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Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

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Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Op:ons Thoumthone Vongvisouk, PhD Na:onal University of Laos, Faculty of Forestry Sciences Michael Dwyer, PhD University of Bern, Centre for Development and Environment MRLG Regional Stakeholder Workshop 24 February, 2016
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Page 1: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

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Falling  Rubber  Prices  in  Northern  Laos:  Local  Responses  and  Policy  Op:ons    

Thoumthone  Vongvisouk,  PhD  Na:onal  University  of  Laos,  Faculty  of  Forestry  Sciences  

Michael  Dwyer,  PhD  University  of  Bern,  Centre  for  Development  and  Environment    

MRLG  Regional  Stakeholder  Workshop  

24  February,  2016  

Page 2: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

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45  

2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014   2015  

Singapore  Commodity  Exchange,  No.  3  Smoked  Rubber  Sheets  (Index  Mundi)  

CNY/kg  

Rubber  (plan:ng)  boom   7  years  later  

CONTEXT  

Page 3: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

RESEARCH  QUESTIONS  

1.  How  are  rubber  producers  and  government  officials  responding  to  the  recent  fall  in  rubber  prices?  

2.  Are  producer  responses  related  to  produc:on  arrangements,  and  if  so,  how  and  why?  

3.  How  are  rubber  prices  in  northern  Laos  actually  determined?  

Page 4: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

STUDY  DESIGN  

Broad  not  deep  •  2  provinces,  5  districts,  7  villages  •  Qualita:ve  >  Quan:ta:ve  •  20  days  of  fieldwork    Interviews  with:  •  PAFO,  PICO  et  al.  (n=8)  •  DAFO,  DICO  et  al.  (n=15)  •  Village  representa:ves  (n=7)  •  Private  sector  actors  (n=3)  •  TOTAL:  33  interviews  with                                                                                    68  parWcipants    Literature  review  •  Connect  plan:ng  with  harves:ng  •  Build  on  VT  (2015)  and  Shi  (2015)  

Page 5: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

RESULTS  

Page 6: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

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Average  annual  purchase  price  for  rubber,  northern  Laos  (Luang  Namtha  Provincial  Investment  and  Commerce  Office  sta:s:cs)  

Singapore  Commodity  Exchange,  No.  3  Smoked  Rubber  Sheets  (Index  Mundi)  

CNY/kg  

1.  Provincial  Rubber  Management  CommiZee  (LNT)  •  Promo:ng  farmer  marke:ng  groups  •  Calcula:ng  recommended  prices  •  Brokering  (nego:a:ng)  rubber  purchases  •  Banning  land  conversion    

Provincial  Rubber  Management  Commiaee  created  

VERY  LIMITED  LEVERAGE  

RQ  1  

Page 7: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

Banning  land  conversion  (LNT  only)  

UNDER-­‐REPORTING?  

RQ  1  

Page 8: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

2.  Not  enforcing  contracted  floor  prices  

Contracted  floor  prices  were  the  excep:on,  not  the  rule:  •  4  of  7  companies  discussed  did  not  have  them.  (Total:  3  LNT,  4  OUD)    But  in  the  3  cases  we  found,  these  seem  to  not  be  enforced.  •  Viengphoukha  District:  there  is  contracted  floor  price,  but  the  company  

“could  not  afford  to  pay  based  on  the  contract.”  (Gov’t  interview)  •  Xai  District:  “this  set  price  [of  LAK  5,000/kg]  have  not  been  enforced  …  .  

Rubber  prices  in  our  province  and  district  are  based  on  what  buyer  offers.    (Gov’t  interview)  

•  Houn  District:  “The  floor  prices  set  in  the  contract  is  5.000  k/kg,  but  the  company  s:ll  pay  lesser  than  floor  prices.  The  company  is  not  payment  based  on  the  contract.  We  proposed  this  the  provincial  level  many  :me,  but  we  did  not  receive  any  responses  from  the  provincial  level.  At  the  district,  we  also  proposed  the  district  mee:ng,  but  again  no  responses  from  the  district  authori:es.”  (Gov’t  interview)  

RQ  1  

Page 9: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

3.  Encouraging  farmers  to  sWck  with  rubber    

 

“It  is  not  maaer  rich  or  poor;  whoever  have  rubber  planta:on  and  pa:ent  in  working  in  their  rubber  planta:on  will  get  income.”    

(LNT-­‐NT  DAFO)    “Although  rubber  prices  are  falling  at  LAK  5,000–6,000/kg  is  OK  for  local  people  to  tap  rubber  –  they  gain  from  rubber  planta:on  [more]  than  other  agricultural  ac:vi:es.”    

(OUD  PAFO)      

THE  BAN  HAT  NYAO  STORY  

RQ  1  

Page 10: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

1.  Wai:ng  for  prices  to  rise  (not  tapping)  2.  Tapping  with  household  labor  3.  Land  sales  to  wealthier  buyers  in  or  out  of  village  4.  Land  leases  to  outside  investors  for  conversion  to  other  crops  

(e.g.  bananas)  5.  Aggrega:on  (including  collec:ve  ac:on)  to  aaract  higher  prices  

 

Responses  by  rubber  producers  RQ  2  

Page 11: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

1.   WaiWng  for  prices  to  rise  (not  tapping)  2.  Tapping  with  household  labor  3.  Land  sales  to  wealthier  buyers  in  or  out  of  village  4.  Land  leases  to  outside  investors  for  conversion  to  other  crops  

(e.g.  bananas)  5.  Aggrega:on  (including  collec:ve  ac:on)  to  aaract  higher  prices    

Responses  by  rubber  producers  RQ  2  

“With  [prices  at]  4  Yuan/kg,  we  have  to  tap  our  rubber  by  ourselves.  In  the  case  of  households  that  have  large  area  of  rubber  planta:on,  they  tap  only  liale  part  of  their  rubber  planta:on  based  on  their  household  labor  forces.”                                  

(Village  interview,  Ban  Hat  Nyao)  

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1.   WaiWng  for  prices  to  rise  (not  tapping)  2.  Tapping  with  household  labor  3.   Land  sales  to  wealthier  buyers  in  or  out  of  village  4.   Land  leases  to  outside  investors  for  conversion  to  other  crops  

(e.g.  bananas)  5.  Aggrega:on  (including  collec:ve  ac:on)  to  aaract  higher  prices  

“Selling  rubber  planta:ons  is  normal  [here]  –  it  depends  on  having  buyers.  The  growers  [who  sell]  are  mainly  poor  households  in  villages.  Buyers  are  mainly  businessmen  from  the  province  [capital]  as  well  as  Chinese  investors.  …  However,  during  the  falling  rubber  prices,  no  one  wants  to  buy  rubber  planta:on.”    

(Government  interview,  Oudomxai)  

Responses  by  rubber  producers  RQ  2  

Page 13: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

Rubber  prices  

Posted  rubber  price,  Yunnan  Rubber  Co.  factory,  Luang  Namtha  

1.  Floor  prices  not  enforced:  3  examples  2.  Recommended  prices  >  actual  prices  3.  “Prices  are  mainly  based  on  what  buyers  

propose.”  (Gov’t  interview)  

RQ  3  

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2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014   2015  

Prices  paid  to  ru

bber  fa

rmers  (RM

B/kg)  

XSB  (KIs,  Tang  et  al.  2009)  

XSB  (Online  data)  

Provincial  sta:s:cs  LNT  

Village  interviews  LNT-­‐Sing  

Village  interviews  LNT-­‐NT  

Village  interviews  LNT-­‐VPK  

Village  interviews  OUD-­‐Xai  

Village  interviews  OUD-­‐Houn  

Where  rubber  prices  come  from  

•  Prices  drop  by  ~  half  from  China  to  Laos  •  Some  of  this  is  probably  quality-­‐related,  but  some  is  

market  power.  

RQ  3  

Page 15: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

CONCLUSIONS  1.   Boom  crop  vs.  strategic  commodity?  Lao  producers  losing  

twice:  to  a  global  boom  crop  and  a  Chinese  strategic  crop  2.   This  is  selecWng  for  wealthier  rubber  producers.  If  a  

smallholder  model  is  going  to  prevail,  a  more  regulated  model  is  needed.  Enforcing  floor  prices  is  just  the  :p  of  the  iceberg.  

3.   Ban  Hat  Nyao:  we  need  to  learn  the  right  lessons:  •  Shiv  from  public  to  private  credit  launched  the  land  market  •  Hat  Nyao  got  lucky  in  the  price  environment;  smallholders  today  

need  price  supports.  4.   More  research  needed  on  (a)  households  impacts  of  

tapping  at  low  prices;  (b)  distribu:on  of  rubber  holdings;  (c)  role  of  debt  in  land  conversions  and  transac:ons;  and  (d)  Chinese  agribusiness  strategy  &  market  power.  

Page 16: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

Full  Report  (53  pages):  hap://www.laofab.org/document/view/2827    Execu:ve  Summary  (3  pages):  hap://www.laofab.org/document/view/2828      Presenta:on  (37  slides):  hap://www.laofab.org/document/view/2829    

Page 17: Falling Rubber Prices in Northern Laos: Local Responses and Policy Options - by Mike Dwyer

Acknowledgments  MAF  DAEC,  Somxay  Sisanonh,  LURAS  Project,  Helvetas,  Andrew  Bartlea  Representa:ves  of:  •  Hat  Nyao,  Sop  Sim,  Oudomsin,  Phiyer,  Nam  Ngeun,  Kor  Noi  and  Mokpalai  

villages  •  Luang  Namtha  PAFO,  PICO,  PDPI  •  Namtha  DAFO,  DICO  •  Sing  DAFO,  DICO,  DDPI,  DFO  •  Vieng  Phou  Kha  DAFO,  DICO,  DFO  •  Oudomxai  PAFO,  PICO,  PDPI,  PFO  •  Xai  DAFO,  DICO,  DDPI  •  Houn  DAFO,  DICO,  DDPI  •  Sino-­‐Lao  Rubber  Company  •  Yunnan  Rubber  Company  

NUoL  Faculty  of  Forestry,  Mr.  Chimmy  Bounlom  

Melanie  Canet,  Weiyi  Shi,  Dietrich  Schmidt-­‐Vogt,  Zhuang-­‐Fang  Yi  

 


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