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Factors That Affect Solubility
Factors That Affect Solubility
• The SOLUBILITY of a solution is the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in a certain quantity of solvent.
•There are several factors that can effect the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
(a) Nature of Solute and Solvent:
The phrase “like dissolves like” is used to summarize how well a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
- Polar solvents generally dissolve polar solutes very well.
- Nonpolar solvents generally dissolve nonpolar solutes very well.
However, polar solvents do not dissolve nonpolar
solutes very well and nonpolar solvents do not dissolve polar solutes very well.
Factors That Affect Solubility• Water is a VERY polar solvent.
• Small alcohols are SOMEWHAT polar solvents. (the fewer carbon atoms the more polar the alcohol)
+
_
OHH
_
+
H―C―OH
H―
―
H
+ _ H―C―C―C―H
H
――
OH― ―――
HH
H H
+
_
Factors That Affect Solubility• large alcohols are SOMEWHAT nonpolar solvents.
(the more carbon atoms the more nonpolar the alcohol)
• Hydrocarbons are VERY nonpolar solvents.
+ _H―C―C―C―C―C―OH
H
――
H― ―――
HH
H H
H
HH
H―
―
――
H―C―C―C―C―C―C―H
H
――
H― ―――
HH
H H
H
HH
H
――
――
――H
H
+ - - +
- + + -
+ - - +
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
+ - - +
- + + -
+ -
- +
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
+ - - +
- + + -
+ -
-
+
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
+ - - +
- +
+ -
+ - -
+
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
+ -
- +
- +
+ - +
- -
+
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Trying to dissolving WAX (a nonpolar solute) in water.• Nonpolar wax does NOT dissolve in polar water!
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!• All ionic solids are classified as polar solutes!
Factors That Affect Solubility
Factors That Affect Solubility(b) Temperature:
The higher the temperature of the solvent the greater the solubility of the solute.
Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve less in hotter liquid solvents than in colder liquid solvents
(c) Pressure: Pressure does not effect the solubility of most solutes
in a solvent.
Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve more in liquid solvents at higher pressures than at lower
pressures.
Factors That Affect SolubilityEx.1) If water is a polar molecule and if gasoline does
not dissolve in water, then what can be concluded about the molecular structure of the gasoline molecules?
__________________________________________
Ex.2) ___________ has little or no effect on the solubility of solids solutes in liquid solvents.
Ex.3) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases,
decreases, remains the same) ____________________ as the temperature of a liquid increases.
Ex.4) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases, decreases, remains the same) ____________________ with a increase in pressure.
Pressure
decreases
increases
gasoline molecules must be nonpolar molecules
Factors That Affect SolubilityEx.5) As the temperature of a liquid increases, the
solubility of most solids in the liquid will (1) increase (2) decrease (3) remain the
same
Ex.6) The process by which ionic solutes are surrounded by water molecules is called
(1) polymerization (3) distillation (2) hydration (4) ionization
Ex.7) The reason why many salts dissolve in water is that water
(1) consists of polar molecules(2) contains ionic bonds
(3) has a linear structure (4) contains two hydrogen atoms
Factors That Affect SolubilityEx.8) Oxygen gas is most soluble in water under
conditions of(1) low temperature and low pressure(2) high temperature and high pressure (3) low temperature and high pressure(4) high temperature and low pressure
Ex.9) When table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, the forces of attraction formed between the solute particles and the water are called
(1) London-dispersion forces (3) hydrogen bonding (2) Dipole-dipole forces (4) ion-dipole forces
Solvent , Solute And Solution
Prepared by :JINALYN C. CASISIEMPREBEED-1-3 DAY
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