SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONSSOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

FAMILY FAMILY ANDAND

EDUCATIOEDUCATIONN

• The smallest and most important social institution, with the unique function of producing and rearing the young.

• composed of a group of interacting persons united by blood, marriage, or adoption, constituting a household, carrying a common culture and performing basic functions.

• a socially sanctioned group of persons united by kinship, marriage or adoption who share a common habitat generally and interact according to well-defined social roles that maintain and protect its members and perpetuate the society. (Bertrand)

• a relatively small domestic group of kin who functions as a cooperative unit for economic and other purposes (Popenoe)

THE FAMILY

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILYFAMILY

FAMILY OF ORIENTATION

> the family into which people are born and in which the major part of their socialization takes place.

FAMILY OF PROCREATION

> the family that people create when they marry and have children.

FAMILY STRUCTUREFAMILY STRUCTUREBased on Internal Organization or Membership

Nuclear or conjugal(based on marriage)

> a two generation family group which consists of a couple and their children usually living apart from other relatives; places emphasis on the husband-wife relationship.

Extended or consanguine(shared blood)

> a group which consists of one or more nuclear families plus other relatives; consists of the married couple, their parents, siblings, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins; place primary emphasis on the “blood ties” with various relatives.

Based on Dominance of Based on Dominance of AuthorityAuthority

• Patriarchal – a family in which the authority is held by the father and makes the major decisions

• Matriarchal – authority is held by the mother • Matrifocal – the woman is the central and most

important member • Matricentric – the female is the authority figure

in the absence of the male at work • Equalitarian – a family structure in which the

husband and the wife are equal in authority and privileges

Based on Residence Based on Residence • Patrilocal – a custom in which the married couple

lives in the household or community of the husband’s parent

• Matrilocal – involves a married couple living in household or community of the wife’s parents

• Neolocal – the couple lives apart from either spouse’s parents or other relatives

• Avunculocal – prescribes that the newly married couple resides with or near the maternal uncle (mothers’ brother) of the groom. This type of residence is very rare. The opposite is amitalocal residence.

Based on Descent or Based on Descent or Lineage Lineage

• Patrilineal – the father’s side of the family is defined as kin

• Matrilineal – the mother’s side of the family is defined as kin

• Bilateral – the system used in most industrial societies (e.g. U.S.), children’s kinship is tied to both sides of the family and both male and female children are entitled to inherit.

• Bilineal - descent is through the father’s and mother’s line

Based on Number of Based on Number of Spouses Spouses • Monogamy- consisting of only one husband and

one wife married at a time. This means that a widower or a widow can marry again.

• Polygamy- one man married to two or more women at the same time.

• Polyandry- one woman married to two or more men at the same time.

• Cenogamy- group sex. Two or more men and two or more women having sex together at the same time one after the other.

Choice of Choice of Mate Mate • All societies place some restrictions on the choice

of sexual and marriage partners. • Incest taboos are powerful prohibitions, against

sexual relations between close relative (e.g. between father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister).

Marriage Norms or Marriage Norms or PatternsPatterns

• Endogamy – prescribes marriage within one’s group – same social category (e.g. race, religion, village, social class).

• Exagomy – the social norm that prescribes marriage outside one’s own group

• Homogamy – the practice of marrying people with the same social, racial, ethnic, and religious background (as most Americans do)

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONSIMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

• It increases the chances that the children of a union will be exposed to reasonably consistent socialization experiences.

• It reduces disputes over issues other that child socialization.Although people tend to marry others much like themselves, another tendency operates and this is called… Marriage gradient – the tendency of men to marry women below them in age, education, and occupation

Other Forms of Marriage Other Forms of Marriage • Monogamy – marriage between one man and one

woman – serial monogamy • Polygamy – marriage involving more than one

husband or wife; plural marriage • Polygyny (Greek, meaning many women) – one

man is married to two or more women at the same time

• Polyandry (Greek, meaning many men) – one woman is married to two or more men at the same time

• Cenogamy – when two or more men mate with two or more women in group marriage.

Reproduction and rearing of the young Cultural transmission or enculturation Provide the needed socialization of the child with respect to his role and status Provide love and affections and a sense of security for its members Provide environment for personality development and growth of self-concept in relation to others Serve as an important mechanism for social control. Sexual regulation

General Functions of the General Functions of the FamilyFamily

Alternative Family Norms Alternative Family Norms (Macionis, 1998) (Macionis, 1998)

• One-parent families – headed by a single mother/father

• Cohabitation – the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

• Gay and lesbian same sex couples • Singlehood

Educational Implications Educational Implications

• Since the family is a very important institution, education for the family life should be part of the curriculum

• People who intend to get married should be oriented regarding their obligations so that the marriage will be successful

• In Japan, there is a school for brides. There should be a school or course, not only for the brides but also for grooms.

• Since the average Filipino family is big, the school should teach the advantages of small families.

• Enculturation being a function of the family should pass on only worthwhile values, customs, mores, beliefs, and traditions. (healthful living, ethical standards, socialization, psychomotor, others skills)

• Sex is the propagation of the race and should therefore be engaged only by married people

• It is not only the children who need an education, but also the parents

• Young people should not rush into marriage, but should give themselves time to find out whether they are really in love and suitable for each other.

Educational Implications Educational Implications

• Since children are the ones who suffer from broken homes, couples should try hard to be reconciled and their parent, relatives, and friends, should help them toward this end.

• Couples should consult marriage counselors if they often quarrel or are drifting apart so that the marriage may be saved.

Educational Implications Educational Implications

All the educative functions mentioned above belong to the cultural transmission or enculturation function of the family, that of transmitting the knowledge, beliefs and practices of the old generation of the young generation.

Thank you!

Presented by: Michelle Tamayo-Timado