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Family: Family: PsittacidaePsittacidae
By: Erin Moloney
Psittacidae PhylogenyPsittacidae PhylogenyCacatuinae (cockatoos, galahs, and cockatiels)
Loriculus (hanging parrots)
Loriinae (lories and lorikeets)
Micropsittinae (Australian pygmy parrots)
Nestorinae (kaka and kea)
Psittacidae (parrots, parakeets, macaws, lovebirds, and budgerigars)
Psittrichadinae (psequet’s parrot)
Strigopinae (kakapo)
DistributionDistribution approximately 330 extant species and 15 extinctapproximately 330 extant species and 15 extinct primarily restricted to the southern hemisphereprimarily restricted to the southern hemisphere habitat: tropical and subtropicalhabitat: tropical and subtropical
IdentificationIdentification
large robust billrelatively short neck
brightly colored
zygodactyl feetprehensile tongue
psittacofulvins: unique color pigment
in parrots
Size RangeSize RangeHyacinth Macaw Hyacinth Macaw
((Anodorhynchus hyacinthinusAnodorhynchus hyacinthinus)) length: 100cmlength: 100cm weight 1.5 to 2kgweight 1.5 to 2kg native to South America (Brazil, Bolivia, and native to South America (Brazil, Bolivia, and
Paraguay)Paraguay)
Pygmy Parrots Pygmy Parrots (genus: (genus: MicropsittaMicropsitta))
length: 8cmlength: 8cm weight: 65gweight: 65g native to New Guineanative to New Guinea 6 species6 species
Natural HistoryNatural History relatively long life spanrelatively long life span
– lorikeets – 20+ yearslorikeets – 20+ years– macaws – 70+ yearsmacaws – 70+ years
mainly herbivorousmainly herbivorous– seeds, fruits, nuts, seeds, fruits, nuts,
nectar, etc.nectar, etc.– occasionally will occasionally will
consume grubs and consume grubs and insect larvaeinsect larvae
– consume clay – consume clay – neutralizes acidity in neutralizes acidity in foodfood
predators predators – hawks, eagles, – hawks, eagles, falcons, snakes, mustelids, falcons, snakes, mustelids, cats, etc.cats, etc.
BehaviorBehavior
BreedingBreeding– monogamous - usually monogamous - usually
for lifefor life– cavity nesterscavity nesters– female incubates eggs female incubates eggs
while male brings foodwhile male brings food– altricial chicksaltricial chicks– biparental carebiparental care
SocialSocial– flocks of up to thousandsflocks of up to thousands– bright colors help group bright colors help group
cohesioncohesion– visual and auditory visual and auditory
communicationcommunication
eclectus chick
cockatoo chicks
IntelligenceIntelligence Intelligence and Intelligence and
emotional state of a 3-emotional state of a 3-5 year old child5 year old child– communication communication
capability of a 2-3 year capability of a 2-3 year old childold child
capable of capable of – mimicrymimicry– communicationcommunication– intelligent playintelligent play– tool makingtool making– countingcounting– differentiationdifferentiation
Alex and Irene PepperbergAlex and Irene Pepperberg
Irene – wanted to Irene – wanted to understand how birds’ understand how birds’ minds workedminds worked
purchased Alex in purchased Alex in 1972 – Chicago pet 1972 – Chicago pet storestore
learned over 100 learned over 100 wordswords
could count to 7could count to 7 would ask for things – would ask for things –
food, walks, etc. food, walks, etc. could differentiate and describe shape, could differentiate and describe shape,
color, size, and number of objectscolor, size, and number of objects
Alex intelligence video
North American ParrotsNorth American Parrots
Thick-billed ParrotThick-billed Parrot((Rhynchopsitta pachyrhynchaRhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha))
distributiondistribution– originally: southern Arizona and New originally: southern Arizona and New
Mexico to VenezuelaMexico to Venezuela– currently: Sierra Madre Occidental currently: Sierra Madre Occidental
Mountains in northern MexicoMountains in northern Mexico habitat: high elevation coniferous foresthabitat: high elevation coniferous forest
Carolina ParakeetCarolina Parakeet((Conuropsis carolinensisConuropsis carolinensis))
native distribution: eastern United Statesnative distribution: eastern United States habitat: deciduous forests and forest habitat: deciduous forests and forest
edgesedges extinct by 1920sextinct by 1920s
– habitat destructionhabitat destruction– agricultural pestagricultural pest– over hunting for feathersover hunting for feathers
Thick-Billed ParrotsThick-Billed Parrots
causes of declinecauses of decline– habitat losshabitat loss– over huntingover hunting– pet tradepet trade
conservationconservation– 1983: reintroduction in 1983: reintroduction in
southern Arizonasouthern Arizona– organizations pay organizations pay
landowners NOT to log landowners NOT to log forests forests (The Wetlands Project (The Wetlands Project and The Wildlife Preservation Trust and The Wildlife Preservation Trust International)International)
Feral ParrotsFeral Parrots released petsreleased pets success due to…success due to…
– earlier sexual maturityearlier sexual maturity– no natural predatorsno natural predators– can have two chicks at a can have two chicks at a
timetime problematic pestsproblematic pests
– threaten native speciesthreaten native species– damage agriculturedamage agriculture
populationspopulations– London – rose necked parakeets London – rose necked parakeets ((Psitacula krameriPsitacula krameri))
1983: 5001983: 500 today: 10,000today: 10,000
– Florida – 2800+ monk parakeets Florida – 2800+ monk parakeets ((Myiopsitta monachusMyiopsitta monachus))– Chicago – 150 monk parakeets Chicago – 150 monk parakeets ((Myiopsitta monachusMyiopsitta monachus))– Phoenix - ~2000 peach-faced lovebirds Phoenix - ~2000 peach-faced lovebirds ((Agapornis Agapornis
roseicollisroseicollis))
Feral Parrots – Monk Feral Parrots – Monk ParakeetsParakeets
Monk ParakeetsMonk Parakeets((Myiopsitta monachusMyiopsitta monachus))
popular pet during 1960spopular pet during 1960s– 1968-1972: over 64,000 1968-1972: over 64,000
parakeets were imported into parakeets were imported into the US for the pet tradethe US for the pet trade
1967: 35,000 feral 1967: 35,000 feral parakeets parakeets
1972: feral populations East 1972: feral populations East Coast through Mid-West and Coast through Mid-West and CaliforniaCalifornia eradication programs: 4,000 to 5,000 parakeets removed eradication programs: 4,000 to 5,000 parakeets removed
in New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and Californiain New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and California
ThreatsThreats Habitat DestructionHabitat Destruction
– increasing human increasing human populationspopulations
– deforestationdeforestation logginglogging ranchingranching
Over harvestingOver harvesting– huntedhunted
feathersfeathers crop destructioncrop destruction
– pet tradepet trade Natural HistoryNatural History
– monogamous for lifemonogamous for life– slow maturity rateslow maturity rate– one clutch / yearone clutch / year– small clutch sizessmall clutch sizes
1/3 of Neotropical parrots 1/3 of Neotropical parrots are endangeredare endangered
almost all parrot species almost all parrot species listed on CITES Appendix I listed on CITES Appendix I or IIor II
Pet TradePet Trade parrots can be sold for parrots can be sold for
$200 to $10,000 each$200 to $10,000 each ~ 800,000 parrot ~ 800,000 parrot
chicks are removed chicks are removed from the wild each from the wild each yearyear
75% mortality rate – 75% mortality rate – stress, disease, rough stress, disease, rough handling, crushing, handling, crushing, dehydration, etc.dehydration, etc.
1998-2000: over 1 1998-2000: over 1 million parrots traded million parrots traded worldwideworldwide
US imports decliningUS imports declining– 1990: 150,0001990: 150,000– today: 17,000 today: 17,000
US-Mexico border US-Mexico border significant smuggling significant smuggling pointpoint
ConservationConservation
United States EffortsUnited States Efforts
25 listed by the U.S. 25 listed by the U.S. Endangered Species Endangered Species ActAct
Wild Bird Conservation Wild Bird Conservation Act – 1992Act – 1992– prohibits import of wild prohibits import of wild
parrotsparrots– except countries with except countries with
approved management approved management and conservationand conservation
International EffortsInternational Efforts CITESCITES
– 40 on Appendix I40 on Appendix I– all other parrot species on all other parrot species on
Appendixes II or IIIAppendixes II or III– cockatiels and cockatiels and
budgerigars not regulatedbudgerigars not regulated IUCN Red Listed SpeciesIUCN Red Listed Species
– 95 species listed95 species listed
ReferencesReferences Allaby, M. “Psittacidae”. Allaby, M. “Psittacidae”. Dictionary of ZoologyDictionary of Zoology. 1999. Oxford University Press. . 1999. Oxford University Press.
Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-Psittacidae.html>.Psittacidae.html>.
““Birds: Thick-billed Parrot”. Animal Bytes. 2008. San Diego Zoo. Accessed 19 Birds: Thick-billed Parrot”. Animal Bytes. 2008. San Diego Zoo. Accessed 19 Mar. 2008. <http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-thick-Mar. 2008. <http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-thick-billed_parrot.html>. billed_parrot.html>.
““Carolina Parakeet”. Carolina Parakeet”. All About BirdsAll About Birds. 2007. Cornell Ornithology Lab. Accessed . 2007. Cornell Ornithology Lab. Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. 18 Mar. 2008. <http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/conservation/extinctions/<http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/conservation/extinctions/carolina_parakeet>. carolina_parakeet>.
Ehrlich, D., Dobkins, D., and Wheye, D. “Feral Birds”. Ehrlich, D., Dobkins, D., and Wheye, D. “Feral Birds”. Birds of StanfordBirds of Stanford. 1988. . 1988. Standford University. Accessed 25 Mar. 2008. Standford University. Accessed 25 Mar. 2008. <http://www.stanford.edu/group/<http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Feral_Birds.html>.stanfordbirds/text/essays/Feral_Birds.html>.
Owen, J. “Feral Parrot Population Soars in U.K., Study Says”. Owen, J. “Feral Parrot Population Soars in U.K., Study Says”. National National Geographic NewsGeographic News. 8 July 2004. National Geographic Society. Accessed 22 Mar. . 8 July 2004. National Geographic Society. Accessed 22 Mar. 2008. <http://2008. <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0708_040708_feralparrots.html>.news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0708_040708_feralparrots.html>.
““Parrot Trade”. Parrot Trade”. Wildlife TradeWildlife Trade. 2008. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed 28 Mar. . 2008. World Wildlife Fund. Accessed 28 Mar. 2008. <http://www.worldwildlife.org/trade/faqs_parrot.cfm>. 2008. <http://www.worldwildlife.org/trade/faqs_parrot.cfm>.
““Pet Trade Dangers: Poaching Major Threat to Parrots”. Pet Trade Dangers: Poaching Major Threat to Parrots”. Science DailyScience Daily. 31 May . 31 May 2001. Accessed 25 Mar. 2008. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/052001. Accessed 25 Mar. 2008. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/05/010529234701.htm>. /010529234701.htm>.
Roberson, D. “Parrots Psittacidae”. Roberson, D. “Parrots Psittacidae”. Bird Families of the WorldBird Families of the World. 20 Feb. 2008. . 20 Feb. 2008. Creagrus at Monterey Bay. Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. Creagrus at Monterey Bay. Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. <http://montereybay.com/creagrus/parrots.html>. <http://montereybay.com/creagrus/parrots.html>.
““Thick-billed Parrot”. 2002. National Audubon Society. Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. Thick-billed Parrot”. 2002. National Audubon Society. Accessed 18 Mar. 2008. <http://audubon2.org/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=204>. <http://audubon2.org/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=204>.
HUMMINGBIRDSHUMMINGBIRDS
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION Hummingbirds are in Hummingbirds are in
the order the order Apodiformes, meaning Apodiformes, meaning “without feet”“without feet”
The Order consist of 3 The Order consist of 3 Families:Families:
-Hemiprocmidae -Hemiprocmidae (Tree swifts)(Tree swifts)
-Apodidae-Apodidae(Swifts)(Swifts)-Trochilidae-Trochilidae(Hummingbirds)(Hummingbirds)
Trochilidae Trochilidae
325-340 species of 325-340 species of HummingbirdsHummingbirds
Geographic Geographic RangeRangeHummingbirds are Hummingbirds are only found in the New only found in the New World in the World in the Neoarctic and Neoarctic and Neotropics.Neotropics.
Most species are Most species are found in the tropical found in the tropical and subtropical and subtropical region region
Anatomical FeaturesAnatomical Features Hummingbirds have Hummingbirds have
characteristically small characteristically small feet.feet.
Family includes the Family includes the smallest bird in the world- smallest bird in the world- Bee Hummingbird Bee Hummingbird ((Mellisuga helenae )Mellisuga helenae )
Have taken flight to Have taken flight to extreme!extreme!
Wingbeats range 70-80 Wingbeats range 70-80 beats per second in small beats per second in small hummers, 10-15 beats for hummers, 10-15 beats for giant hummersgiant hummers
Long slender billLong slender bill
Feeding habitsFeeding habits
Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are nectivores and nectivores and insectivoresinsectivores
Specialization has Specialization has co-evolved with co-evolved with certain certain hummingbirds and hummingbirds and flowersflowers
Hummingbirds will Hummingbirds will also feed on sap also feed on sap during scarce timesduring scarce times
ReproductionReproduction
Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are polygynouspolygynous
Birds will breed Birds will breed during peak season during peak season of nectarof nectar
Only females are Only females are involved in parentinginvolved in parenting
Clutch size average Clutch size average are 2 eggs are 2 eggs
Atricial chicksAtricial chicks
Response to Response to climate climate changechange--Some species of Some species of hummingbirds migrate hummingbirds migrate while others move toward while others move toward higher elevations in higher elevations in response to seasonal response to seasonal changes changes
-Rufous hummingbird has -Rufous hummingbird has been documented to fly been documented to fly distances of more than distances of more than 5000 miles round trip!5000 miles round trip!
--Torpor is used in some Torpor is used in some hummingbirds to save hummingbirds to save energy during low energy during low temperature conditions temperature conditions
Hummingbirds found in AzHummingbirds found in Az
Anna’s Hummingbird
Costa’s Hummingbird
Black- chinned Hummingbird
Rufous Hummingbird
Broad-tailed Hummingbird