Towards Characterizing and ClassifyingCommunication-based Automotive Applications from a Wireless Networking Perspective
Fan Bai, Hariharan Krishnan, Varsha SadekarGeneral Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan
Tamer Elbatt, Gavin HollandHRL Laboratories, Malibu, California
Modified and presented by Jason Moulton
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
What is a VANET ?
Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks
Individual nodes different from traditional wireless nodes
No power constraint
Nodes mostly mobile
Extends existing infrastructure
Vehicle-Vehicle
Communication
Vehicle-
Infrastructure
Communication
A Modern Vehicle is a Computer on Wheels
F o r w a r d r a d a r
C o m p u t i n g p l a t f o r m
E v e n t d a t a r e c o r d e r ( E D R )
P o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m
R e a r r a d a r
C o m m u n i c a t i o n f a c i l i t y
D i s p l a y- Human-Machine
Interface
- Navigation systemProcessing power: comparable with a Personal Computer + a few dozens of specialized processors Communication: typically over a dedicated channel: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
In the US, 75 MHz at 5.9 GHz; In Europe, 20 MHz requested but not yet allocated)
Envisioned protocol: IEEE 802.11p Deployment will be progressive (over 2 decades or so)
Safety applications: SVA (Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor)
Safety Applications
PCN: V2V Post Crash Notification
EEBL: Emergency Electronic Brake Light
RHCN: Road Hazard Condition Notification
RFN: Road Feature Notification
CCW: Cooperative Collision Warning
CVW: Cooperative Violation Warning
Convenience Applications: CRN (Congested Road Notification)
Convenience Applications
TP: Traffic Probe
TOLL: Free Flow Tolling
PAN: Parking Availability Notification
PSL: Parking Spot Locator
Commercial Applications
RVP/D: Remote Vehicle Personalization/Diagnostics
SA: Service Announcements
CMDD: Content, Map or Database Download
RTVR: Real-Time Video Relay
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
Motivation of the Paper
Objective: Categorization of communication-based automotive applicationsFrom both application characteristic perspective and networking perspective
This effort helps bring the gap between the networking research society (focused on technology development) and the automotive research society (focused on application development)
Specifically, we are interested inThe representative communication-based automotive applications The key application characteristics and networking attributesThe categorization of applications from a network design standpointThe major performance metrics
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
13
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
14
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
15
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
16
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
17
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
18
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
19
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
20
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (1)
From an application benefit viewpoint, V2V/V2I applications can be classified as Safety Applications Convenience Applications Commercial Applications
Safe
ty
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
SVA Stopped or Slow Vehicle Advisor
A slow or stopped vehicle broadcasts slow/stopped vehicle warning messages to vehicles in its neighborhood
Safety
EEBL Emergency Electronic Brake Light
A vehicle braking hard broadcasts a warning message to vehicles in its neighborhood for the duration of the event
Safety
PCN V2V Post Crash Notification
A vehicle involved in an accident broadcasts a warning message until the accident site is cleared
Safety
RHCN Road Hazard Condition Notification
A vehicle detecting a road hazard (e.g., fluid, ice) notifies vehicles within the potentially affected region
Safety
RFN Road Feature Notification
A vehicle detecting a road feature (e.g., road curve, hill, road grade) notifies following vehicles
Safety
CCW Cooperative Collision Warning
A vehicle actively monitors kinematics status messages from vehicles in its neighborhood to warn of potential collisions
Safety
CVW Cooperative Violation Warning
A road-site unit actively transmits signal phase, timing and related information to approaching vehicles. The vehicles use this information to warn drivers of potential violation of traffic signal
Safety
21
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2)
Con
ven
ien
ce
Com
merc
ial
Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
CRN Congested Road Notification
A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning
Convenience
TP Traffic Probe Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management
Convenience
TOLL Free Flow Tolling Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) Convenience
PAN Parking Availability Notification
A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region
Convenience
PSL Parking Spot Locator
A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot
Convenience
RVP/D Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics
Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure
Commercial
SA Service Announcements
Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range
Commercial
CMDD Content Map or Database Download
A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots”
Commercial
RTVR Real-Time Video Relay
Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units
Commercial
22
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2)
Con
ven
ien
ce
Com
merc
ial
Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
CRN Congested Road Notification
A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning
Convenience
TP Traffic Probe Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management
Convenience
TOLL Free Flow Tolling Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) Convenience
PAN Parking Availability Notification
A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region
Convenience
PSL Parking Spot Locator
A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot
Convenience
RVP/D Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics
Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure
Commercial
SA Service Announcements
Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range
Commercial
CMDD Content Map or Database Download
A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots”
Commercial
RTVR Real-Time Video Relay
Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units
Commercial
23
V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications (2)
Con
ven
ien
ce
Com
merc
ial
Among those listed, safety-oriented applications are of special interest because they are expected to significantly reduce the fatalities and economic losses caused by traffic accidents
ACRO. Name Description Benefits
CRN Congested Road Notification
A vehicle reports road congestion to vehicles or road-site units in other regions for the purposes of route and trip planning
Convenience
TP Traffic Probe Vehicles aggregate traffic probe information and transmit to road side units for traffic management
Convenience
TOLL Free Flow Tolling Vehicle toll collection at highway toll booths (non-stop) Convenience
PAN Parking Availability Notification
A vehicle receives the availability of parking lots in a certain geographical region
Convenience
PSL Parking Spot Locator
A vehicle receives a list of open parking spots upon entering a parking lot
Convenience
RVP/D Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics
Downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure
Commercial
SA Service Announcements
Road-side businesses (e.g., MacDonald’s) announce services to vehicles as they pass by or come within range
Commercial
CMDD Content Map or Database Download
A vehicle downloads content (e.g., maps, multimedia, webpages) from home stations or from mobile “hot-spots”
Commercial
RTVR Real-Time Video Relay
Transmission and relay of streaming real-time video from a vehicle to other vehicles or road-side units
Commercial
24
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
25
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
26
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
27
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
28
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
29
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
30
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
31
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
32
Classification Criteria: Application Characteristics
Application Characteristics describe properties directly related to the applications themselves
Application Characteristics
Description Choices
User Benefit of Application
What benefit does that application bring to users? Safety, Convenience, Commercial
Participants in Application What entities participate in the application? V2V, V2I
Application Region of Interest (ROI)
What is the size of the affected geographical region of the application?
Long, Medium, Short
Application Trigger Condition
When and how is the application triggered? Periodic, Even-Driven, User-Initiated
Recipient Pattern of Application Message
What is the pattern of recipients for the application messages? One-to-one, One-to-many, One-to-a-zone, Many-to-one
Event Lifetime How long does the event last? Long, Short
Event Correlation What is the degree of the even correlation in the ROI? Strong, Weak, None
Event Detector How many hosts can detect/generate the event Single host, Multiple Hosts
33
Classification Criteria: Network Attributes
Networking Attributes characterize the fundamental aspects of network design for communication-
based automotive applications
Network Attributes Description Choices
Channel Frequency What channel does the application use? DSRC-CCH, DSRC-SCH, WiFi
Infrastructure Is infrastructure required? Yes, No
Message Time-to-live How far do or should messages propagate? Single-hop, Multi-hop
Packet Format What type of packet is used? WSMP, IP
Routing Protocol How messages are distributed? Unicast, Broadcast, Geocast, Aggregation
Network Protocol Initiation Mode
How is a network protocol initiated? Beacon, Event-triggered, On-demand
Transport Protocol What form of end-to-end communication? Connectionless, Connection-oriented
Security What kind of security is needed? V2V security, V2I security, Internet Security
34
Application CharacterizationAcro. User Benefit Application
ParticipantsApplication ROI
Application Trigger Condition
Recipient Pattern
Event Lifetime
Event Correlation
Event Detector
SVA Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
EEBL Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many
PCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
RHCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
RFN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many
TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One
PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A
CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
35
Application CharacterizationAcro. User Benefit Application
ParticipantsApplication ROI
Application Trigger Condition
Recipient Pattern
Event Lifetime
Event Correlation
Event Detector
SVA Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
EEBL Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many
PCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
RHCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
RFN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many
TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One
PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A
CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
36
Application CharacterizationAcro. User Benefit Application
ParticipantsApplication ROI
Application Trigger Condition
Recipient Pattern
Event Lifetime
Event Correlation
Event Detector
SVA Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
EEBL Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many
PCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
RHCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
RFN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many
TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One
PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A
CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
37
Application Characterization
Applications exhibit commonalities!
Acro. User Benefit Application Participants
Application ROI
Application Trigger Condition
Recipient Pattern
Event Lifetime
Event Correlation
Event Detector
SVA Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
EEBL Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Short Weak Many
PCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long None One
RHCN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
RFN Safety V2V Medium Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
CCW Safety V2V Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CVW Safety V2I Short Periodic One-to-many N/A N/A N/A
CRN Convenience V2V Long Event One-to-zone Long Strong Many
TP Convenience V2I Long Event One-to-one Short None Many
TOLL Convenience V2I Short Event One-to-one Short None One
PAN Convenience V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
PSL Convenience V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RVP/D Commercial V2I Short User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
SA Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-zone N/A N/A N/A
CMDD Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
RTVR Commercial V2I Long User-Initiated One-to-one N/A N/A N/A
38
Network Attribute CharacterizationAcro. Channel
FrequencyInfrastructure Message
TTLPacket Format
Routing Protocol
Network Trigger
Transport Protocol Security Solution
SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security
CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security
CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security
TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security
PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
SA DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security
CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
39
Network Attribute CharacterizationAcro. Channel
FrequencyInfrastructure Message
TTLPacket Format
Routing Protocol
Network Trigger
Transport Protocol Security Solution
SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security
CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security
CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security
TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security
PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
SA DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security
CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
40
Network Attribute CharacterizationAcro. Channel
FrequencyInfrastructure Message
TTLPacket Format
Routing Protocol
Network Trigger
Transport Protocol Security Solution
SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security
CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security
CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security
TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security
PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
SA DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security
CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
41
Network Attribute CharacterizationAcro. Channel
FrequencyInfrastructure Message
TTLPacket Format
Routing Protocol
Network Trigger
Transport Protocol Security Solution
SVA DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
EEBL DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
PCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RHCN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
RFN DSRC CCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
CCW DSRC CCH No Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2V Security
CVW DSRC CCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Broadcast Beacon Connectionless V2I Security
CRN DSRC SCH No Multi-hop WSMP Geocast Event Connectionless V2V Security
TP DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented V2I Security
TOLL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast Event Connection-oriented Internet Security
PAN DSRC SCH Yes Multi-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
PSL DSRC SCH Yes Single-hop WSMP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
RVP/D DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented V2I Security
SA DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Geocast On-demand Connectionless Internet Security
CMDD DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Single-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
RTVR DSRC SCH WiFi
Yes Multi-hop IP Unicast On-demand Connection-oriented Internet Security
42
Application Classification (1)
Networking Attributes Perspective
1. Safety
- SVA, EEBL, PCN, RHCN, RFN, CCW, CVW
2. Convenience
- CRN, TP, TOLL, PAN, PSL
3. Commercial
- RVP/D, SA, GMDD, RTVR
Application Benefit Perspective
Short Message Communications Content Download/Steaming
Broadcast Unicast
File Download
Video Streaming
Event-driven
Periodic On-demand Financial Non
Financial
Unicast
43
Application Classification (2) Group applications into 7 generic classes:
Accommodate the applications of interest
- Only (7 generic classes) application models- Individual applications are simple extensions from the generic models
Class Name Representative Applications
1 Event-Driven Short-Message Broadcast SVA, EEBL, PCN, RHCN, and RCN
2 Scheduled (Periodic) Short-Message Broadcast
CCW ( Cooperative Collision Warning), CVW (Cooperative Violation Warning)
3 On-Demand Short-Message Broadcast SA (Service Announcements)
4 Financial Transaction Short-Message Unicast
RVP/D (Remote Vehicle Personalization/Diag) TOLL (Free Flow Tolling)
5 Non-Financial Transaction Short-Message Unicast
TP, PAN, PSL
6 File Download CMDD (Contents, Map or Database Download)
7 Video Streaming RTVR (Real-Time Video Relay)
SVA: Stopped or Slow Vehicle AdvisorEEBL: Emergency Electronic Brake LightPCN: V2V Post Crash NotificationRHCN: Road Hazard Condition NotificationRFN: Road Feature Notification
TP: Traffic ProbePAN: Parking Availability NotificationPSL: Parking Spot Locator
44
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
45
Performance Metrics for Communication-based Automotive Applications
Level Metric Description Classes
Network Packet Delivery Ratio packets received / packets transmitted 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Network Per-Packet Latency packet reception time – packet transmission time
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Application T-window Reliability prob. of receiving at least one transmitted packet within a given time interval
1, 2, 3
Application Time-to-Successful Reception
application-level packet reception latency 1, 2, 3
Application QoS Metrics end-to-end packet delay, jitter, and throughput 7
We mainly concentrate on safety applications, since they are the initial focus of automotive industry Necessity to introduce novel application-level metrics to accurately capture performance trends of safety applications
46
Performance Metrics for Safety Applications (1)
Where, T: Application Tolerance
Window
t: Application Broadcast
Interval
Reliability Metrics
(Network-level) Packet Success Probability ( Pnet(d) ) Defined as the percentage of packets successfully received from
broadcasting vehicle(s) at distance d away from the receiving vehicle (Application-level) T-window Reliability Metric ( Papp(d) )
Defined as the probability of successfully receiving at least one packet broadcasted by the transmitter at distance d within a given “application tolerance window” T
Application- vs. Network-level Reliability
SVA
Applicatio
n
47
Performance Metrics for Safety Applications (2) Latency Metrics
(Network-level) Average Per-packet Latency (Δτ) (only for successfully received packets)
Defined as the time elapsed between generating a packet at the application of the sender and successfully receiving that packet at the application of the receiver
(Application-level) Time-to-Successful Reception (ΔT) Defined as the duration between the time when a broadcast packet is generated at
application layer of transmitting vehicle and the time at which the first successful packet is received by the application layer of receiving vehicle
Application- vs. Network-level Latency
Where, t: Application Broadcast
Interval
Pnet: Network-level reliability
SVA Application
48
Outline
Introduction Motivation V2V/V2I Communication-based Automotive Applications V2V/V2I Application Characterization and Classification Performance Metrics for V2V/V2I Applications Contributions Questions
49
Contributions of the Paper
Investigate the application characteristics and network attributes, in order to better understand the behavior of communication-based automotive applications
Group a large number of applications, with similar properties, to the same “generic” class Develop a few types of application models for the identified “generic” classes
in our vehicular network simulator Develop a network protocol stack for each class of applications, to maximize
reusability of common protocols modules
Identify common QoS requirements and performance metrics for the identified application classes
Questions
