It range more than 3, which is respondent towards agree to this questionnaire.

Correlation Analysis

Table 3: Correlation Analysis

Variable P value

Intention 1.000

Attitude 0.780**

Perceived Behavioural Control 0. 601**

Knowledge 0. 609**

Pearson correlation defined as a test which measures the relationship between independent variables

and dependent variables. The objective of this test is whether the correlation is statically significant.

Table 3 illustrates correlation between attitude and intention to select franchise business as career

option. The index obtained on attitude factor, r = 0.780 and the p-value=0.000 which moderate highly

significant. Next, it also illustrates correlation between perceived behaviour control and intention to

select franchise business as career option. The index obtained on intention r = 0.601 and the p-

value=0.000 which moderate highly significant. At last but not least, table also illustrates correlation

between knowledge and graduates select franchise business as career option. The index obtained on

intention r = 0.609 and the p-value=0.000 which moderate highly significant.

6. Discussion

Based on the result of correlation analysis has shown that the relationship is moderate highly

significant which is Pearson Correlation 0.780 or 78% and significant value is 0.000 (p<0.05). So the

hypothesis is supported which is there are a significant relationship between attitude and intention to

select franchise as career option. This can prove that the attitude of university graduates can improved

by conduct education programs, trainings and also seminars in university. (Baum, 2004)This can

increase the intention of graduates towards the franchising. Through the learning and social

interactions with entrepreneur, the high positive attitudes can be formed. (Rae and Carswell, 2000).


significant which is Pearson Correlation 0.601 or 60.1% and significant value is 0.000 (p<0.05). So

the hypothesis is supported which is there are a significant relationship between perceived behaviour

control and intention to select franchise as career option. According to past study done by Ajzen

(1998), (Kim, Ham, Yang, & Choi, 2013)(Huda, Rini, Mardoni, & Putra, 2012), PBC have two

control factors which are internal and external constraining factors. Internal control linked with the

knowledge and also self-efficacy such as skills, capabilities, power of determination, and

responsibility. While external control linked with the environment such as time, chance, and

reliability on others. It start from the subjective degree of control over a behaviour performance when

a person evaluate out how simple or hard it would be to conduct that behaviour. Thus, PBC can

explained the graduates of perception of how easy or difficult to choose franchise business as career.




significant which is Pearson Correlation 0.609 or 60.9% and significant value is 0.000 (p<0.05). So

the hypothesis is supported which is there are a significant relationship between knowledge and

intention to select franchise as career option. Based on past researchers, (Chee & Bhatti, 2013) that

know-how about famous franchise operations motivate fresh graduates to select franchise business as

career. Besides that, class room learning more specifically lecturers are play important role in order to

enhance graduates knowledge about franchise business.

6. Conclusion

As a conclusion, the factor that are influencing graduates in public universities in Malaysia to select

franchise business as career option which is attitude, perceived behaviour control and knowledge

.Then, based on the recommendations that are given in this research can help the graduates in

Malaysia that are interested in doing franchise business and can run the business very well. Based on

the reliability test that was conducted, there is excellent relationship and moderate relationship where

it is suitable for this research between independent variables and dependent variables. For the

statistical result from the descriptive analysis, the main factor that is influencing graduates as a career

option is knowledge. It means that, if the graduates want to select franchise business as a career

option, knowledge factor is the main factor that will consider. Besides that, the researcher also use a

Pearson Correlation to test the hypotheses that are built to see the relationship between independent

variables which is attitude, financial support, perceived behaviour control, knowledge and subjective

norm with dependent variable intention. According to Pearson Correlation, there is significant

relationship between independent variables with dependent variables. On the Pearson Correlation test,

it is shows that there are strong correlation and moderate correlation between two variables which is

independent variable with dependent variable. There is strong relationship between independent

variable attitudes with dependent variable intention. It shows that the strong correlation between two

variables. So, the most influence factor is attitude that is needed when choosing franchise business.

Lastly, it is concluded based on these research objectives. The research objective from this study is

the factors that are influencing graduates in public universities in Malaysia to select franchise business

as a career option. According the result that are gathered, attitude, perceived behaviour control and

knowledge shows the significant relationship between the intentions for graduates in Malaysian public

universities to select franchise business as a career option. Hence, the independent variables are

considered as the factor to intention for to select franchise business as a career option.

References

1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision

processes, 50(2), 179-211.

2. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy, locus of control and the theory of

planned behaviour. J. Applied Social Psychol, 32, 1-20.

3. Al, M. A. (October 2014). Franchise relationship quality between franchisee and franchisor in

malaysia: The Exogenous Factors. World Review of Business Research, 106-123.

4. Al, Z. M. (30 April 2012). Enhancing young graduates intention towards entrepreneurship

development in Malaysia. 1-15.

5. Al, Z. S. (2015). Study of the educational factors contributing to realization of the objectives of.

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 1-12.

6. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (1999). Knowledge management systems: issues, challenges, and

benefits. Communications of the AIS, 1(2es), 1.



7. Andrikopoulos, A. (2009). Accounting for intellectual capital: on the elusive path from theory

to practice. Knowledge and Process Management, 12(3), 217-224.

8. Antonelli, C., & Colombelli, A. (2015). External and internal knowledge in the knowledge

generation function. Industry and Innovation, 22(4), 273-298.

9. Arbesman, S. (2012). The half-life of facts: why everything we know has an expiration date:

Penguin.

10. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A

meta‐analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40(4), 471-499.

11. Awang, D. Z. H. (2012). Research Methodology and Data Analysis (2nd edition ed.): Penerbit

Press University Technology Mara.

12. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.

Psychological review, 84(2), 191.

13. Barua, P. (2013). The moderating role of perceived behavioral control: The literature criticism

and methodological considerations. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(10).

14. Baum, J. R., Frese, M., Baron, R. A., & Katz, J. A. (2007). Entrepreneurship as an area of

psychology study: An introduction. The psychology of entrepreneurship, 1-18.

15. Bernhofer, L. B., & Li, J. (22 October 2013). Understanding the entrepreneurial intention of

Chinese students. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 1-20.

16. Bougie, U. S. a. R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: John Wiley $ Son Ltd.

17. Brijlal, P. (2011). Entrepreneurial perceptions and knowledge: A survey of final year university

students. African journal of business management, 5(3), 818.

18. Cassar, G., Ittner, C. D., & Cavalluzzo, K. S. (2015). Alternative information sources and

information asymmetry reduction: Evidence from small business debt. Journal of Accounting

and Economics, 59(2), 242-263.

19. Castrogiovanni, G. J., & Justis, R. T. (1998). Franchising configurations and transitions. Journal

of consumer marketing, 15(2), 170-190.

20. Cavazos, C. (2013). Entering into strategic alliances: an empirical test of the direct and

interaction effects of managers' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21(1), 3-24.

21. Chee, H. H., & Bhatti, M. A. (2013). Factors influencing university students‘decision to select

franchise business as career option. International Postgraduate Business Journal, 5(1), 67-79.

22. Chiou, J.-S. (1998). "The effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral

service assistance, and competitive advantages on franchisees‘ intentions to remain in the

franchise system. Journal of Small Business Management, 42, 19.

23. Chong, C. H. (2011). Franchisor-franchisee relationship and franchisee competencies as the

predictors of franchisees‘ business performance in malaysia retail sectors. 1-42.

24. Combs, J. G., & Castrogiovanni, G. J. (1993). Franchising strategy: a proposed model and

empirical test of franchise versus company ownership.Paper presented at the Academy of

Management Proceedings.

25. Delener, N. (1994). Religious contrasts in consumer decision behaviour patterns: their

dimensions and marketing implications. European Journal of Marketing, 28(5), 36-53

26. Dindyal, S., & Dindyal, S. (2003). How personal factors, including culture and ethnicity, affect

the choices and selection of food we make. Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, 1(2), 27-

33.

27. Donnellan, J. (2007). Merchandise Buying & ManagementFairchild Publications Inc.

28. Employment Statistics | Newhouse School - Syracuse University. Retrieved April 4, 2016, from

http://newhouse.syr.edu/career-development/employment-statistics



http://newhouse.syr.edu/career-development/employment-statistics

29. Erdős, K., & Varga, A. (2012). The academic entrepreneur: Myth or reality for increased

regional growth in Europe? Creative Knowledge Cities, Cheltenham, UK and Northamptom,

MA, US: Edward Elgar, 157-181.

30. Gailly, F. A. a. (2008). Teaching models and learning process in entrepreneurship education.

Journal of European industrial training, 32((7)), 560-593.

31. Gaines, B. R. (2013). Knowledge acquisition: Past, present and future. International Journal of

Human-Computer Studies, 71(2), 135-156.

32. Gaul, C. (2015). What Makes a Franchisee Successful: Attitudes and Pre-requisites of

Profitable Franchise Partners. The International Business & Economics Research Journal

(Online), 14(2), 387.

33. Gillis, W., & Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2012). The franchising business model: an entrepreneurial

growth alternative. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(1), 75-98.

34. Greene, F. J., & Saridakis, G. (2007). Understanding the factors influencing graduate

entrepreneurship. National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship Research Report, 1, 2007.

35. Grünhagen, M., & Dorsch, M. J. (2003). Does the franchisor provide value to franchisees? Past,

current, and future value assessments of two franchisee types. Journal of Small Business

Management, 41(4), 366-384.

36. Ham, M., Jeger, M., & Frajman Ivković, A. (2015). The role of subjective norms in forming the

intention to purchase green food. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28(1), 738-748.

37. Hamid, A., Othman, M. H. M., Selamat, R., & Mastor, N. (2003). An encouraging factors for

entrepreneur in franchising: A Malaysia Experience. Paper presented at the Dalam Proceeding

of 16 th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand,

Ballarat, Australia.

38. Harif, M. A. A. M., Hoe, C. H., & Chin, O. (2014). Franchise relationship quality between

franchisee and franchisor in malaysia: An exogenous factors.

39. Harif, M. A., & Hoe, C. H. (January 2012). The new framework of financial planning: a new

franchise system versus new venture business. World Journal of Social Sciences, 12 - 33.

40. Harif, M. A., Hoe, C. H., & Chin, O. B. (November 21-23, 2013). ( Exogenous factors dictate

the quality of relationship between franchisee and franchisor: A Malaysian Franchising

Experience). 1-18.

41. Harif, M. (2012). The extent of marketing capability and market orientation in franchise

business in Malaysia. International journal of business and social science, 3(10).

42. Hausenblas, H. A., Carron, A. V., & Mack, D. E. (1997). Application of the Theories of

Reasoned Action. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 19, 36-51.

43. Huda, N., Rini, N., Mardoni, Y., & Putra, P. (2012). The Analysis of Attitudes, Subjective

Norms, and Behavioral Control on Muzakki's Intention to Pay Zakah. International Journal of

Business and Social Science, 3(22).

44. Ismail, N., Jaffar, N., Khan, S., & Leng, T. S. (2012). Tracking the cyber entrepreneurial

intention of private universities students in Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship

and Small Business, 17(4), 538-546.

45. Jambulingam, T., & Nevin, J. R. (1999). Influence of franchisee selection criteria on outcomes

desired by the franchisor. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(4), 363-395.

46. Jasra, J. M., Hunjra, A. I., Rehman, A. U., Azam, R. I., & Khan, M. A. (2011). Determinants of

business success of small and medium enterprises. International Journal of Business and Social

Science, 2(20).

47. Jiménez, G., Lopez, J. A., & Saurina, J. (2013). How does competition affect bank risk-taking?

Journal of Financial Stability, 9(2), 185-195.



48. Joseph F.Hair , J., Arthur H.Money, & Page, M. (2003). Research Methods for Business: John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

49. Justis, R. T., Judd, R.J. (2002). Franchising 2e, DAME.

50. KAMIL, N. F. (Jun 2013). Identifying The Key Successful Factors In Franchise Business

Among Entrepreneurs: . 1-24.

51. Kim, E., Ham, S., Yang, I. S., & Choi, J. G. (2013). The roles of attitude, subjective norm, and

perceived behavioral control in the formation of consumers‘ behavioral intentions to read menu

labels in the restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 203-213.

52. Kim, J., & Boo, S. (2011). Influencing factors on customers' intention to complain in a

franchise restaurant. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(2), 217-237.

53. Kritz, G. H. K. R. J. H. G. H. Master franchising as an entry strategy: marketing and legal

54. Krueger, N. F., and J. Kickul. 2011. (2011). So you thought the Intentions Model Was Simple?

Cognitive Style and the Specification of Entrepreneurial Intentions Models.

NeuroPsychoEconomics Conference Proceedings, 22.

55. Kumar, B. (2012). Theory of planned behaviour approach to understand the purchasing

behaviour for environmentally sustainable products.

56. Lada, S., Harvey Tanakinjal, G., & Amin, H. (2009). Predicting intention to choose halal

products using theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern

Finance and Management, 2(1), 66-76.

57. Latham, B. (March 8, 2007). Sampling: what is it? Quantitative research methods, 1-13.

58. Leo, M. (2016, January 19). What You Didn‘t Know About Fresh Graduate Unemployment in

Malaysia [Infographic]. from https://eduadvisor.my/articles/what-didnt-know-fresh-graduate-

unemployment-malaysia-infographic/

59. Li, L. K. Y. (2012). A Study of the Attitude, Self-efficacy, Effort and Academic Achievement

of CityU Students towards Research Methods and Statistics. Discovery – SS Student E-Journal,

Vol. 1, 2012154-183, 154-183.

60. Liñán, F., Santos, F. J., & Fernández, J. (2011). The influence of perceptions on potential

entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(3), 373-390.

61. Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, & Thornhill., A. (2007). Research Method for Business Students:

Pearson Education Limited.

62. Matlay, H., Rae, D., Ferreira, J. J., Raposo, M. L., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., Dinis, A., & do Paço,

A. (2012). A model of entrepreneurial intention: An application of the psychological and

behavioral approaches. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(3), 424-440.

63. Micozzi, A., & Micozzi, F. (December 2014). Rethinking entrepreneurship education within

universities: knowledge sharing as. 1-20.

64. Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of

hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied psychology, 63(4), 408.

65. Morrison, K. A. (1997). How franchise job satisfaction and personality affects performance,

organizational commitment, franchisor relations, and intention to remain. Journal of Small

Business Management, 35(3), 39.

66. Mukesh Kumar, Salim Abdul Talib, & Ramayah, T. (2013). Business Research Method Oxford

University Press.

67. Musaiger, A. O. (1993). Socio-cultural and economic factors affecting food consumption

patterns in the Arab countries. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,

113(2), 68-74.

68. Nabi, G., Holden, R., & Walmsley, A. (2010). Entrepreneurial intentions among students:

towards a re-focused research agenda. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,

17(4), 537-551.



69. Nawaz, M. S., Hassan, M., & Shaukat, S. (2014). Impact of Knowledge Management Practices

on Firm Performance: Testing the Mediation Role of Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector of

Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(1), 99-111.

70. Nieuwenhuizen, C., & Swanepoel, E. (2015). Comparison of the entrepreneurial intent of

master‘s business students in developing countries: South Africa and Poland. 10.

71. Pandiyan, V., & Chandran, V.G.R. (2011). Research Methods. University Publication Centre

(UPENA).

72. Pasher, E., & Ronen, T. (2011). The complete guide to knowledge management. A Strategic.

73. Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2009). Strategic entrepreneurship at universities: Academic

entrepreneurs' assessment of policy programs. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 33(1),

319-340.

74. Pettinger, C., Holdsworth, M., & Gerber, M. (2004). Psycho-social influences on food choice in

Southern France and Central England. Appetite, 42(3), 307-316.

75. Pihie, Z. L., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Malay Secondary School Students‘ Entrepreneurial Attitude

Orientation and Entrepreneurial Selfefficacy: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Applied Sciences,

11(2), 316-322.

76. Pizanti, I., & Lerner, M. (2003). Examining control and autonomy in the franchisor-franchisee

relationship. International Small Business Journal, 21(2), 131-159.

77. PNS perlu peruntukan tambahan tingkat promosi bidang francais. (2015, April 08). from

http://www.pns.com.my/ms/awam/sumber/arkib/2015-2/berita/pns-perlu-peruntukan-tambahan-

tingkat-promosi-bidang-francais/

78. Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee

turnover and absenteeism. Psychological bulletin, 80(2), 151.

79. Rae, D. (2010). Universities and enterprise education: responding to the challenges of the new

era. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(4), 591-606.

80. Raj, S. (2014, October 10). Malaysian graduates: relevant yet irrelevant? , from

http://english.astroawani.com/budget2015-news/malaysian-graduates-relevant-yet-irrelevant-

45433

81. Ramp, W., & Sack, D. (2002). Whitebread Protestants: Food and Religion in American Culture:

JSTOR.

82. Reynolds, P. D. (2011). Informal and early formal financial support in the business creation

process: Exploration with PSED II data set. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 27-

54.

83. Ribeiro Soriano, D., Guzmán-Alfonso, C., & Guzmán-Cuevas, J. (2012). Entrepreneurial

intention models as applied to Latin America. Journal of Organizational Change Management,

25(5), 721-735.

84. Robinson, P. B., D.V. Stimpson, J..C. Huefner and H.K. Hunt. (1991). An attitude approach to

the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 15, 13-30.

85. Saes, S., Silva, V.-L. S., de Castro Souza, S., & Schnaider, P. S. B. (2011). Analyzing Inter-firm

Relationships: The Knowledge Perspective. WP, University of Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo.

86. Salkind, J. D. (2008). Exploring research. Pearson Prentice Hall.

87. Schmitt, U. (2012). Knowcations: the quest for a personal knowledge management solution.

Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Knowledge

Management and Knowledge Technologies.

88. Schmitt, U. (2013). Furnishing Knowledge Workers with the Career Tools they so badly need.

Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International HRD Conference (HRDC).



http://www.pns.com.my/ms/awam/sumber/arkib/2015-2/berita/pns-perlu-peruntukan-tambahan-tingkat-promosi-bidang-francais/

http://www.pns.com.my/ms/awam/sumber/arkib/2015-2/berita/pns-perlu-peruntukan-tambahan-tingkat-promosi-bidang-francais/

http://english.astroawani.com/budget2015-news/malaysian-graduates-relevant-yet-irrelevant-45433

http://english.astroawani.com/budget2015-news/malaysian-graduates-relevant-yet-irrelevant-45433

89. Schmitt, U. (2014). The role of personal knowledge management systems in making citizens

highly knowledgeable. Paper presented at the 8th International Technology, Education and

Development Conference Proceedings (INTED).

90. Sekaran, U., & Bougie,R. (2013). Research methods for business: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

91. Sieger, P., Baldegger, R. and Fueglistaller, U. (2011). Unternehmerische Absichten und

a. Ta¨tigkeiten von Studierenden in der Schweiz. Ergebnisse aus dem GUESSS Projekt,

Schweizerisches Institut fu¨r Klein- und Mittelunternehmern an der Universita¨t St. Gallen

(KMU-HSG), St Gallen.

92. Singh, R. P. a. M., B. (2001). Entrepreneurship education: is there a growing crisis?

Proceedings of the 2001 USASBE/SBIDA Annual National Conference, Orlando, Florida,, 7-

10.

93. Smith, P. J. (2016). Business research methodology: Arcler Press.

94. Solesvik, M. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of

education major. Education+ Training, 55(3), 253-271.

95. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S. and Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmemes raise

entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering student? The effect of learning, inspiration

and resource. Journal of Business Venture, Vol. 22(No. 4), pp. 566-591.

96. Swavely, J. E. C. S. M. (2006). The importance of personal characteristics in franchisee

selection. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 13, 133-142.

97. TWF, M. N. a. D. (2011). Entrepreneurial education's and entrepreneurial role models'

Influence on career choice. SA Journal of Human Resource Management,, 9((1)), 15 pages.

98. Weinzimmer, L. G., & Nystrom, P. C. (2015). The search for opportunities by small business

owners. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 7(3), 1-14.

99. Welsh, D. H., & Tullar, W. L. (2013). A Model of Cross Campus Entrepreneurship and

Assessment. Competitive Research Article, 95-115.

100. Yang, J. (2013). Harnessing value in knowledge management for performance in buyer–

supplier collaboration. International Journal of Production Research, 51(7), 1984-1991.



Date post:	22-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	duongnhu
View:	218 times
Download:	4 times

FACTORS INFLUENCE INTENTION TO …icmrr.org/global/pdffiles/IJMRR/m201708006.pdfuniversities was...

Documents