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1453 CE: The Fall of Constantinople

HIST 302 Spring 2012

by 1350

• Expansion of Serbia

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Rise of the Ottomans

• Western Turks called Oghuz

1242 Seljuks conquered by Mongols

1280 Ertugrul

– son Osman

1301 ruled a small military state in W. Anatolia

– 1345 took Gallipoli and crossed in Europe

– 1389 Battle of Kosovo

• control over all European Byzantine territory

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Manual II Palaeologus (r. 1391-1425) • military command as

young man

• became hostage with Ottomans

– leaves to fight in Byzantine Civil War

1391 Becomes Emperor

1400 European tour to save Constantinople

1399-1402 Emperor Manuel II travels across Europe, seeking aid for his beleaguered empire

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1402 Ottomans move capital to Edirne

• threaten Constantinople

– (last bastion)

• numerous attempts to take the City

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Development of the Ottoman System (1280-1547)

Successful Acculturation of Anatolia

90% by 15th century

• collapse of Anatolian society

13th-14th C. Bishops and Metros from their sees

– Church land was confiscated

– Hospitals, schools, monasteries, orphanages destroyed

• Turks built up their own:

– mosques, caravanceries, colleges, hospitals

Less Successful in Europe Ottoman policy after Fall favored Christian • Orthodox Church reformed • jurisdiction and property confirmed • Allowed to worship Census of 1520-30 of Balkan population • 19% Muslim • 81% Christian

– Muslim pop highest in Bosnia (45%) – Sofia-66.4% Muslim – Edirne-82% Muslim

Wave of Islamification in mid-17th century • Albania, Macedonia, Crete

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Last Throws of Roman Empire

1424 Byzantines forced to sign unfavorable peace treaty

– pay tribute to the sultan Murad II

• 1425 Manual II dies

Istanbul that point onwards, the capital of the Ottoman Europe

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