Date post: | 11-Apr-2017 |
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- Peter Achterberg --- Professor of Sociology --
--- Alumni Event Tilburg University --- ---- 03/16/2017 ----
First things first….
Which party did you vote for yesterday?
https://www.menti.com/ec8bcf
The students’ results…
Poll by Universonline.nlNot in any way representative…
The alumni-poll
https://www.mentimeter.com/s/6a4885ac5e71866c2881e2539246abd3/168749253c56
Not in any way representative…
The Netherlands: A guide to the rest of the
world?
The Cinderella complex
Populism as antagonism
An ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic
groups, ‘the pure people’ versus ‘the corrupt elite; , and which argues that
politics should be an expression of the volonté genérale of the people
(Mudde, 2004: 543)
What explains the rise of such populism?
Giovanni Sartori – Founding father of political sociology
Margareth Canovan – Explaining the rise of populism
Pippa Norris – Discovering the democratic deficit
The democratic deficit (ESS, 2014,
NL)
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Democratische aspiraties Vertrouwen politiek Kloof
Two types of consequences
Voting on the edge!Support radical democratization!
Populism as nativism
An ideology which holds that states should be inhabited by members of the native group and that nonnative elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threathening to the homogeneous nation state (Mudde, 2007: 19)
What explains the rise of such populism?
Ronald Inglehart – the rise of postmaterialism
Conflict in Dutch Communist Party
On the (New) Left: On the Right (Old Left):Ina Brouwer Marcus Bakker
What explains the rise of such populism?
Ronald Inglehart – the rise of postmaterialism
Ignazi – the silent counterrevolution
New-Rightist Politics Disturbs Regular Conservative Parties, Too…
Mark Rutte (left) Rita Verdonk (right)
What explains the rise of such populism?
Ronald Inglehart – the rise of postmaterialism
Ignazi – the silent counterrevolution
Houtman, Achterberg & Derks - Detraditionalization
Detraditionalization
Two types of consequences
Voting behavior
And in the wake of this: A structural realignment of politics
Etnocentrism
PROTECTIONISM
Cleavage Politics (Lipset, Rokkan, Kriesi)• Cleavage = more or less stable
relationship between social structure, political values, and political parties
• ‘Class cleavage’, i.e., ‘class politics’:
• The working class traditionally supports the leftist parties because its members favor economic redistribution, while the middle class votes for the rightist parties, because it rejects these policies
A decline in class politics?• Traditionally, class has been one of
the most important predictors for voting behavior (cf. Alford, 1967)
• This, however, has gradually but surely changed in the postwar period – –Working class increasingly votes right -
Middle class increasingly votes left (cf. Manza & Brooks, 1999; Nieuwbeerta 1995; Clark & Lipset 1991)
:
Nieuwbeerta, 1995
Manza & Brooks, 1999
Economic and cultural capital: Bourdieu, 1984
Cultural specialists
Economic specialists
Economic capital
Cultural capital
Ganzeboom, De Graaf en Kalm
ijn (1987)
A two-dimensional ideological space?• Based on surveys in all western
countries• …in the postwar period• …applicable for the general
public• (not so much for elites…)
Distinguishing Class Voting
from Cultural Voting
Class _ Economic Progressiveness
+
+ Leftist Voting
_
Cultural Capital _ Authoritarianism
A cultural realignment?• Findings:
– A strong economic position produces economic conservatism-driven rightist voting; a weak economic position produces economic progressiveness-driven leftist voting (=class voting)
– Cultural capital produces libertarianism-driven leftist voting; lack of cultural capital produces authoritarianism-driven rightist voting (=cultural voting)
A cultural realignment?• Findings:
– Voting for either old left or old right (VVD) constitutes class voting (economically driven: leftist-voting working class and rightist-voting middle class)
– Voting for either New Left or New Right constitutes cultural voting (culturally driven: rightist-voting working class and leftist-voting middle class!!!)
A cultural realignment?
“Class Is Not Dead – It Has Been Buried Alive” (Van der Waal et al., 2007)
Conclusions• Populism as antagonism
• Result of technocratic politics• Brings quest for democratization
• Populism as nativism• As a reaction against new leftist
movements of the 1960s• Brings a cultural realignment of politics
• Explains why we predicted the demise of the dutch Labour party in 2009