Facts and Theo Pilot3 Final

8/14/2019 Facts and Theo Pilot3 Final

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(Name of Show)

("Title of Episode")

by(Name of First Writer)

(Based on, If Any)

Revisions by(Names of Subsequent Writers,in Order of Work Performed)

Current Revisions by(Current Writer, date)

Name (of company, if applicable)AddressPhone Number


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Facts and Theories ofthe Universe

Pilot

2009

Randall S. Merager818-489-9230

[email protected]


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Facts and Theories of the Universe

Randall Severin Merager

The Facts and Theories stage is wrapped in a massive fiber-

optic star-blanket cyclorama emitting virtually thousands of

stars of recognizable and varying formations surrounding a

multitude of fantastic futuristic scientific gadgetry. We can

see scientists circulating about work stations some of which

are amid on-going experiments, others are working on viewer

submitted experiments. In one corner area of our stage sits a

massive green-screen area for our virtual world, a drop-downhot-topic support portal hangs in the foreground and towering

at center stage is an oversize backwards running clock

representing Einstein's universe. Off to one side there is a

massive telescope slowly rotating on its bezel, we then sweep

past a fantastic holograph capsule, all these elements

provide background for our down stage center home base desk

area.

OUR SHOW TITLES OPEN WITH... ACT I

INT. (Stage at logo)

We open Facts and Theories with a powerful original musical

score play-on while blending select visual images of our

universe abound with rich color and powerfully detailed, all

continuously cross-fading in and out, while our sweeping

camera revealing, one piece at a time, the various scientific

gadgetry, roving lab technicians and circulating science

specialists amid their work on various projects, continuing

our sweep across the stage, cue in the opening title card

images, slowly settle followed by a gentle push to our seated

host at home-base as graphics fade and musical score hits a

hard out...

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HOST

Hello everyone, I amTBD and this

is Facts and Theories of the

Universe. Our science-based

information waggon plans to takeyou to many levels of understanding

as we trek across the universe in

an attempt to solve many of the

unanswered questions regarding the

mysteries we refer to as our

cosmos.

There are many Facts and Theories

to understanding our universe. So,

for this we begin by asking

ourselves, could our analysis of

the known universe be merely a

ration of claim or an expression of

belief, because the more we will

know ourselves, the more we will

understand how we fit into the

grand scheme of the cosmos...

Throughout our travels we should

never forget the pioneers such as

the Italian philosopher Giordano

Bruno, who paid the ultimate

sacrifice with his own life for

standing up to the church doctrine,

and for Copernicas by advocating

the earth is not the center of the

universe, but part of a much

grander system, and for giving us a

mind of our own enabling us to seek

knowledge and practice faith based

upon on our own convictions.

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We should never be held hostage and

be bound by what we have been told

by the ancients, but have the

ability to draft our own

conjecture, draw our own

conclusions, but on the other hand,

with some, in the spirit to

maintain peaceful harmony may find

themselves comfortable with their

beliefs and perhaps feel there need

no additional investigative

measures. And for the remainder,

the ones whom thirst for more

knowledge and understanding. These

individuals elect to open new

doors, doors in which we have been

told never to venture. The doorway

I speak of... is the doorway to

science.

We plan to leave no stone unturned

as we explore the intricacies of

this science. Traveling from

bizarre ancient beliefs to mind-

boggling theories on modern

astrophysics, our team will apply a

sort-of astro-forensics methodology

to aid in solving these mysteries.

We plan to provide and demonstrate

in relatively simple explanations

and stunning visuals fromHow this

may have begun to how it all may

ultimately end.

4.

HOST (CONT'D)


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MUSIC PLAY-ON, ROLL GRAPHICS, SWEEP THE STAGE FLYING AROUNDTHE OBSTACLES. SETTLING IN FOR SHOW OPENING DIALOG...

In this, our first episode, we

would like to establish and secure

a firm universal foundation. A

foundation from which we will mount

our search for an answer to one of

the first questions, one I'm sure

is on everyone's mind, How did all

of this come about? How can you

possibly make something from

perceivably nothing? Well I have to

say, that after extensive analysis

and detailed research, together

with scientific applications, Ive

come to the conclusion... That it

must be magic.

WALK-OFF AND PICK UP OUR HOST AT THE GREEN SCREEN AREA. CUEVIDEO CROSS-FADES AND (jib) SWEEP DOWN, PUSH IN, PILE-ON CGIGRAPHICS OVERLAY IN BG. SET FOR OPENER... FADE-IN CGI OPENER.

I believe in order to make thiswhole thing work we need to start

with the smallest-known substance

to science, the very single

building block of absolutely

everything and reveal its symbiosis

to hopefully give answers to

perspective analysis, ultimately

provide all the hard facts in its

active roll within the universal

confines.

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For the sceptics, not to worry, I

plan on backing up these facts with

evidence and a few equations that

should validate as well as answer

questions to the formation of

matter and of course, ultimately

us.

For those that crave more proof, we

plan to check our answers with a

visit with the most famous

scientist ever, Albert Einstein.

You will be amazed to how we plan

to do this. Together with his

famous equation E=mc2 and his study

on relativity, will give you

answers to things you never even

knew had questions. With this we

now feel confident to venture deep

into the mysteries of quantum

science...

And finally, a sort of Who done it

with a valuable analysis of the

driving force in all of us. Not a

battle nor challenge, but a forum

entitled Evolution vs

Creationism...

Lets kick this off by introducingKatelin; one of our futures

leaders in science.

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HOST (CONT'D)

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Shes a leader in academic

placements at her School and will

share with us her knowledge on the

most foundational component in

existence.

WE OPEN ON KATELIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHOWS HANGINGLOGO CONSTRUCTED WITH CHASING LIGHTS AND PANIC MOVEMENT ASTHE LIGHTS REPRESENTING ELECTRONS RACE AROUND THE IMAGE OFTHE ATOM.

KATELIN

Hi, Im going to hazard a guess,

because I feel confident when I say

that everyone has probably at some

point in their life wondered to

themselves, how did we and all this

come to about?

Personally I have always wondered

how everything started, ranging

from its conceptual beginning,

throughout time up to right this

moment here and now. I also can

never shake that morbid curiosity

to could there be an ultimate

demise to this universe?

Throughout the ages scientists have

come a long way with their quest to

fully understand the universe'sbeginning. From the mystical event-

beginning to natures hard-line

facts controlling its existence.

Its just recently that weve

really been able to answer some

hypotheses.

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HOST (CONT'D)

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However, it always seems that we

are left with more questions than

before, questions that yearn for

answers, thus paving the way for

more complex investigations.

I can tell you one of the most

persistent questions presented to

the study of the cosmos is how

exactly was the universe created.

To some it has always existed

complete with an infinite beginning

traveling onward through time with

an infinite lifespan. But now, with

the widely publicized concept of an

event-beginning, this curiously

displays evidence that a finite

universe may be in affect and

believe it or not, there is a

mathematical formula for this state

of existence. If this is true then

our cosmos could be forced to take

on properties of a Finite

Phenomena; possessing a history

with a beginning and a future.

The finite universe concept is

largely the a result of Edwin

Hubbles work. His research ongalactic behaviors reveals the

evidence of an expanding universe.

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That study reveals with the uniform

outward expansive movement, Noting

that in this expansion a galaxys

velocity is proportional to its

distance, meaning galaxies that are

twice as far are moving twice as

fast and that it should take a

galaxy the same amount of time to

move to their current position, by

the square of the distance.

Imagine if you will all the

universe sitting on the surface of

an inflating balloon

With this, by reversing time its

trajectory we are able to track

back to earlier known positions.

With that in-hand logic stands to

reason, there most likely could

have been a single-point Event-

Beginning. What that exact event

was, is still under heavy scrutiny.

Some scientists hypothesise a

single point ground-zero location

with all matter existing in a space

a billion times smaller that a

proton rapidly expanding in all

directions with incredible heat and

pressure. It does make sense

because matter is manufactured as a

result of these pressures and its

intense heat.

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From a science standpoint We do in

fact know exactly how matter

formation takes place and is still

in affect today. With this we are

now able to list and predict

various evolutionary processes that

other particles will undergo. We

can also apply portions of that

data to accurately predict the

behaviors of various other

particles as well.

Science has give us the ability to

create many wonders, from the

ability to speed time up and to

slow it down, to create new

particles and the ability to

destroy them.

But before we get ahead of

ourselves, lets start with the

basics... I am referring to thefoundation of all matter; the

single unique particle that makes

up our absolute very-everything,

standing out in the crowd as the

most unique arrangement ever, a

veritable giant in Plancks world,

I present to you... The Atom.

CGI

KATELIN WALKS TO THE GREEN SCREEN PROJECTING IMAGES OFVARIOUS CELESTIAL FORMATIONS. AS SHE SETTLES IN, THE IMAGESDISSOLVES AND IN ITS PLACE AN ATOM ASSEMBLES ITSELF.

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HIGH DEFINITION CGI HAS THE ATOM WITH THE ELECTRONS RACINGAROUND THE NUCLEUS GIVING THE VISUAL CONCEPT OF ITSDIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE. (fig.1)

KATELIN (CONTD)

The atom, definitively speaking, is

referred to as the smallest known

unit of matter.

Examining the various components of

this particle reveals a centralized

nucleus, existing in an area about

one ten-thousandth the diameter of

the entire atom itself and cannot

be broken down chemically intoanything simpler.

The nucleus of an atom contains

protons and neutrons and is

surrounded by negatively charged

electron orbitals that occupy

various orbital positions or shells

based upon the electromagnetic

charge. Taking note that its these

electrons that give the atom its

muscle.

These protons and neutrons are

composed of other smaller particles

called quarks, leptons and gluons.

CGI REPRESENTATION OF THESE PARTICLES ARE DISPLAYED AND MORPH

TO AN ASSEMBLING OF THE PROTON AS EACH PARTICLE IS ADDED.THUS REVEALING THE COMPLETE NUCLEUS.

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KATELIN (CONTD)

Quarks were first discovered in the

early 60s with experiments

conducted at the Stanford Linear

Accelerator Center.

A quark is regarded as any of a

group of subatomic particles

thought to be among the fundamental

constituents of protons and

neutrons. The concept of the quark

existence was first proposed by

Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig.

Quarks, include all particles that

interact by means of the strong

force. They have mass and spin, and

they obey the Pauli exclusion

principle whereas no two identical

fermions may occupy the same

quantum state simultaneously.

Quarks have never been resolved

into smaller components, and they

never occur alone and their

behavior is explained by the theory

of quantum chromodynamics, which

provides a means of calculating

their basic properties.

There are six types of quarks,

called up, down, strange, charm,

bottom, and top. Only the up and

down quarks are needed to make

protons and neutrons;

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the others occur in heavier,

unstable particles.

Leptons are a family of elementary

particles, known as force carriers.

To best understand the assembly

process we have to understand the

forces inside matter and the

electromagnetic (EM) force. This

force attracts like-charged

particles and repels like-

particles. It is one of the 4

forces in nature that control the

small-scale structure of matter.

This radiation is the result of

electrically charged particles in

motion, such as electrons. The

moving charge gives rise to a

magnetic field and if the movement

is constant, the magnetic field

will vary and in turn produce an

electric field. By these fields

interacting the two fields sustain

one another and move through space,

transferring energy in waveform

perpendicular to each other.

The others are the strong force,

composed of fundamental and

residual parts; and the weak forceor interaction. Together with a

forth force, gravity, are the

fundamental forces of nature.

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The EM, weak, and strong forces are

mediated by force carrier

particles, which belong to a group

of particles called Bosons. The EM

force, as well as binding atoms in

solids and liquids, also holds

electrons within the atoms.

The strong force holds the protons

and neutrons and the nucleus in-

place. The weak force brings about

radioactive decay and other nuclear

interactions. For instance within a

neutron the filler components would

consist of one red down-quark one

green up-quark and a blue down-

quark all bound together by the

gluons governed by the fundamental

strong force.

When the protons and neutrons bind

together in the nucleus the bonding

component or pion force are

generated when nucleons try to move

apart. This a result of the

residual strong force.

Within the atom its

electromagnetic force holds the

electrons within the shellssurrounding the nucleus. This force

attracts the negatively charged

electrons towards the positively

charged nucleus and keeps the

electrons apart.

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Gauge Bosons are force carrier

particles These are the photon,

gluon, graviton, the W-intermediate

vector boson, the X-boson and the

Higgs boson. Composite Particles

also known as hadrons are composed

of quarks, antiquarks or both,

bound together by gluons, these

particles are:

Baryons, a relatively large-mass

particle containing 3 quarks.

Protons, consisting of 1 down and 2

up quarks with a +1 charge.

Neutrons, consisting of 1 up and 2

down quarks with a 0 charge.

Mesons, are particles containing a

quark and an anti-quark. Positive

Pion antiparticles have an

antimatter equivalent, same mass

but the charge and other properties

are opposite. Others have been

hypothesized; they include magnetic

monopoles and W.I.M.P. (weak

interacting massive particles).

CGI

THE ATOM CGI REDUCES ITSELF AND MORPHS TO TAKE THE FORM OFSINGLE HYDROGEN ATOM CONSISTING OF ONE PROTON AND ONEELECTRON ORBITAL.

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KATELIN (CONTD)


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KATELIN (CONTD)

For a better understanding on the

working operations of an atom, we

need to look more closely at the

atoms makeup. By breaking the atominto categories, we start by giving

the atom an atomic number, then an

atomic weight and atomic mass.

The atomic number is determined by

the number of protons bound within

its nucleus. This numbering system

will determine its chemical

element. Next we give the atom an

atomic mass which is the total

number of protons and the neutrons

bound within its nucleus and for

its atomic weight, its the ratio

of the average mass per atom of the

element to 1/12 the mass of a

carbon-12 atom.

Starting with the simplest atom and

certainly the most abundant

chemical element, constituting

roughly 75% of the Universe's

elemental mass, consists of one

single positively-charged proton

and one negatively-charged electron

orbital, all bound together by an

electrostatic force know as the

Coulomb force or Pinon force.

The hydrogen atom has an atomic

number of 1 because it contains

only one proton within its nucleus.

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THE CGI WILL HIGHLIGHT THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS AS THEY AREDISCUSSED. THE CGI WILL NEXT GENERATE AN IMAGE OF THE HELIUMATOM AND WILL CONTINUE TO UPGRADE THE IMAGE WHEN DISCUSSINGISOTOPES.

The next simplest and the next mostabundant is the Helium Atom. This

atom contains two positively

charged protons along with two

neutrons bound within its nucleus

and two negatively charged electron

orbitals, giving this atom an

atomic number of 2 and an atomic

mass of 4. 2 protons and 2

electrons added together, totalling

4.

The forces in nature has determined

that in order for an atom to remain

electrically stable, it needs to

have the same number of negatively

charged electron orbitals as there

are positively charged protons.

Let's look at an isotope of

hydrogen. Isotopes develope when

the nucleus of an atom has a

dissimilar neutron count. "Simple"

hydrogen as we know has only the 1

proton; giving it's atomic number

as 1 and its mass numbering 1 (the

1 proton, zero neutrons).

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But with an isotope such as in

Heavy Hydrogen, the proton count

remains 1, but there is an added

component of 1 neutron to its

nucleus. It's atomic number is

still 1, but its atomic mass number

is now numbering 2 (the 1 proton

plus 1 neutron). We now have a

hydrogen isotope.

In the case of Heavy-Heavy Hydrogen

its contents reveal 1 proton and an

additional neutron bringing its

neutron count numbering 2. It's

atomic number is still numbering 1,

but its atomic mass now numbers 3

(the 1 proton plus 2 neutrons). so

remember, its the number of

protons that determines the

chemical element, and the varying

number of neutrons determining its

isotope. Interestingly, almost all

naturally occurring elements are

mixtures of isotopes.

As elements are created, proton

atomic numbers increase and as that

nucleus becomes more pact with

protons the more unstable that

element becomes. That resultingenergy has to go somewhere. This

fizzling process is referred to as

fission.

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An example of fission reaction is

the dynamic that takes place within

the earths substructure as

radioactive particles decay, its

that fizzling process that keeps

our planets core in a molten state

by virtue of its radioactive

reactionary heat.

CGI IMAGE IS INSERTED DISPLAYING THE UNSTABLE QUALITIES ASTHE NUCLEUS CONTINUES TO PACK AND THE ENERGY PEEL-OFF WHENFISSION IS ENCOUNTERED.

THE IMAGE MORPHS TO REPRESENT VARYING TYPES OF ATOMS MOVINGABOUT. WE CAPTURE A PROTON AND START ASSEMBLING AN ATOM BY

APPLYING VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ADDTHE ELECTRONS AND DISPLAY THAT ELEMENT.

The atoms of the various elements

will differ in atomic number,

relative mass and behavior. We know

that there are roughly 109

different types of atoms,

corresponding with the 109 know

elements, 94 of these occurnaturally.

The number of protons and neutrons

that make up its nuclei vary from

element to element, example: we

know that hydrogen (H) contains one

positively charged proton and one

negatively charged electron

orbital, compared to lets say the

uranium (U) atom; an element with

an atomic number of 92, with an

atomic mass of 238.

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As I said earlier its the electrons

that give the atom its muscle.

These electrons race around the

atoms nucleus like our planets

orbit the sun. Understanding,

electron orbitals dont follow a

same-plane disk-like formation as

our planetary system does, but

travel many different coordinate

pathways giving our visual

interpretation of an atoms

structure as spherical in form.

THE GRAPHICS ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE SPHERICAL INTERPRETATIONOF THE ATOM AND HIGHLIGHTING THE ENERGY LEVELS WHENDISCUSSING THE ENERGY VARIATIONS.

Each electron orbital shell has a

specific energy. The shell closest

to the nucleus are the lowest in

energy and as the distance from its

nucleus increases so does its

energy.

A hydrogen atom has energy levels

simply numbered as 1, 2 and 3...

and are also further divided into

energy sublevels. Electron energy

sublevels are listed as: s, p, d,

and f.

CGITHIS PIECE DISPLAYS THE ELECTRON ORBITALS AND ITS COORDINATEORBITAL PATHWAYS. OVERLAY THE PERIODIC CHART. (fig.2) KATELINCONTINUES TO SPEAK.

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KATELIN (CONTD)

The Arrangement of an atom is its

arrangement of electrons around the

nucleus positioned at varyingdistinct energy levels. These

energy levels are usually numbered

beginning with the shell closest to

the nucleus. These orbitals

regarded as a series of concentric

spheres, contain a certain maximum

number of electrons.

Special note pertaining to the

outermost orbitals. That particular

orbit contains the valence

electrons. These valence electrons

are the hands that grab and bind

other atoms electrons together

forming other compounds and

elements. Atoms naturally repel one

and other, so without these valenceelectrons atoms could not bind

together, but would simply bounce

off each other, never gather and

coalesce into more complex

particles.

CGI

THE GRAPHICS RE ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE COMPONENTS OF THE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE VALENCE ELECTRONS AND DEMONSTRATETHE PROBLEMS IF NO VALENCE ELECTRONS EXISTED. (fig.3)

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Katelin

When an element or compound is

formed, that formation is due to

the Valency of that atom, The

valency is a measure of the numberof chemical bonds formed by the

atoms of a given element. The

measure of an elements gives the

atom its ability to combine with

other elements, which can be

expressed as the number of atoms

uniting with (or replacing) other

atoms. It is the number of

electrons occupying the outer

orbital that dictates the combining

abilities of an element and the

chemical properties of the atom.

These elements, described as

univalent, divalent, trivalent, and

tetravalent unite with 1, 2, 3 and

4 univalent atoms respectfully.

THE CGI IMAGE DEMONSTRATES THE VALENCY PROCESS AND GIVES THEVISUAL ON THE ATTACHMENT DYNAMIC. THE IMAGES OF THE VARIOUSVALENCIES CORRESPOND TO THE DISCUSSION. THE IMAGES OF AN IONIS DISPLAYED.

Some elements have a variable

valency. For example, nitrogen and

phosphorous can possess valencies

of either three or five. The

valence of oxygen is two; hence theformula for water is H2O, hydrogen

being univalent. Oxygens valency

also allows it to bond with carbon

and form CO2 or CO.

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THE IMAGE AND PROCESS OF ENERGY VARIATIONS THAT MAKE ELECTRONJUMP TO VARIOUS ORBITS. AS ENERGY INCREASES THE ELECTRONSLEAP TO A MORE DISTANT ORBIT.

We now know that electrons aredistributed in orbitals of varying

energy levels with the lowest

energy orbitals are filled first

each orbit having a specific

energy, but as the electrons gain

energy they leap to a more distant

orbit proportionate to the energy

level acquired. Once an orbital

shell has obtained its maximum

number of electrons it can hold,

that shell is considered filled

and the remaining electrons will

then transition into the next

higher energy orbit, and so on...

CGI VISUAL WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FILLING OF THE ORBITALSHELLS. WE START WITH HYDROGEN AND FINISH WITH URANIUM.VISUALS REPRESENTING THE FILLING OF THE ORBITALS.

The most electrons possible in the

first shell is 2. After the first

shell is filled, the second shell

starts filling according to the

number of positive charges within

the nucleus. The most electrons

allowed in the second shell is 8.

Then after the second orbit isfilled the third shell starts to

fill until it too has 8.

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Then the fourth shell starts adding

electrons until it has 8, oddly,

the third shell then begins to take

on more electrons until it reaches

18, then fourth shell too starts

again to fill until it reaches 16

electrons, then the fifth shell

fills to an electron count of 50,

then the fourth shell commences

again to add to the electron count

to a total of 32.

The number of electrons in each

shell is the basis of chemical

combinations; depending on the

number of electrons in the outer

orbit or shell. Electrons have

potential energy, depending on

their shell or orbit.

However in the case of noble gas,

chemical elements that share

similar properties are odorless,

colorless, monatomic, meaning that

those molecules have contain only a

single atom, and have very low

chemical reactivity. The

interesting thing on noble gas is

the valence orbit contains 8

electrons rendering that atom asfilled which makes it difficult

bind with other atoms.

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The noble gases are a group of

chemical elements with very similar

properties: under standard

conditions, they are all odorless,

colorless, monatomic gases, with a

very low chemical reactivity. The

noble gases are listed on the far

right on the periodic chart.

The 6 noble gases that occur

naturally are Helium (He), Neon

(Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr),

Xenon (Xe), and the radioactive

Radon (Rn) and are members of the

group 18 of the periodic table.

As we've discussed before the

valence electrons are the outermost

electron orbitals of an atom and

are normally the only electrons

that participate in chemical

bonding.

In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis

discovered and formulated the octet

rule, which concluded an octet or 8-

count of electrons in the outer

shell was the most stable

arrangement for any atom. All noble

gases, except helium, the outermostshell or valency orbital always

contains 8 electrons.

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Atoms with full valence electron

shells are generally quite stable

and therefore do not tend to form

chemical bonds and have little

tendency to gain or lose electrons.

However, heavier noble gases such

as radon are held less firmly

together by electromagnetic force

than lighter noble gases such as

helium, making it easier to remove

outer electrons from heavy noble

gases.

Like other groups, the members of

this family show patterns in its

electron configuration, especially

the outermost shells resulting in

trends in chemical behavior:

Z Element Electrons/shell

2 helium 2

10 neon 2, 8

18 argon 2, 8, 8

36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8

54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8

86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8

118 ununoctium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32,

18, 8

Given the fact that the outer

valence orbital shell is full

renders this atom little ability to

interact with other atoms to form

chemical reactions needed to form

different compounds.

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The noble gases have weak

interatomic force, and consequently

have very low melting and boiling

points, differing by about 10 C

determines that they are liquid

over a small temperature range.

The overall amount of the noble

gases contained within the universe

decrease as their atomic numbers

increase. Helium being the most

common element in the universe

after hydrogen has a mass fraction

of about 24%. Most of the helium in

the universe was formed during

Event Beginning, noting that the

amount of helium is always

increasing due to the on-going

fusion of hydrogen in stellar

nucleosynthesis, just as the

reactions happening within the body

of our own sun.

Noble gas atoms, like atoms in

other groups, increase at a steady

rate in atomic radius from one

period to the next due to the

increasing number of electrons. The

size of the atom is related to

several properties. Noble gaseshave the largest ionization

potential among the elements of

each period, which demonstrates the

stability of their electron

configurations and is related to

their lack of chemical reactivity.

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Regular applications of noble

gasses are used as a filler gas

within standard light bulbs. This

is preferred due to the lack of

chemical reactivity slows down the

evaporative reaction of the

filament.

Noble gases glow in distinctive

colors; when used inside gas-

discharge lamps, such as neon

lights, will produce an orange-red

color. Xenon is commonly used in

xenon arc system, due to their

nearly continuous spectrum that

resembles daylight, 5600K.

KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOT TOPIC DROP-DOWN PORTAL ANDWITH THE PORTAL AND RAISES THE QUESTION ON THE ATOMIC

NUMBERING AND WHAT FORMS MATTER.

KATELIN (CONTD)

The Atomic Number or proton number

is number of protons in a nucleus

of an element indicates the number

of electrons in a neutral atom.

From this, I ask is possible toderive its electronic structure?

And could you expand on the atomic

numbering that drives the formation

of matter?

29.

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THE PORTAL IS A DROP-DOWN PANEL ANSWER BOARD. THE PORTALEITHER REVEALS THE OVERLAY OF IMAGES OF THE SCIENCE AUTHORSBE THEY EINSTEIN, NEWTON, FARADAY OR COPERNICAS. THE DUTIESOF THE PORTAL IS TO PROVIDE AN ANSWER BOARD FOR SCIENCEHURDLES THAT NEED ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. THE VISUALS WITHINTHE PORTAL WILL VARY, BASED ON THE DEMAND OF THE MATERIAL

BEING COVERED.

PORTAL

For example, the sodium atom has an

atomic number 11 (Z= 11) and its

electronic arrangement is 2

electrons within the first energy

level, 8 electrons in the second

energy level and 1 electron in the

third energy level generally

written 2.8.1. This electronic

structure dictates whether two

elements are able to combine by

ionic or covalent bonding or not at

all.

CGI OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. THE IMAGE TRACKS ASTHE DISCUSSION REVEALS MORE INFORMATION.

The Periodic Table of Elements was

first proposed in 1871 by a Russian

chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

Atoms are ordered by their atomic

number in the Periodic Table. The

Table is set up so as to indicate

the number of electron shells in

each atom and the number of valenceelectrons in that atom. As you

descend through the rows in the

Table, the number of electron

shells in the atom increases.

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For example, hydrogen (H) in the

1st row has 1 shell, lithium (Li)

in the 2nd row has 2 shells, sodium

(Na) 3 shells, etc. As you read

the Table from left to right in any

one row, the number of valence

electrons increases.

Let's look at lithium again. From

the atomic number we know that

Lithium has 3 electrons. From its

position on the Periodic Table and

we know that it has 1 valence

electron: 2 electrons fill it's 1st

shell and 1 orbits in the second

shell. (Insert periodic chart

information here)

CGI OF THE PERIODIC CHART FADES UP.

KATELIN

The Periodic Table of Elements is

one of the most valuable charts wehave derived and although a little

complicated in appearance is rather

simple to interpret. Quantum

scientists have assembled this

chart to categorizes each element

be virtue of its atomic structure.

A determination factor of an

element's chemical properties is

its electron configuration,

particularly the valence shell

electrons.

31.

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For example, any atoms with 4

valence electrons occupying p

orbitals will exhibit some

similarities. The type of orbital

in which the atom's outermost

electrons reside determines the

"block" to which it belongs. The

number of valence shell electrons

determines the family, or group, to

which the element belongs. The

total number of electron shells an

atom determines the period to which

it belongs.

Each shell is further divided into

different sub shells, which as

atomic number increases are filled

in roughly this order. The Basic

periodic chart is defined by

simplest to the more complex. The

chart is categorized with 18 groups

and 7 periods also a color code is

incorporated to further categorize.

The extended Periodic chart with

blocks consisting of periods 1 thru

8 and sub shells S, G, F, D, and P.

Modern quantum mechanical theories

of atomic structure explain group

trends by proposing that elementswithin the same group have the same

electron configurations in their

valence shell. Elements in the same

group also show patterns in their

atomic radius, ionization energy,

and electronegativity.

32.

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Lanthanoid (previously lanthanide)

series comprises the fifteen

elements with atomic numbers 57

through 71, from lanthanum to

lutetium. All lanthanides are f-

block elements, corresponding to

the filling of the 4-f electron

shell, except for lutetium, which

is a d-block lanthanoid. The

lanthanoid series (Ln) is named

after lanthanum.

The actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature)

or actinide (traditional

nomenclature still in-use) series

encompasses the 15 chemical

elements that lie between actinium

and lawrencium included on the

periodic table with atomic numbers

89 - 103. The actinoid series

derives its name from the first

element in the series, actinium,

and reflecting the elements'

radioactivity.

Blocks are referred to the outer

most shell, or valence orbitals.

Because of the importance of the

outermost shell, the differentregions of the periodic table are

sometimes referred to as periodic

table blocks, named according to

the sub shell in which the "last"

electron resides.

33.

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Trends of periods moving left to

right across a period, atomic

radius usually decreases. This

occurs when each successive element

has an added proton and electron.

This causes the electron to be

drawn closer to the nucleus. This

decrease in atomic radius also

causes the ionization energy to

increase when moving from left to

right across a period. The more

tightly bound an element is, the

more energy is required to remove

an electron.

Trends of Groups theories of atomic

structure explain group trends by

proposing that elements within the

same group have the same electron

configurations in their valence

shell, From the top, each

successive element has a lower

ionization energy because it is

easier to remove an electron since

the atoms are less tightly bound.

Similarly, a group will also see an

overall decrease in

electronegativity because of the

increasing distance between valence

electrons and its nucleus.

Elements are arranged in these

groups according to whose

proprieties are similar.

34.

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All elements in Group 1 for

instance are alkali metals because

they only have one electron in the

outer shell (valence electron) and

as a result are highly reactive.

Elements in Group 17 are the

halogens. They all have seven

electrons in the outer orbital (two

in level s and five in level p).

They are also very reactive because

they have seven electrons in the

outer shell and will readily accept

an electron in order to reach the

ion configuration with the ideal

number of eight electrons in the

outer shell.

Elements Group 18 has a complete

outer shell with eight electrons.

These noble gases are highly stable

and do not react to form compounds

under normal conditions.

What are periods?

While the number of electrons

present in the outer shell

characterizes groups, periods are

characterized by the number ofenergy levels (shells) of electrons

surrounding the nucleus.

Groups or family is a vertical

column in the periodic table.

35.

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Groups are considered the most

important method of classifying the

elements. In some groups, the

elements have very similar

properties and exhibit a clear

trend in properties down the group.

These groups tend to be given

trivial (unsystematic) names, e.g.,

the alkali metals, alkaline earth

metals, halogens, pnictogens,

chalcogens, and noble gases. Some

other groups in the periodic table

display fewer similarities and/or

vertical trends.

Direct interpretation of each

element is shown here. Noting the

center lettering in bold print is

the identifier of each element. The

number at the top left is the

atomic number and the number at the

lower portion is the atomic weight.

The atomic weight minus the atomic

number will give an approximation

to the number of neutrons that make

up that particular element.

By definition, atoms have no

overall electrical charge. That

means that there must be a balancebetween the positively charged

protons and the negatively charged

electrons. Atoms must have equal

numbers of protons and electrons.

36.

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In our example, an atom of krypton

must contain 36 electrons since it

contains 36 protons.

An atom can gain or lose electrons,

becoming what is known as

ionization. An ion is nothing more

than an electrically charged atom.

Adding or removing electrons from

an atom does not change its

element, just its net charge.

For example, removing an electron

from an atom of krypton forms a

krypton ion, which is usually

written as Kr+. The plus sign means

that this is a positively charged

ion. It is positively charged

because a negatively charged

electron was removed from the atom.

The 36 positively charged protons,

resulting in a charge of +1,

outnumbered the 35 remaining

electrons.

What is an electron configurationtable?

An electron configuration table is

a type of code that describes how

many electrons are in each energy

level of an atom and how the

electrons are arranged within each

energy level. The first number is

the energy level.

37.

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We can tell right away that an atom

of gold contains 6 energy levels.

The lowercase letter is the sub-

shell. The sub-shells are named s,

p, d and f. The number of available

sub-shells increases as the energy

level increases. For example, the

first energy level only contains an

s sub-shell while the second energy

level contains both an s sub-shell

and a p sub-shell.

The number in superscript is the

number of electrons in a sub-shell.

Each sub-shell can hold only a

certain number of electrons. The s

sub-shell can hold no more than 2

electrons, the p sub-shell can hold

6, the d sub-shell can hold 10 and

the f sub-shell can hold as many as

14.

How many energy levels does an atom

have?

Since the electron configuration

table lists each energy level by

row, you can tell how many energy

levels there are by seeing how manyrows there are.

38.

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How many electrons are in each

energy level?

The total number of electrons in an

energy level is the sum of the

electrons in each sub-shell of that

energy level. Just add the numbers

in superscript together to find the

number of electrons in an energy

level.

How many electrons are in an atom's

outer energy level?

This is just a combination of the

previous two examples. Use the

electron configuration to find that

atom's highest energy level and

then add up the numbers in

superscript to find the number of

electrons that are in it.

CGI

CGI THE ATOMS ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE WITH VARIATIONS THATAPPLY TO IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING STYLES(fig.4)

PORTAL

As for the beginnings of Matter, it

started its formations within the

initial billionth of a billionth ofa second following the moment the

beginning-event started its

expansive process.

39.

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At that particular moment, the

universe being about 3 feet in

diameter was heated to trillions of

degrees and the process of

collisions and fusing between

particles were continuous and

massive with particles forming at

an inconceivable rate.

These continuous collisions with

adjacent particles either traveling

at high speeds, or contained in an

areas of tremendous heat and

pressure, causes atomic particles

to fuse, giving birth to newly

formed elements. When conditions

were favorable these elements begin

to coalesce and formed matter.

Matter makes up all substances;

molecules, atoms and sub-atomic

particles are all matter. They take

up space, and attract other forms

of matter with gravity. As Newton

once stated, the force between two

bodies depends upon their masses.

If we double the mass of each , we

intensify the gravity by a factor

of 4. We now enter into the world

of Planck referred to as The PlanckScale.

40.

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The Planck scale is the defining

scale of quantum gravity, a

physical constant used to describe

the sizes of quanta in quantum

mechanics. It can either be very

short in length referred to as

Planck length or very high in

energy referred to as Planck

energy. Some of which are

rationalized as the Planck's

Constant.

The Planck Constant is the

proportionality constant between

the energy of a photon and the

frequency of its associated

electromagnetic wave, otherwise

known as the Planck Relation.

As for the size of an atom, well

one things for sure, its pretty

small, way too small to be seenwith conventional microscopy, but

we do know that in the case with

the largest caesium atom, it has a

diameter of 0.0000005 mm and that

it is always in constant motion.

Specifically, as electrons jump

from orbit to orbit its rate of

vibration, in doing so, is so

constant that we use it as a basic

standard to the measurement of

time.

41.

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The Arrangement of matter exists in

various states and it is this

arrangement of these particles that

determines the state of matter.

There are four recognized states of

matter: solid, liquid, gas and

plasma. Matter can change between

states when the temperatures or

pressures change.

State of matter take on physical

aspects rather than chemical

changes. In a solid state the

volume is fixed and has shape with

the atoms in fixed positions

relative to one and other.

If the atoms are arranged in a

regular sequence, this is referred

to as Entropy. Entropy is the

number of ways molecules in a

substance can be arranged for a

given amount of energy.

Metals and salts being crystalline,

tend to follow this more linear

arrangement. But if the atoms are

arranged haphazardly the solid is

said to be amorphous. Glass is agood example of amorphous

arrangement.

Atoms of metals, in this solid

state tend to have very loose outer

electrons.

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These electrons moving between

atoms gives the metal the ability

to conduct electricity.

In a liquid state volume is still

fixed, but the compound tends to

take on the shape of its confines;

such as a vase or on a larger

scale, geographic land contours.

Liquidity however, can only exist

within a limited temperate range.

If the pressure is low enough, the

liquid phase will not happen.

In a gaseous state, gases have no

fixed volume or shape, they expand

to fill all available space.

There are four laws regarding the

state of gas.

First, If the volume of a gas is

held constant, its pressure is

proportionate to the temperature.

As the temperature increases, the

atoms move faster and strike its

surroundings with more force. This

results an increase in pressure

against its surroundings.

Second, If the pressure of a gas is

held constant, its volume remains

proportional to the temperature.

43.

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As the temperature increases, this

results an increase in pressure

against it surrounding confines and

hence the volume increases.

Third, If the temperature of a gas

is held constant, its pressure is

inversely proportional to the

volume. So when the volume of a gas

is decreased, but not the

temperature, then the same number

of atoms moving at the same speed

will strike the walls of the

confines more often. This results

an increase in pressure. Atoms in a

gas are free to move independently

from each other. Because the atoms

in a gas move at random. The

gaseous state is the simplest form

to describe in mathematical terms.

The forth state of gas is plasma.

Plasma is a gas that is heated to

temperatures so high that the atoms

loses electrons and so become

ionized. The gas, at that point, is

electrically charged and can be

affected by magnetic and electrical

fields. The plasmas sensitivity to

magnetic fields enables techniciansthe ability to control the heated

gas, thus allowing a controlled

implementation of its reaction.

44.

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One example of the necessity to

control plasma is in the

application of fusion technology.

CGI

ANIMATED CGI ATOMS ARE SET IN MOTION AND DOING SO REASSEMBLETO FORM MORE COMPLEX FORMATIONS (fig.5)

KATELIN

How many atoms make up our body?

At the last count our bodies

contains literally trillions ofatoms. Atoms of many differing

elements. There are atoms of

hydrogen and oxygen, carbon and

nitrogen, but our body also

contains atoms of calcium, nickel,

potassium, iron... even gold. All

matter; both living and non-living

are composed of many certain basic

substances.

It really is quite remarkable that

there are only 92 naturally

occurring elements and 16 of these

elements are used in the formation

of chemical compounds from which

living organisms are formed.

These 16 elements and a few others,

which occur in a particular

organism are referred to as bio-

elements.

45.

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In human body only six bio-elements

which account for 99% of the our

total mass. These elements include

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, along

with oxygen, phosphorus and

calcium.

Science has shown that as the

universe was forming, the only

elements in existence were hydrogen

and helium, which raises the

question on here did all the other

types of atoms come from? How were

they formed?

PORTAL

The answer is quite startling...

many of the atoms in the multitude

of forms around us including the

ones that make up our own body,

were all, believe it or not

manufactured within the center of a

cosmic oven, a star, a star that

existed long ago. Some very short

lived and others not, but when

these stellar formations went nova

all the materials created within

its interior, due to pressure and

heat, were released into the

universe.

Trillions of varying atoms are sent

hither and yawn, Its purpose, to

populate the cosmos.

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This process is analogous to

casting seeds to the wind, all that

material will eventually coalesce

into other forms.

We now fast-forward billions of

years and this material, probably a

commingle of atoms. Perhaps some

may have formed within a multitude

of different stellar bodies, now

reforms and becomes integrated and

ultimately part of your own coded

matrix and hence a another star is

born; that star of course is us.

CGI

OVERLAY IMAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR AND THE FORMATIONSOF NEWER ELEMENTS WITHIN THE STAR. (fig.6)

ON-LOCATION AT THE LARGE HADRON PARTICLE ACCELERATOR NEARGENEVA FOR AN ON-SITE EXAMINATION OF AN INSTRUMENT THATANSWERS QUESTIONS ON THE FORMATION OF MATTER. SEE THE

ATTACHED LOCATION PROPOSAL SHEET. (REFER TO HADRON ON-LOCATION SCRIPT)

KATELIN

Lets go back to the beginning. The

grand event-beginning. It is now

one hundred trillionth of a second

after the event beginningcommenced. This super-heated

primordial material begins to cool

and all through the continuing

expansion process atoms are

forming.

47.

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With these atoms racing in all

directions eventually smashing into

one and other and with that new

particles are constantly forming

everywhere.

At this evolutionary point things

now begin to get more complicated

and are now facing the formations

of more complex particles, the

brick and mortar of the material

world. Giving this the universe now

has The Molecule.

Molecules exist in either form of

elements or compounds. Molecular

Elements consists of one or more

like atoms. Molecular Compounds

consists of two or more different

atoms bonded together.

A Molecule by definition, is the

smallest element or compound that

can exist in many formations and

still retain the original

characteristics. They vary in size

and complexity from the simplest

hydrogen based molecule to the

large macro-molecules, such as the

ones found in some polymers allheld together by a Covalent Bond.

48.

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This bonding is produced when two

atoms share one or more pairs of

electrons, usually each atom

contributes an electron and is

often represented by a single line

drawn between the two atoms. This

type of bonding always produces a

molecule, or by a Coordinate Bond,

where an electron pair is donated

by one atom, to be shared between

the two atoms.

Covalently bonded substances

include hydrogen (H), water (H2O)

and most organic substances.

Covalent compounds have the

following general properties: they

have a low melting and boiling

point; never conduct electricity

and are usually insoluble in water

and soluble in organic solvents.

Double Bonds, seen, for example, in

the alkenes, are formed when two

pairs of atoms share two pairs of

electrons (the atoms contribute a

pair each); triple bonds are formed

when atoms share three pairs of

electrons and so on.

CGI

OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)

CGI

49.

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THE VALENCY ORBITALS AND SEE THE UNION OF ATOMS ATTACHINGTHEMSELVES TO FORM ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.

The ionic or electrovalent bond is

produced when atoms of one element

donate electrons to atoms of

another element forming positively

and negatively charged ions

respectfully.

CGI

THE BONDING LINK THAT MAKES UP THE COVALENCY DETAILED IN CGI(fig.7)

Thus defining the ion as an atom or

group of atoms that is either a

positively charged Cation or a

negatively charged Anion, resulting

by the gain or loss of electrons

during a chemical reaction or the

exposure to certain types of

radiation ionic compounds.

All salts, most bases and some

acids are examples of ionic

compounds. They possess the

following general properties: they

are crystalline solids with a high

melting point, are soluble in water

and insoluble in organic solvents

and always conduct electricity when

molten or in aqueous solution.

A typical ionic compound is table

salt, sodium chloride.

CGI

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CGI OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)

KATELIN

The Molecular Formula is the

formula indicating the actual

number of atoms of each element

present within a single molecule of

a compound. The presence of more

than one atom is denoted by a

subscript figure -. For example,

water is a chemical substance with

chemical formula H2O: one molecule

of water has two hydrogen atomscovalently bonded to a single

oxygen atom.

Complex molecules are generally

carbon based and are structured in

a patterns arrays and are made up

of proteins and sugar-phosphates,

coded and arrange in a specific

formations.

In ancient and medieval times,

early chemists some of whom

subscribed to an unscientific

system known as alchemy believed

that one element could in fact be

transformed into another. Thus many

an alchemist had devoted an entirecareer to the vain pursuit of

turning lead into gold.

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The alchemists were at least

partially right, however, though

one element can only be transformed

into another within nuclear fusion.

However, it is possible to change

the nature of a compound by

altering the relations of the

elements within it, which brings me

to an interesting development.

KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE AND AFTER ENTERINGINFORMATION ON A CONTROL CONSOLE KEYBOARD, BRINGS THEHOLOGRAM CAPSULE ON-LINE.

KATELIN (CONTD)

Nobody can explain its intrinsic

formation. No logic can be

expressed to quantify the most

complex molecule in existence, one

that transcends all universal and

evolutionary processes, and give

credence to possibility of divine

intervention, I now present...

AT THIS POINT THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE ROARS INTO LIFE AND IN THEMIST WITHIN THE CAPSULE A 3-D IMAGE OF THE DNA DOUBLE HELIXFORMS AND SPIRALS SUSPENDED IN THE CAPSULE SLOWLY ROTATING.

KATELIN (CONTD)

... the foundation for all life as

we know it... our famous double

helix; TheDNA Molecule.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

Molecule has been one of the

greatest scientific discoveries of

all time.

52.

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First discovered in 1931 by James

Watson and Francis Crick, and it

wasnt until the late 1940's and

early 1950's that most biologists

finally accepted the evidence

showing that DNA must be the

chromosomal component that carries

the hereditary information from one

generation to the next.

DNA consists of two long polymers

of simple units called nucleotides;

molecules which comprise the

structural units of RNA and DNA.

These two identical strands run in

opposite directions to each other

and are therefore anti-parallel.

Kind of like cutting a ladder in

half up through the middle of the

treads, then flipping one half

upside down and reassembling it.

For a long time the connection

between nucleic acid and genes was

not known. But in 1944 the American

scientist Oswald Avery managed to

transfer the ability to cause

disease from one strain of bacteria

to another. But not only that, the

previously harmless bacteria couldalso pass the trait along to the

next generation. What Avery had

moved was nucleic acid. This proved

that genes were made up of nucleic

acid.

53.

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All this was put into motion by an

amazing discovery back in 1868,

almost a century before the Nobel

Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick

and Maurice Wilkins, whereas a

young Swiss physician named

Friedrich Miescher, isolated

something no one had ever seen

before from the nuclei of cells. He

called the compound "nuclein." This

is today called nucleic acid, the

"NA" in DNA (Deoxyribo-nucleic-

acid) and RNA (Ribo-nucleic-acid).

To differentiate the duty

assignments between the two, DNA in

short contains the blueprint for

life and the RNA would be the

worker bee that makes it all work.

THE HOLOGRAM DISASSEMBLES A PORTION OF THE HELIX REVEALING

THE BASE CHEMICALS IN AN EXPLODED VIEW. (fig.9)

KATELIN (CONTD)

"Human Genome Project" and Dr.

Celera Genomics jointly presented

the true nature and complexity of

the digital code inherent in DNA.

We now understand that the DNA

molecule is comprised of chemical

bases arranged in approximately 3

billion precise sequences.

54.

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Its quite simple in its basic

paired structure. However, it's the

sequencing and functioning of that

code that's enormously complex.

Although DNA coding is remarkably

complex, it's the information

translation connected to that code

that really baffles science.

CGI THE STRUCTURE OF THE DNA MOLECULE DISPLAYING THEATTACHMENTS AND UNZIPPED DNA (fig.10)

KATELIN (CONTD)

The two strands of the double helix

are coiled in an anti-parallel

configuration with the sugar-

phosphate backbone making up the

outside of the helix with the bases

are positioned on the inside. The

backbone can be thought of as thesides of a ladder, with the bases

in the middle forming the rungs.

Each rung is composed of two base

pairs, either an adenine-thymine

pair that forms a two-hydrogen bond

together, or a cytosine-guanine

pair that forms a three-hydrogen

bond.

CGI

56.

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When the DNA is being copied, the

DNA-helix is first "unzipped" in

two long stretches of sugar-

phosphate backbone with a line of

free bases sticking up from it,

like the teeth of a comb. Each half

will then be the template for a

new, complementary strand.

Biological machines inside the cell

put the corresponding free bases

onto the split molecule and also

proof-reads the result to find and

correct any mistakes.

The doubling gives rise to another

exact copy of the original DNA

molecule. The coding regions in the

DNA strand, the genes make up only

a fraction of the total amount of

DNA, stretches that flank the

coding regions are called introns,

and consist of non-coding DNA.

DNA usually occurs as linear

chromosomes in eukaryotes, and

circular chromosomes in

prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes

in a cell makes up its genome; the

human genome has approximately 3

billion base pairs of DNA allarranged into 46 chromosomes.

The information carried by DNA is

held in the sequence of pieces

called genes.

57.

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Transmission of genetic information

in the genes is achieved via the

complementary base pairing. Thanks

to the DNA containing the genetic

information this allows all modern

living things to function, grow and

reproduce, we are really just now

starting to realize how unique we

really are.

After taking all this in I find

myself standing here as a free and

independent entity one in which is

able to contemplating my own

existence, wonder how this all is

possible. Is it true... could each

atom that make up the very me have

really braved billions of years of

harsh elements commencing with the

intense heat within a star, then

thrown out into the bitter cold of

open space. Then during its journey

having it literally crashing into

the earth, absorbed in subduction,

spewed from lava flows, all at the

end of the day to reassemble and

ultimately become... me. In closing

this segment I cant help but

wonder if my atoms have ever

existed in other lives or otherformations before me and will they

continue their travels through the

cosmos long after Im gone. I

guess only time will tell...

END OF ACT I

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ACT II

WE SHIFT GEARS HERE AND FADE UP POSITIONED NEAR THE LARGECLOCK AND PREPARE FOR THE TOPIC ON THE THEORY OF RELATIVITYAND THE FAMOUS EQUATION E=mc2

HOST

Though its concept has been around

for over a hundred years, This

understanding is being revered as

the ultimate answer to the

formation of everything and the

connected relationship witheverything, with each other, we now

need to understand it see first

hand how it all ties together on

our visit into the world of Quantum

Physics.

Albert Einstein is still to many

revered as one of the most famous

scientists ever. He earned this

right by bringing to science

methods of calculation, application

of universal constants and a frame

of reference we call relativity.

His labors gave birth to some of

his greatest published works, and

coupled with his famous equation,

E=mc2, has changed the worldforever.

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When forced to summarize the

General Theory of Relativity in one

sentence, Einstein responds, Time,

space and gravitation have no

separate existence from matter, due

to the fact that physical objects

are not in space, but merely

spatially extended to the concept

which the term empty space seems

lose its meaning.

DISPLAY THE EQUATION E=mc2 AND T.O.E. (fig.10) AND A CLOCKRUNNING BACKWARDS.

HOST (CONTD)Its been over a hundred years

since those landmark theories were

introduced to the world and since

then thousands of scientists,

physicists and mathematicians have

been applying those equations quite

successfully and hence are now

accepted worldwide as fact.

To some degree its safe to say

that most us are familiar with the

Theory of Relativity and the mc2

equation and it seems some are

under the impression that they are

one in the same. Not so true.

Humorously, while one applies to

the other and the other does applyto that one, they are quite

different. The problem with

relativity is that it violates all

of the common-sense ideas.

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Because of this, many people have

problems with believing relativity

rather than understanding it.

Regarding the theory of relativity,

no one can study general relativity

without being impressed by its

unquestionable mathematical beauty.

The study of Einsteins work has

been a favorite for many young

physicists and has paved the way

for many of our leading physicists

that still draw from that pool of

data.

I would like to introduce a young

man he is a leading student at

Bradshaws High School, Kenneth

Galloway...

KENNETHHey, before we examine the theory

we need to have to have a strong

understanding of some factors known

as constants.

We have many constants in science

and we refer to them as physical.

These physical constants are a

quantity both universal in nature

and constant in time.

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It is and can be held in contrast

to a mathematical constants, which

applies fixed numerical values,

which doesnt directly involve any

physical measurements. One

constant, the Speed of Light,

denoted by the symbol cO or c has

been adopted as the universal

constant.

The speed of light signifies sort

of a maximum speed limit in our

universe and is dimensionally

expressed mathematically as length

divided by time. While the fine-

structure constant; characterizes

the strength of electromagnetic

interaction, makes it seemingly

dimensionless.

INSERT THE GRAPHICS GIVING THE VISUALS OF THE PLANCKS

CONSTANT AT-WORK IN WAVE FORM. INCLUDE GRAPHS WITH SYMBOLS.SPECIAL NOTE THAT WITH PLANCK IT IS THE MEASURE OF QUANTUM.(fig.11)

KENNETH (CONTD)

The speed of light, a fundamental

constant in science is calculated,

in a vacuum, to be exactly (Speed

of light in a vacuum = 2.997925 0.000002 x 1010 cm/sec)

299,792,458 meters per second or

most applications apply 300,000

kilometers (or 186,000 miles) per

second.

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For an example everyone can

understand, our moon is positioned

approximately one light second from

the earth.

Another constant we utilize is the

Elementary Charge constant usually

denoted by the symbol e which is

the electric charge carried by a

single proton, or equivalently, the

negative of the electric charge

carried by a single electron. This

is another fundamental physical

constant. Still another, is the

Gravitational Constant. In this

application this empirical constant

is involved in the calculation of

gravitational attraction between

objects with mass, a process that

has been in effect from the very

beginning.

Finally the application of a

Mathematical Constant, which is

represented by a real number. It's

a numerical application that arises

naturally in mathematics, unlike

physical constants, mathematical

constants are defined independently

of physical measurement.

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Remember a constant is just as it

reads, constant, it's value doesnot change over any period of time,

a firm fixed value, but in

mathematical parlance a

mathematical variable such as a

symbol representing an unknown

quantity such as in a, b, or

x and a symbol used in connection

with quantifiers is considered a

constant as well.

WE MOVE TO THE GREEN SCREEN TO OVERLAY THE IMAGE WE WILL WORKFROM TO DEFINE RELATIVITY.

KENNETH (CONTD)

To provide a distinct division

between the theory of relativity

and the equation E=mc2 first we

touch on the theory and discuss

Time and Space and the application

of acceleration.

In most cases we can all see that

time and space are constant and

although the physical universe

being in constant motion, relative

to any observer it seems rather

constant.

But in our examination of space and

time we employ a variable known as

acceleration and strange things

happen when we go fast.

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The first thing is a two-fold

scenario demonstrating what science

has proven, that as an object

accelerates, time and space is

altered both for the object in

motion and for the observer of said

object defined from a specific

point independent from that object

in motion.

In the case of an object in motion,

proposed acceleration to near light

speeds would make time slow to a

point where a seemingly near stand-

still would exist, a sort of time

lock-out. An observer, from a

vantage point independent of the

object in motion, one should

observe a misshapen object buzz by

as time and space is being altered

within the surrounding environment.

In both applications the perception

of time opposes the other, as the

observer within the confines of the

object in motion notes no apparent

changes within the objects

confines, but not so within the

surrounding environment.

CGI

WE SHIFT ARENAS AND ARE ON-LOCATION WITH A SPECIALLYCONSTRUCTED 50 FOOT ENCASED TEST PLATFORM, ANALOGOUS TOEINSTEIN'S TRAIN. THE TEST AREA IS LOCATED INSIDE A 14 X 50BOXCAR SIZE CONFINES TO WHICH MANY TESTS WILL BE CONDUCTED.

THE CAR RIDES ATOP A TRACKING SYSTEM AND IS CONTROLLED BYELECTRIC MOTORS,CABLES AND HYDRAULICS. THE CONTROL TEAM HASTHE ABILITY TO PUT THE CAR INTO MOTION AND SET TO VARIOUSSPEEDS AS WELL AS STOPPING CONTROL.

65.

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THE TEST CAR INTERIOR IS OUTFITTED TO BE CAMERA READY FORACCURATE INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES. THE EXTERIOR OBSERVATION AREAIS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS GIVING ANACCURATE OUTSIDE OBSERVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. A COMPUTERIZEDACQUISITION DATA GATHERING SYSTEM WILL GIVE COVERAGE WITHVARIOUS CAMERA ANGLES AND TELESTRATOR ABILITIES.

THE CAR CAN BE SET TO A MULTITUDE OF VELOCITIES ANDACCELERATION FACTORS. ALL VIDEO COVERAGE AS WELL AS TEST AREASPEED SETTINGS ARE CONTROLLED FROM A REMOTE ON-SITE CONTROLFACILITY. (fig.12)

KENNETH (CONTD)

We are here at our test location

site because we want to test and

validate some of the the proposed

scenarios. We also have a challenge

from a viewer that wrote in asking

us for some answers to a scenario

regarding inertia and bodies at

rest. We plan to address that

challenge right here, so stay with

us for this interesting and rather

unusual test process.

Einstein made many examples of time

and space correlations and he loved

using trains for many of his test

platforms for examples of

observer's positions dependent and

independent of the test area.

The first test is demonstrating therelativity of a object accelerated

in a test area and the

observational results. In a test of

relative observation my colleague

and I as you see, have positioned

ourselves inside our test train.

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Now there is no movement of this

car, We position ourselves standing

facing each other.

The test will start when we launch

matching objects towards each

other, with the intent for the

objects to collide at the center of

this test area. Because we need our

test to work with a modicum of

efficiency we are using specialized

pitching machines set to perform to

our specifications.

A QUICK DEMONSTRATION OF THE TEST SHOWING THE VIEWERS WHAT TOEXPECT.

The velocity of each object was

transferred from the machine

directly to the object giving each

object energy in the form of

inertia. We launch the objects at

the same time. Our observation

shows the objects traveling on a

convergent course until they

collide at the center of the test

area. At that moment of collision,

the objects inertial energy is

canceled and the objects should

drop straight downward, regardless

of the intended matched set-velocity of the objects, the end

result is always the same.

CGI

67.

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SLOW-MOTION CAPTURE OF THE BALLS TRAVEL SHOWS THE EFFECTGENERATED BY THE TEST. CGI REPRESENTATION OF THE BALLS TESTIN OPERATION SHOWING THE EFFECTS AT VARIOUS INPUT. ROLL ONALL PERSPECTIVES. (fig.13)

To establish relative perspectives

our observers will be occupying

positions relative to the test

area. The first observer is now

positioned within the interior

confines of the test area and the

second observer is positioned

outside the test area confines,

entirely independent of the active

test area.

Now we change observational

perspectives and accelerate the

platform housing the test area to a

predetermined velocity. This should

change the outside observer's

perspective of the test area.

However from the observer's

position inside the test area

should remain unchanged throughout

the test due to the fact that these

test are conducted inside the test

area.

On-location

SETTING THE CAR IN MOTION ESTABLISHES THE SECOND OBSERVERS

PERSPECTIVE. DISPLAYING THE RESULTS OF THE VARYING SPEEDS OFTHE BALL RELATIVE TO THE FIRST OBSERVER. CGI WILL SHOWVARIOUS EFFECTS THE TEST CAN PROVIDE AND WHAT TO EXPECT.(fig.14)

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As the test car is in-motion we now

re-enable the same test and the

objects are again launched on their

convergent courses, crashing into

each other at the center of the

test area.

Now, from the first observer within

the test area confines reports s no

apparent change in their

perspective. However, the outside

observer sees the objects traveling

at differing velocities relative to

that persons perspective. The

accelerated movement of the test

area has indeed shown the objects

moving with dissimilar velocities

relative to outside observer.

The outside observers reports

seeing the advancing object moving

faster relative to the outside due

to the velocity of the test-car in

motion and the other object with a

seemingly slower speed, but the

balls still in fact do collide at

the same central point and time.

In an attempt to vary the

conditions of the test, my

colleague and I have now positioned

ourselves at the center of the test

area, back to back, facing the

opposing walls and launch the

objects from the center to the

opposite ends of the car.

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Again to the observer within the

test area observe the objects

striking the opposing walls at the

same time regardless of the speed

of the test area in motion.

CGI

SET PERSPECTIVE OF THE TEST FOR THE OUTSIDE OBSERVERSPOSITION FOR ALL TESTS. (fig.15)

KENNETH (CONTD)

From the observers position

outside the test area, the object

struck the walls at the same time

even thought their speeds given to

each object appear to be different.

Noting that the object thrown

towards the front of the car is

moving at a apparent greater

relative speed then the retreating

object with an apparent lesser

speed, due to the set velocity of

the test car, but regardless of the

velocity of the test car, the

objects do in fact strike the walls

at the same time. As for the

outside observer reports the same

results as before, though the

objects appear to be traveling at

differing speeds, the balls hit the

destination walls at the same time.CGI

INSERTS A TEST AREA TO ACCOMMODATE SPEED OF LIGHT SCENARIO.(fig.16

70.

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KENNETH

For another example of relativity,

by applying near light speed

variables, imagine a vehicle

carrying two individuals isaccelerated to near light speeds.

To an outside observer witnessing

the vehicle passing by should

notice the vehicle to be seeming

shorter than normal and greater

mass than normal.

CGI

ANIMATED REPRESENTATIONS OF A VEHICLE AT LIGHT SPEED ANDREPRESENTATION OF SURROUNDING PHENOMENA. (fig.17)

KENNETH (CONTD)

However, for our traveling

individuals house within the

confines of the vehicle, there

seems to be no apparent change, but

the traveling observer, reports the

outside individual and its

surroundings, would all seem much

smaller. But, when the vehicle

slows and returns to rest at 0

velocity all factors return to

normal with regards to mass except

for time. Once time is altered it

remains so.

So, as each individual in our

scenario observing the changes

happening around them, the

individuals themselves see and feel

no changes from their perspectives.

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Now at a different level, the

individuals that were traveling at

near the light speeds underwent a

change that both the travelers and

observer can't help but notice that

the travelers aged at a much slower

rate than the outside observer.

This is possible due to a

phenomenon known as Time Dilation.

CGI

ANIMATED VERSION OF TIME DILATION. (fig.18)

KENNETH (CONTD)

Time Dilation or Time Expansion has

been proven in the lab by utilizing

measurements of rate-of-decay of

certain radioactive particles.

Certain particles decay with

clockwork precision. However, whenthose particles are accelerated to

near light speeds in a laboratory

accelerator they decayed at a

measurably slower rate.

To put it another way, if a

traveler was to venture to our

nearest star in a vehicle

accelerated to near light speeds

that traveler would age at a slower

rate than the support team at the

traveler's point of departure.

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So by applying this theory, and our

rate of decay time dilation factor,

our ten-year round trip traveler

returning to their point of

departure would step out of the

vehicle showing they have not aged

at all.

Interestingly, a paradox exists

here. In our proposed scenario, as

our traveler is en-route, due to

time dilation factor any en route

communications between travelers

and base teams would be seemingly

impossible.

Respectfully, in theory if

communications were at all

possible, the time dilation factor

would have the traveler in effect

receive the support team's

transmission long before it was

ever sent and conversely, the

support team would receive a

transmitted response from the

traveler years before the support

team ever posed the initial

transmission, sort of a

communicable time machine.

WE WALK AND TALK MOVING TOWARDS THE BACKWARDS RUNNING CLOCK.

73.

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KENNETH (CONTD)

Scientists have long hoped to meld

these theories into one "Theory of

Everything" or T.O.E. to describe

all aspects of nature. Theseunifying theories such as Quantum

Gravity, bubble and String Theory

may involve extra dimensions of

time and space thus violating

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Facts and Theo Pilot3 Final

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