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Fall2014
Job Creation, Workers’ Regulations and Health Concerns
By Munise Aksoy
Introduction
Hydraulicfracturing,alsowidelyknownas“fracking,”hasprovidedAmericawithanenergyboomoverthepastfewyears.Itisadrillingtechniqueusedtoextractnaturalgasbyfracturingshaleformationsthousandsoffeetbeneaththeearth’ssurface.
Whiletheoilandgasindustrycreatedroughlyonemillionjobopportunities
overthecourseofitsdevelopingyears,workers’safetyhasbeenacontinuingconcerninindustriesthatdealwithlife-threateningtasks.Infact,asthefrackingindustrycontinuestogrow,sotoodoconcernsaboutworker’sconditionsandtheirimpactontownswhoseresidentshavefacedaninflowofworkersandsomeproblemsparticularlyinareaswherefrackingsiteshavebecomemorecommon.
Pennsylvania,forexample,isakeystateindrillingactivityandalthoughthe
Bethlehemregionisquitedistantfromactivedrillingsites,thesocialimpactsthatcomealongwiththeindustryareofconcerntomanywhoarealsowithinmilesoffrackingregions.
Inessence,therearemanyothershaleformationsaroundtheUnitedStates
wheredrillingactivityisonthego.Forthatmatter,itishighlycrucialforanyonetobeknowledgeableabouttheendofthespectrumthataffectshumansinparticular.
Discussion
Whiletherearemanyjobopportunitiesnationwidethatcomealongwithnewfrackingsites,manyofthemvaryinhowlongtheylastandwhethertheyareavailableforlocals.
AccordingtoTimMullaney,areporterforUSAToday,“naturalgasandoil
explorationhavecreatedmorethan1millionjobsinrecentyears[nationwide],withasmanyas33,000specificallyfromnaturalgasextractionthroughshaleaccounts”(2014,p.1).Thatincludesjobsthatarealsoindirectlyassociatedwiththeshaleboomfrommanufacturingproductsfordrillingandsteelforpiping,totransportingthegas.
InjustPennsylvania,forexample,astatethatisatthecenterofthefracking
boom,frackinghasbeenresponsibleforover200,000jobswithjustover30,000peopleemployedbyindustriesthataredirectlytiedtothefrackingboom,accordingtoTomCorbett,aformerpro-frackingRepublicangovernorofPennsylvania(Foran,2014).
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Becausetherearemanyjobopportunitiesarisingthatarealsonotdirectlyassociatedwiththeindustry,itisdifficulttosayforsurehowmanyjobsfracking,inparticular,hasproduced.Jobscreateddirectlybyfrackingconsistofnaturalgasextraction,welldrilling,trucking,andengineering.Otherspecificon-sitejobsincludefieldsupervisors,‘treaters’whoareresponsiblefordisposingfrackingwastewater,andexperiencedfracturingequipmentoperators(Williams,2014).
Withthelargernaturalgassupplychaincomesindirectjobssuchasbuilding
roadsandbridgesfortransportingthegas,lawyersandbankerswhooverseethefinancingofcorporationsandregulatenewbusinessesthatemerge,andotherpositionsathotels,restaurants,andbars,whichgrowasaresultofincreasedprofitcomingfromoilandgasworkers’wages.
Nevertheless,asof2012,manymunicipalsacrossthenationinNewYork,
Vermont,California,Texas,Pennsylvania,andNewMexicohaveeitherbannedorsuspendeddrillingactivitybecausetheyfinditdangerous.InNewYork,forexample,asofOctober9,2014,thereare80municipalbansand100moratoria,with86movementsforadditionalbansormoratoria(FractrackerAlliance,2014).Moreover,withnewpipelinesbeingbuiltandthedevelopingtechnology,temporaryjobsmaydeclineaswell,astherewillnotbeaneedforasmuchmanuallabor.
Thismoderationisalsolinkedtohowlongthelow-leveljobslast.Jobs
createdforlocalsareshort-term,part-time,andgenerallyarefortruckdrivers,forestandroadworkers,andhotelandrestaurantworkers(LaValette,2012).
Manyofthosewhohavebeenhireduntiltodaybasedoncertain
qualificationsaresubjecttodebate.Anon-sitejob,asmentionedearlier,is“experienced”fracturingequipmentoperators.Certaincompanies,however,donot
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requireapplicantstobeexperiencedatall.Instead,someoftherequirementslistedundercertainjobadsinclude“asolidandstableworkhistory,”“abletoread,write,speakandunderstandEnglish,”“abletoworkonarotatingshift:Days/Nights,”and“willingtoworkLONGhours,”(EquipmentOperatorsCompany,2014).
Withoutadoubt,longworkingshiftsposemanydangersforworkersbothon
thesiteandontheroadandhasextremelypushedthelimitsoftheirsafety.In2012,TimothyRothandhisthreefriendsbegandrivingtheirtruckafterworking17hoursatadrillingsiteinOhio.Theyhadtodrivefourhoursbacktotheirdrillingservicecompany’sshopinWestVirginia.Just10minutesfromtheirdestinationthedriverfellasleepbehindthewheelandlostcontrolofthetruck,ultimatelyleadingtoRoth’sdeath(Urbina&Bennett,2012).
ItwasnotthefirsttimethatRothhadbeeninacaraccidentwherethedriver
fellasleepbehindthewheelaftershiftsof20hoursorlonger,6hourspastthelegalworkinglimitbeforedriving.Suchtruckaccidentshavecausedhundredofdeathsintheindustryinthepastdecade,(Urbina&Bennett,2012).
Motorvehiclecrashesare,infact,theleadingcauseofdeathsintheindustrywithmorethan300oilandgasworkerdeathsinthepastdecade(Urbina&Bennett,2012).Sincetheriseoftheindustryin2002,fatalityratesintheoilandgasindustryhaveroseto“seventimesthenationalaverageofallindustries”(Urbina&Bennett,2012).Thereare,however,otherrisksthatcomealongwithlackofemployeeeducationonexposuretochemicals,andhowtopreventfatalitieswithinthesite.
Thechemicalsusedinthefrackingprocess,forexample,posegreatdangersforworkers.MikeSaroghan,areporterfortheEnvironment&EnergyPublishing,reportedthattheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration,afederalagencyotherwiseknownasOSHA,“believesthatthecurrentgeneralindustrystandardsinadequatelyaddresstheuniquehazardsencounteredduringdrilling”(2014).OSHAhastriedtotightenregulationsofgasandoilworkers’safetyforyearsbuttheindustryhasbeensuccessfulinpreventingthoseattempts.Asaresultcompanieshavebeenexemptfromcertainfederalsafetyprovisionssuchasmachinesafetyrulescalled“lockout-tagout”or“LOTO,”whichrequiresmachinestobeturnedoff
CrystalRoth,Mr.Roth’swife,explainsthetroubledlifeofafrackingemployee,NewYorkTimes,2012
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whengettingrepairedsothatpeople,ortheirlimbs,donotgetcaughtinthem(Soraghan,2014). AnotherstandardderivedbyOSHAiscalledProcessSafetyManagement,whichisaimedatpreventingindustrialexplosions.Itrequiresemployerstodevelopsystemsfordealingwithhazardouschemicals,“includinganyuse,storage,manufacturing,handling,ortheon-sitemovementofsuchchemicals,orcombinationoftheseactivities”(OSHA).However,thisisanotherexemptionthefrackingindustrydoesnothavetocomplywith.
EarlyinFebruaryof2014,anaturalgaswellinGreenCounty,Pennsylvania,explodedwhenworkerscappedtheleakinggaswell.Thedisasterledtothedeathofa27-year-oldcontractworkerwholeftbehindafiancéepregnantwithhischild(Colaneri,2014).
Lackofon-sitetraininghasalsoledtoinjuriescausedbyworkersbeing
struckbyhigh-pressurelinesandmovingequipmentsuchascarsbackingup,orfallingfromheights.Suchaccidentsoccurbecausetheindustryisnotrequiredtofollowothersignificantsafetyprovisions.Employers,forexample,neednotmonitorandtestrequirementsforworkers’hearingsafetyatnoisysites.NordotheyneedtoabidebyEPA’sCleanWaterActspillprovisions“requiringchemicalstoragetankfacilitiestobefencedandlocked”(Soraghan,2014).
TherealsoisanexemptionoftheCleanAirActforarisk-managementplan
forsiteswithextremelyhazardouschemicals(Soraghan,2014).Manyworkersarenoteducatedaboutthetypeofchemicalstheyareworkingwithandthehealthrisksthosechemicalspose.
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Benzene,forexample,isacommonchemicalusedinfrackingfluid.Itisan
organicchemicalcompoundthatismainlyusedasstartingmaterialinmakingotherchemicals(AmericanCancerSociety,2013).Itisclassifiedasacarcinogenlinkedwith“leukemiaandcancersofotherbloodcells”(2013).
OSHAhasspecificstandardsforexposuretocertainchemicalsincludingbenzeneinanyindustry.ThesearecalledPermissibleExposureLimits,orPELs,whichareregulatorylimitsontheamountorconcentrationofasubstanceintheair(OSHA).Whilethegeneralexposurelimitforbenzeneis1partpermillion,orppm,(similartoaboutoneinchin16miles),thelimitatwellsitesare10ppm.“Oilandgaswasexemptedbecauseexposuretothechemicalwasconsideredmorelikelytobeaproblematrefineries,”saysR.DeanWingo,aformerassistantregionaladministratorofOSHA(Soraghan,2014). Justasbreathingmostchemicalsinhighdosescanaffectthenervoussystem,inhalingbenzeneforevenabriefamountoftimecanleadtoeffectssuchasdrowsiness,dizziness,unconsciousness,andconfusion,allhealthdefectsthatcanleadtomajorinjuriesonthesite. Airbornedustfromrespirablecrystallinesilica,sandusedduringfracking,isanotherexposureforwhichworkersmustbeprotected.“Upto4tonsofsilicasandistransportedtoasinglewellsite,”(Zrinski,2014).Workersmaybeexposedtosilicaastheyloadsandthatisdeliveredbytruckintosandmoversviaaconveyerbeltandwhiletheyaddthesandintoblenderswithotherfrackingfluidsbeforeitissentdownwellsunderhighpressures.Thedustcan,therefore,bereleasedduringanyofthetransporting,moving,andrefillingintoblendersprocess(OSHAn.a.). Exposurestosilicaisknowntocause“lungcancer,pulmonarytuberculosis,airwaysdiseases,andautoimmunedisorders(OSHA).Long-termexposurestosilica(uptotwentyyears)canalsoincreasetheriskofdevelopingarespiratorydiseasecalledsilicosis.Themostchronicformofsilicosiscausesdifficultyinbreathingwhilein“acceleratedsilicosis[thelungsbegintoswell,which]occursafterexposuretolargeramountsofsilicaoverashorterperiodoftime(5to15years)”(2014).Themostextremeversionofthedisease,however,calledacutesilicosisdevelopswhenapersonisexposedtoverylargeamountsinashortamountoftime.Thiscauses“thelungs[to]becomeveryinflamedandfillwithfluid,[resultingin]severeshortnessofbreathandlowbloodoxygenlevels(2014). TheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH)collected116samplesfrom11frackingsitesacrossfivestatesand“47%ofthemshowedsilicaexposuresgreaterthanthecalculatedOSHAPEL,”(OSHA),approximately0.1mg/m3, with9%ofthesamples10ormoretimesthePEL.
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Unfortunately,manylow-leveljobsonthefrackingsitecontinuetoexposeworkerstonoxiouschemicals.JoseLara,aformerindustryworker,hadbeenworkingatfrackingsitesforsixyears.Hisjobwastoclimbintoandcleanwastewatertanks,whichhethinkswasthecauseofhispancreaticandlivercancer(FoodandWaterWatch).“Despitethenoxiousnessofthewastewater,Larawasnotsuppliedwithanyprotectiveclothingorgearnorwashebriefedonthetoxinshewouldbeexposedtoonthejob”(Kelly,2014).JoseLaraisnowdeceased. EvenwithsuchdirecasesasJoseLara’s,companiesarenotheldresponsiblefororpenalizedhighenoughtomakethemfollowOSHAstandardsandregulationssuchas,“Section5(a)(1)oftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct[which]placestheresponsibilityforworkersafetyandhealthontheemployer”(Stelmack,2014).OSHArecommendsmanymethodsofreducingexposurestosilica,benzeneandothercarcinogens.Foronething,contractorscanenforcetheuseofprotectivegearamongtheirworkers.Thecompaniescouldalsomonitortheair,improvetheirengineeringcontrols,andprovideformedicalmonitoringfortheirworkersasgeneralOSHAstandards.
Whilemostcompaniescontinuetoignoreworkers’safetyissues,someworkers,ontheotherhand,arealsodisrespectfulofthesafetyofcitizensandthelawsinareastheywork.Thefrackingindustryhasalsobeenthecauseofdebateoverwhetherhavingworkerscomeintonewtownsiscausinglocalresidents’uneasiness.
Workerspouringintownshaveledtomanyunwantedproblems,
overwhelmingthelaw.Authoritiesofmoststateshavestatedthatthe“vastmajorityofworkersstreaminginarelaw-abiding,”buttheydonotrefrainfromaddingthatthe“drillingindustryhasalsobroughtwithitahard-working,harddrinking,rough-andtumble”groupofmen(Levy,2011).
InBradfordCounty,oneofPennsylvania’smostheavilydrilledareas,therushofmenfromTexas,resultedinincreasedratesof“arrests,trafficviolations,protection-from-abuseordersandwarrantsissuedforpeoplewhodon’tshowupincourt,”notedlawenforcementofficials(Levy,2011).Officialsfromothertownshavealsocomplainedoftheriseintheft,violence,sexualassaults,drugabuse,barfightsandabduction.A23-year-oldpipeinspectorfromLafayette,La.,whowasfounddrinkinginabarsays,“Wedefinitelydodrinkalot.Iain’tgoingtolie”(Levy2011). AccordingtoHollyRichmond,reporterforGristEnvironmentalNews,frackinghasledtoagreaternumberofsexuallytransmitteddiseases, drug-relatedcrimes,andsexualassaultsinareaswheretheoilandgasindustrysetsupshop(2013). Thesocialimpactsoftheindustryare,indeed,anadditiontothepoorreputationtheindustryhasbeenbuilding.Perhapsratesofincreasingcrimewilldecreaseincomingyearswithfewerjobopportunitiesasfrackingtechnologydevelops,causingfewerdemandformanuallabor.Regardless,workers’safetyand
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workingconditionsonsitescontinuetobeagrowingissueascompaniesintheindustryfightanyattemptstoprotectworkersputforthbyOSHA.
Citizenscanhaveagreatimpactonpushingforanimprovementinregulatingworkers’safetybybeingactivelyinformedandadvocatingforstricteron-sitesafetyguidelines.Thegovernmentwillonlytakeintoconsiderationcitizens’outlookifthepublicisconsistentlyalertandoutspoken.
StakeholderInterview
MarkStelmackisOSHA’sareadirectoroftheWilkes-BarreAreaOffice,aregionbusywithdrillingsites.Inthatcapacity,hemanagesafullserviceareaofficeconsistingof15employeestaskedwithcarryingoutdutiesoftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationandenforcingtheOccupationalSafetyandHealthActinajurisdictionalareaconsistingof20countiesinPennsylvania(Stelmack,2014).
1).Whatdoyouthinkarethemostconcerninghealthrisksthatworkersfaceonfrackingsites?
Ithasbeentheexperienceofthisofficethatexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilicatobeaveryconcerninghealthrisktoworkersonthesesites.EmployeeexposuretosilicaabovepermissiblelimitshasbeenencounteredonmanyfracturingsitesinspectedbytheWilkes-Barreoffice.Workersalsofaceriskfromchemicalexposuresandhighnoiselevelsamongothers.
2).Whatdoyouthinkworkersintheoilandgasindustrycandointermsofprotectingthemselvesofpossibledangersifprotectionisnotprovided?
Section5(a)(1)oftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthActplacestheresponsibilityforworkersafetyandhealthontheemployer.Withrespecttohealthhazardsencounteredongassites(aswithanyworksite)OSHAwouldexpectanemployertoworkthroughahierarchyofcontrolstoprotectemployees.Ifachemicalmustbeused,OSHAwouldlookforanemployertoutilizeengineeringcontrolstoreduceexposures.Iftheapplicationofallfeasibleengineeringcontrolsdoesnotadequatelyreduceexposures,thesecondtierwouldbetheapplicationofadministrativecontrols.Finally,personalprotectiveequipmentmaybeutilizedifallfeasibleengineeringandadministrativecontrolsstillfailtoreduceexposuresadequately.
3).Howeffectively,doyouthinkfrackingsitesarerespondingtoconcernsaboutworkers'conditionsandhealthrisks?
Ibelievethathydraulicfracturingcontractorsaresimilartoanyotherindustryinregardtoemployeesafetyandhealth.Somecompaniesaremoreproactivethanothers.Ingeneral,Ithinktheindustryismakinggainsinimprovingconditionsandreducingexposurestoemployees.OSHAenforcementandoutreacheffortsthroughoutthecountryhavehighlightedtheneedforbetterprotectionson
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hydraulicfracturingsites,inparticular,protectionagainstrespirablecrystallinesilica.Industryexpertshavesteppeduptheireffortstodevelopandimplementtheengineeringcontrolsneededtoreduceemployeeexposurestosilicaandotherhazards.Theuseofventilationsystemsandmodificationtodustproducingoperationsarebecomingmoreprevalentonthesesites.Whilethereremainsmuchworktobeaccomplishedbeforethishazardiseliminated,everyoneappearstobemovingtowardthatgoal.
4).ConsideringOSHA’sattemptsoftryingtotightenregulationsforworkersintheoilandgasindustryforyears,andthecurrentproblemsworkersarefacing,why/howtoyouthinktheindustryhasbeensuccessfulinpreventingthoseattempts?
Theydohavesomeexceptionstosomeoftherulesdependinguponwhatstagetheprocessisat.Fortheactualdrillingprocess,Ibelievetheyareexemptfromlock-out-tag-outandsomeoftheotherrules.Whyandhowthathappensisnotsomethingthathappensattheareaofficelevel.
5). What do you think is the future of the industry, in terms of job creation and regulations?
Theindustryingeneralisalwayslookingtoincreasethetechnologythattheyutilize.Idon’thaveanystatisticalinformationthatwouldshowtechnologicaladvancesinthisparticularindustryresultedinthelossofjobsoranylessjobsbeingavailable.
Ithink,justlikeanyindustry,ifregulationsareproposedthatthey[the
industry]donotfeelthattheycouldcomplywithorthatitwouldbeanundueburden,theyaregoingtoargueagainstit.Thereisanewsilicarulethatisbeingproposedcurrentlythatmayfallintothiscategoryeventhoughdatashowsthattheproposedrulewouldgreatlybenefitemployeehealth.Thatsaid,shouldtheproposedsilicarulebecomefinal,Iamconfidentthatbothgovernmentandindustrywillworktoachievecomplianceforthesakeofemployees.
KeyProfilesJonOstroff
JonOstroffisthefounderandpresidentofthePennsylvania-basedOstroffInjuryLawfirm,foundedin1993.Heworkscloselywithworkersreportinginjurycasesintheoilandgasindustryandhasthe“recordandexperiencetotakeontherichfrackingcompanies”andhavethemcompensateforworkersthathavebeeninjuredundertheirresponsibilities.Onhislawfirmwebsite,therearelinkstoreportingcasesandmoreinformationonhowtocontactthefirm.http://frackinginjurylaw.com/fracking-lawyer/OSHA
TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationisanagencyoftheU.S.DepartmentofLabor.Ithasaimedtoimproveworker’sprotectionlawsinmany
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industriesacrosstheUnitedStates.Sincetheestablishmentoftheagencyin1971,“workplacefatalitieshavebeencutby62percentandoccupationalinjuryandillnessrateshavedeclined40percent”(OSHA).OSHA’swebsiteincludesmanylinkstoin-depthinformationaboutregulations,enforcement,dataandstatistics,andmanymorewithadditionalcontactinformationoflocalregionaloffices.https://www.osha.gov/html/RAmap.html
StateSenatorJimFerlo
JimFerlohasbeenservingasPennsylvania’sStateSenatorsince2002.Heisa Democrat representing the 38th Senatorial District comprised of parts of the City of Pittsburgh (Ferlo, 2013). Since the start of the shale gas industry in Pennsylvania, he has advocated for a “more cautious approach for natural gas extraction” (Ferlo, 2013). In 2013, he issued a press release announcing a fracking moratorium legislation known as the Natural Gas Drilling Moratorium Act. For more information on the regarding senate bill and Senator Ferlo’s contact information, please visit http://www.senatorferlo.com/press-release-senator-ferlo-announces-fracking-moratorium-legislation.
EmilyHusser
EmilyHussergraduatedfromtheUniversityofDenverandhasbeenworkingwithJFKielyServiceCompanyintheEmmaus,PennsylvaniaregionasanEnvironmental/ProjectCoordinatorsinceApril2012.ShehasalsoformerlyworkedasanenvironmentalinspectoratUtilityLineServiceandasageologistatEarthEngineeringInc.AsprojectcoordinatorofKiely,sheoverseestheoperationscarriedoutonfrackingsitesandmakessuretheyareproperlyconducted.Shecanprovideadditionalhands-oninformationaboutwhatgoesonatfrackingsites.([email protected])
MoreUsefulWebsites
• ThisOSHAwebsiteincludeslinkstocertainoperationsthatarecarriedoutduringoilandgaswelldrillingandthepotentialhazardsthatcomewiththeseoperations.Thelinksalsoincludeasetofeasy-to-understandpointsonhowtoavoidhazardsthatworkersmayfaceandcorrespondingimagesthatprovideadditionalguide.https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/drilling/drilling.html
• FoodandWaterWatchisanonprofitconsumerorganizationthataimstosafeguardcleanwaterandfoodintheUnitedStates.ItsmembershaveconductedanextensiveresearchonthesocialcostsoffrackinginPennsylvania.Theuniquecasestudyexplainsindepththeirfindingsonfatalitiesintheoilandgasindustry,socialdisordercrimes,andsexuallytransmitteddiseasesalongwiththeirrecommendationsonfurtherresearchtodeterminethelong-termsocialimpactsoffracking.http://www.scribd.com/doc/170377773/The-Social-Costs-of-Fracking
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• ThefollowinglinkincludesanimageofatimelinepreparedbyPaulHornofInsideClimateNewsthatoutlineshowtheindustrymaybeexemptfromacertainfederallaw.ThisshortarticletalksspecificallyabouthowtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywentaboutclassifyingmostoilandgaswasteasnon-hazardous.http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20141006/how-oil-gas-waste-became-exempt-federal-regulation-timeline
• RandyMoyer,afrackworker,tellsabouthisfourmonthsofexperienceonafrackingsitewherehisjobwastocleantanksandwastewaterfromcontaminatedwells.Inthisfour-partvideo,heexplainshowhishealthhasbeenaffected(part1&2),theconditionsheworkedin(part3),andtheillegaldumpinggoingonatthesiteheworkedfor(part4).(Part1)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8bvo2UVqRY&list=UUyiBQW__M82BcKS3IJF71bQ(Part2)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge7BfAx_bL4&index=6&list=UUyiBQW__M82BcKS3IJF71bQ(Part3)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYNqk8lRLCE&index=5&list=UUyiBQW__M82BcKS3IJF71bQ(Part4)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqn3wY9f2Pk&list=UUyiBQW__M82BcKS3IJF71bQ&index=4
• InsideEnergyisanenvironmentalnewsreportingwebsiteontheenergyindustriesthatpowerAmerica.Thisseriesofarticlesprovidesinformationonoilandgasworkersafetyissues,fatalityrates,whichstateshavetheleadingnumbersinworkerinjuries,andallaboutthe“DarkSideoftheBoom”intheoilandgasindustry.http://insideenergy.org/series/dark-side-of-the-boom/
• Frackcidentisaninjurylawfirmthatfocusesonpersonalinjurycasesandaimstohelpfrackworkersandneighborsinfrackingregionssince1993.Thesublinksprovideusefulinformationonroyaltyfraud,chemicals,environmentalrisks,equipment,andworkersafetyintheoilandgasindustry.Thereisalsoanadditionallinkwhereworkerswhohavebeeninjuredatfrackingsitescanreporttheircaseandlearnmoreaboutlawsuits.http://frackinginjurylaw.com/fracking-lawsuits/why-is-worksite-safety-such-a-low-priority-in-the-fracking-industry/
AdditionalUsefulInformation• http://exploreshale.org• http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/01/us/chemicals-and-toxic-
materials-in-hydrofracking.html• https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy10/sh-20839-
10/hierarchy_of_controls.pdf• http://www.fractracker.org/2014/05/worker-safety/
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http://www.marcellus.psu.edu
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• Colaneri,K.(2014,February24).CrewscapleakingChevrongaswellthatstartedfireinsouthwestPa.RetrievedOctober28,2014.http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/02/24/crews-cap-leaking-chevron-gas-well-that-started-fire-in-southwest-pa/
• Dunn,Sharon.(March27,2014Thursday).StudyfindsWeldCountywould
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• Foran,C.(2014,April14).HowManyJobsDoesFrackingReallyCreate?
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Benzene,CDCWarnsAmidMountingEvidenceofShaleJobs'Dangers.RetrievedNovember9,2014.http://www.desmogblog.com/2014/09/18/workers-fracked-wells-exposed-benzene-cdc-warns-amid-mounting-evidence-shale-jobs-dangers
• LaValette,M.(January13,2012Friday).Jobsingasindustryaremostlyamyth;Hydrofracking.TheDailyGleaner(NewBrunswick),Retrievedfromwww.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic
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• Urbina,I.,&Bennett,K.(2012,May14).DeadliestDangerIsn’tattheRigbut
ontheRoad.RetrievedOctober28,2014.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/us/for-oil-workers-deadliest-danger-is-driving.html
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• Zrinski,T.(2014,August25).Fourwaysfrackingcanbedangerousforthepeoplewhodoit.RetrievedNovember10,2014.http://www.elsevier.com/connect/four-ways-fracking-can-be-dangerous-for-the-people-who-do-it
