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Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 1
Wireless Communications
• GSM
• GPRS
• UMTS
• CDMA 2000
• WiFi
References: http://www.privateline.com/PCS/GSM05.htmlhttp://www.trillium.com/products/trillium/wireless.htmlGPRS Cisco White PaperUMTS Forum White Paper 2005
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 2
Wireless Migration Path
TACS
NMT(900)
GSM(900)
AMPS
SMR
1G
GSM(1800)
GSM(1900)
IS-136(1900)
IS-95(1900)
GPRS WCDMA
GPRS
EDGE
IS-136(800)
IS-95(800)
iDEN(800)
2G
CDMA20001X
CDMA20003X
2.5G 3G
192 kbps
384 kbps
200 kbps
2 Mbps
2 Mbps
TACS – Total Access Communication SystemNMT – Nordic Mobile TelephoneSMR – Specialized Mobile radioiDEN – Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (Motorola)EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 3
2G spectrum allocationD-AMPS/TDMA
IS-54/136 (800)
GSM
(850)
GSM-EU
(900)
EGSM-EU
(900)
GSM-EU (1800)
Year 1983/1991 1983 1991 1992 1992
Base Tx MHz 869-894 869-894 935-960 925-934.8 1805-1880
Base Rx MHz 824-849 824-849 890-915 870-889.8 1710-1785
Spectr. allocat. 25 MHz 25 MHz 25 MHz 9.8 MHz 150 MHz
Radio Channel 30 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
No of carriers 832 125 125 49 375
channel/carrier 3 (6) 8 8 8 8
Modulation 4DPSK1 0.3GMSK2 0.3GMSK 0.3GMSK 0.3GMSK
CODEC A/VCELP3 RELP4/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
1DMSK – Differential Phase Shift Keying, 2GMSK – Gaussian Maximum Shift Keying, 3CELP – Code Excited Linear Prediction, A – Algebraic, V – Vector (8 kbps), 4RELP – Residual ELP (13 kbps). Tanenbaum page 687: G723.1 – 5.3 to 6.4 kbps.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 4
3G spectrum allocation
GSM-US(1900)1
CDMAIS-951
CDMA2000
1X
WCDMA
IS-661
Year 2003 1993 2000 2003
Base Tx MHz 1930-1990 869-894 1930-1990 2110-2170
Base Rx MHz 1850-1910 824-849 1850-1910 1920-1980
Spectr. allocat. 60 MHz 50 MHz 120 MHz 120 MHz
Radio Channel 200 kHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 5 MHz
No of carriers 300 20 48 15*12 = 180
channel/carrier 8 64 64 64
Modulation 0.3GMSK QPSK2 QPSK
CODEC RELP/
ACELP
CELP3 CELP
12G2QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.3CELP – Code Excited Linear Prediction,
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 5
Spectrum Frequency Chart
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 6
GSM Spectrum
ARFCN – Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.Offset between downlink and uplink
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 7
Offset
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 8
Coverage – Frequency Reuse
Carrier/Interference = 17 dBFor N (reuse pattern) = 7, d/r = 4.6MSC – Mobile Service/Switching Center
G
F
ED
C
B
A
D
r
d
MSC1
MSC2
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 9
GSM (2G) Standard Reference Model
AuC - Authentication CenterBSC - Base Stations ControllerBTS – Base Transceiver Station (50–100 BTS)EIR – Equipment Identity RegisterGMSC - Gateway Mobile Service CenterHLR – Home Location Register (one per ntwk)VLR – Visitor Location Register
MT – Mobile Terminal ME - Mobile Equipment (IMEI – International Mobile Equipment Identity) + SIM (Subscriber Identity Card containing IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber Identity)SMSC - Short Message Service CenterPSTN - Public Switching Telephone NetworkTRAU – Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit
BSC
BTS
BTS
AbisMSC/VLRA GMSCE
VLR
B
D
SS7 signalingSS7 signaling + trunks
PSTN
C
HLR
AuCSMSC
Um
MT
TRAUoptionalAter
EIRF
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 10
Location update
A B
distance
Registration (passive), Handover (active)
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 11
MS*
EIR
GMSC
Um
BTS1
BSC1
MSC1
A
E
C
PSTN
VLR1
Abis
F
HLRAuC
SMSC
MSC2 VLR2
G
D
BTS2
BSC2
A
Abis
Um
B B
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
*Mobile Station = MT + ME
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 12
GSM Location Update (Registration)MS
PreviousMSC1/VLRGMSC/HLR/AuCNew
MSC2/VLRBSS2*
Channel Request
Channel Assigned
Loc Update Request
Authentication Info
Loc. info UpdateSend Auth. Info
Authentication Challenge
Authentication ResponseUpdate Location
Cancel Location
Cancel Location AckInsert Subscr. Data
Location Update Accept
Clear Channel
Subscr. Data Ack
Update Location Ack
Channel ReleasedClear Complete
*BSS = BTS + BSC
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 13
GSM Standard Reference Model (2)
SignalingGSM signaling + voice
MT
EIR
GMSC
Um
BTS BSC
MSC
A
EC
D
PSTN
VLR
Abis
TE
R
F
HLRAuC
SMSC
BTS: radio station that talks to mobiles.BSC: allocate channels and other resources.HLR: IMSI, last location area, class of service.VLR: IMSI, class of service.AuC: secret key (the same as in SIM card).EIR: IMEI if reported stolen marked invalid.SMSC: Short Message Service data base.
Radio Resource Management: BSC radio/fixedchannels/slots Allocation during call setup, and handoffs.Mobility management: HLR/VLR – registration, inter MSC handoffs, authenticationConnection Management: MSC + supplementary services and Short Message Service.
All Interfaces are SS7 protocol based
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 14
GPRS: GSM Packet Radio Service (2.5G)
BSC – splits voice and data traffic)GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node (protocol converter and router)Signaling
Signaling + data
GSM signaling + voice
PDN TEMT SGSN
EIR
GMSC
Um
Gn
Gb
Gs
Gr
Gi
Gc
Gd
Gp
Gf
other PLMN
SGSN
BTS BSC
MSC
A
EC
D
PSTN
VLR
Abis
TE
R
F
HLRAuC
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
SMSC
PDN - Packet Data Network (Internet)PLMN - Public Land Mobile NetworkPSTN – Public Switching Telephone Network
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 15
UMTS (3G)
RNCUE NodeB
PDN TEMT SGSN GGSN
EIR
GMSC
Um
Gn
Gb
GsGr
Gi
Gc
Gd
Gp
Gf
IuPS
other PLMN
SGSNUE - User Equipment Node B - Logical node for radio T/R. (equivalent to BTS).RNC - Radio Network Controller (equivalent to BSC).
BTS BSC
Signaling
Signaling + data
MSC
A
EC
D
GSM signaling + voice
PSTN
VLR
Uu Iubis
Abis
TE
R
IuCS
F
SMSC
HLRAuC
(BTS)
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 16
GSM Air Interface Um
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
One multiframe = 26 frames = 120 msec
0* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 frame = 8 slots = 4.62 ms
3tailbits
T - Traffic Channel (TCH)A - Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
57 message/data bits
57 message/data bits
26 trainingSequence bits
8.25 gua-rd bits
1
Stealing bitsFor FACCH
1156.25 bits/0.577 msec = 270.797 kbps140 useful bits.
3tailbits
*If only one carrier per cell this slot is shared by: BCCH, CCCH, and SDCCH.If more then one carrier this slot is shared by BCCH and CCCH and next slot Carries SDCCH.
TCH for uplink and downlink are separated by 3 burst periods so that MS does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 17
GPRS CCHs
RACHRandom Access Ch.
PRACHPacket Random Access Ch.
Uplink
CCCHCommon Control Ch.
PCHPaging Ch.
AGCHAccess Grant Ch.
NCHNotification Ch.
Downlink
PCCCHCommon Control Ch.
PPCHPaging Ch.
PAGCHAccess Grant Ch.
PNCHNotification Ch.
voice
packet
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel
BCCH – general info regarding BTS and network and of the CCCH configuration.CCCH – Common Control Channel
Random Access use Slotted Aloha
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 18
GPRS TCH and Associated CCHs
FACCH/F(H)Fast Associated Control Ch.
E-FACCH/FEnhanced Fast Associated Control Ch.
SACCH/F(H)Slow Associated Control Ch.
TCHTraffic Ch.
stand-alone 4(8) slots
Voice Traffic Channel F(H) Full(Half) Rate
SDCCH/4(8)Stand-alone Dedicated Control Ch.
SACCH/MSlow Associated Control Ch. for Multislot configur.
SACCH/C4(C8)Slow SDCCH/4(8) Associated Control Ch.
SACCH/CTSSlow Associated Control Ch. for CTS
PACCH Packet Associated Control Ch.PTCCH Packet timing Advance Control Ch.
Packet Traffic Channel
SDCCH – used prior to call for SMS or signaling.SACCH – used when MS in on call to signal power strength in preparation for handoff and SMS.FACCH – used when MS on call for non-voice info like supplementary services and control
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 19
Burst Structure
3tailbits
57 message/data bits
57 message/data bits
26 trainingsequence bits
8.25 guard bits1
Stealing bits for FACCH
1 3tailbits
Training bits are for equalization. Radio waves bounce of everything. Which one to use is determined by training sequence bits. It keeps MS in phase with BTS.
Normal Burst
3tailbits 142 “0” bits (empty frame) 8.25 guard bits3tail
bits
FCB Frequency Control Burst
3tailbits
8.25 guard bits3tailbits
SCB Synchronous Control Burst38 message ortraining bits
1 138 message ortraining bits
64 extended trainingsequence bits
8 tail bits 8.25 guard bits
Access Control Burst
44 synchronization bits 60 guard bits36 encryption bits
Voice coders (Vocoders) full-rate 13 kbps, half-rate 7 kbps.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 20
GPRS Interfaces
Application
IP/X.25
SNDCP
LLC
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
RLC BSSGP
MAC Ntwk
GSM RF L1bis
Um Gb
relay
SNDCP GTP
LLCTCP/
UDP
BSSGP IP
Ntwk L2
L1bis L1
relay
Gn
IP/X.25
GTP
TCP/
UDP
IP
L2
L1
Gi
SNDCP – Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol.Maps networks layer protocol like IP/X.25 into underlying LLCBSSGP – Base Station GPRS Protocol. Processes routing and QoS for BSS.LLC – Link Layer Control (LAPD).GTP – GPRS Tunnel Protocol
MS BSSSGSN
GGSN
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 21
GPRS Location Update - Attach
MSPrevious
SGSN/VLRHLR/AuCNew
SGSN/VLRBSS
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Attach Request
Authentication Info
Send Auth. Info
Authentication Challenge
Authentication ResponseUpdate GPRS Loc Cancel Location
Cancel Location RRInsert Subscr. Data
Attach Accept
Ack
Subscr. Data RR
Update GPRS Loc RR
Attach Complete
Attach Request
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Attach Complete
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 22
PDP Context (IP address allocation)
MS InternetGGSNSGSNBSS
Activate PDP Context
Autentication Request
PDP Context Req.
SNDCP PDU
GTP PDUTCP/IP PDU
Autentication Response
PDP Context Resp.PDP Context Accept
TCP/IP PDUGTP PDU
SNDCP PDU
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 23
CDMA concept
1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1
d1o=1
d11=-1Data bits
Chips
Senders
1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
d2o=1d2
1=1
1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
Data bits
Chips
Zi,1
m = di1cm
1
Zi,2
m = di2cm
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
-2 -2
1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
Channel Zi,*m
d1o=1
d11=-1
d1i = (m Zi,
*mc1
m)/M -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
d2i = (m Zi,
*mc2
m)/M
d2o=1d2
1=1
Chip rate Spreading factor = chip_rate/data_rate.dB = 10 log( spreading rate/data rate )has the same effect as dB (signal/noise).
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 24
UMTS W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA)
5 10 15 etc. MHzCDMA channels 5 MHz each
15 TDD slots/frame
etc.
2,000 mks
1,333 mks
667 mks
EUUplink: 1920 - 1980 MHzDownlink: 2110 - 2170 MHz12 Channels * 15 slots = 180 channelsEach channel can be used as up-link and down-link.This enables asymmetric slot allocation.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 25
W-CDMA Frame Format
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
One superframe = 72 frames = 720 msec
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 frame = 15 slots = 10 ms
1 slot = 2560 chips = 0.667 ms Data or Control: Uplink or Downlink
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 26
WCDMA Concept
data sequence (bits/sec)
spreading sequence (chips/sec)
transmit sequence
SF (Spreading Factor) = chip_rate/bit_rate = 2^k.
Chip Rate = 3.84 Mbps
For transmit sequences to be orthogonal it must be:
==> SF (chosen) = 3.84 Mbps/bit_rate.
1
SF=1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1-1-1
1-1
1-11-1
1-1-11
SF=2 SF=4
Orthogonal functions with spreading factors
For speech of 12.2 kbps the spreadingfactor = 314.75 or gain = 25 dB. Max spreading factor = 256 with gain 24 dB.Maximum data rate = 960 kbps (gross) = 460 (net) which gives spreading factor = 4 andthe gain of 6 dB.How do we achieve 2 Mbps (net). Using 5 time slots.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 27
Evolution of UMTS Core Network3GPP 1999 (from slide 9)
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
ME
USIM
UE
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iur
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
PCMMSC/VLR
Iu-cs
SGSNIu-ps
Gn(GTP/IP)
Core Network
GMSC
HSSAuC
PCM
GGSN
PSTN
Internet
Gi(IP)
HSS – Home Subscriber Server (previous HLR)
signaling
CS (voice)
PS (data)GcGr
CD
GdGs
SMSC
Signaling+ SMS
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 28
RTP/IP
3GPP Release 4 March 2004
H248/IP
MGW
Iu-cs(control) IP
MSC/VLRServer
SGSNIu-ps
Iu-cs(bearer)
Gn(GTP/IP)
Core Network
H248/IP
MGW
GMSCServer
HSSAuC
PCM
GGSN
SS7GW
PSTN
Internet
Gi(IP)
HSS – Home Subscriber Server (previous HLR)
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iur
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
signaling
CS (voice)
PS (data)
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 29
3GPP Release 5 June 2004
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iub
Gr
CxIur
SGSN
Iu-IM
UTRAN Core Network
RNC
CSCF
Gn
HSSAuC
Gi
GGSN PSTN
InternetGi
IM – IP Media domainMGC – Media Gateway ControllerCSCF – Call State Control Function
background
all
Streamline/interactive
MGW
MGCMg
Mc
conversationalSIP proxy
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 30
WiFi (Wireless LAN) architecture*
RouterServer
AccessPoint - AP
AccessPoint - AP
WirelessLAN – BSS**
LAN
WirelessLAN
AP polls base stations
about 30 m
*Tanenbaum Chapter 4.4.** Basic Service Set
PCF (Point Cordination Function) or infrastructure mode
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 31
WiFi (Wireless LAN) architecture
AB CD
Rangeof A
Rangeof B
1. Hidden station problem: A is transmitting to B. If D senses the channel it will not hear anything and falsely conclude that it may start transmitting to B.
2. Exposed station problem (inverse): A is transmitting to D. B wants to transmit to C however it hears channel busy.
DCF (Distributed Cordination Function) or point-to-point mode
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 32
Frequency range and IEEE 802.11
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band:– 902 – 928 MHz– 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz– 5.735 – 5.860 GHz
Upper layers
Logical Link Control
DCF PCF
Infrared FHSS DSSS
MAC
physical
DCF – Distributed Coordination FunctionPCF – Point Coordination FunctionFHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread SpectrumDSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 33
DCF MACAW (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidence for Wireless)
Since probability of correct frame is low, MAC layer splits the frame into fragments and creates acknowledgment.
*Network Allocation Vector
Station ARTS Fragm1
Station BCTS
Station C(hidden from B)
NAV*
Ack
Station D(hidden from A)
NAV
Fragm2
Ack
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 34
Combo: DCF and PCF
SIFS (Shortest InterFrame Spacing) allows parties already in a dialog to go first letting: sender to send next fragment without repeated RTS, receiver to send ack, receiver to respond to RTS by CTS, etc.
PIFS (PCF InterFrame Spacing) allows Base Station to grab a channel. Base Station (if nothing to send) broadcasts beacon frame every 1 to 10 msec to inform about clock synchronization, polling sequence etc.
DIFS (DCF InterFrame Spacing) any station may attempt to get a channel to start a new frame.
EIFS (Extended InterFrame Spacing) allows receiving station to report a bad frame.
Station BAck
SIFS
PIFS
DIFS
EIFS
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 35
802.11 Data Frame, Fig. 4-30
Frame
control
Dur-
ation
Addr1
Addr2 Addr3 Seq Addr4 Data (0-2312) CHK
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 – 2312 4 Bytes
OWMorePwrRetryMFFrom
DS
To
DS
Sub-
type
TypeVer-
sion
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 bits
Version - protocol version.Type - data, control, or management frame.Subtype - RTS, CTS or Ack.To/From DS - frame is coming from another distribution system (another Ethernet cell).MF - more fragments will follow.Retry - retransmission of a frame sent earlier.Pwr - used by the Base Station to off/on power of the receiver.More - sender has more frames.W - frame body has been encrypted into WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy).O - sequence of frames with this bit must be processed strictly in order.
Duration - duration in the channel of this frame and its ack.Addr1 and 2 - source and destination address.Addr3 and 4 - source and destination address within another (inter)cell.Seq - 12 bits are for frame number and 4 for fragment.Data - payload up to 2312 bytes.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 36
• DNS – Domain Name System• Electronic mail
– MIME – Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
• World Wide Web
HTML – HyperText Markup Language
XML – eXtesible Markup Language
XHTML – eXtended HyperText Markup Language
Dynamic Web Documents
Internet Applications and Services
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 37
Wireless Application and Services
• SMS - Short Message Service– Infrastructure– Protocol layers– Structure of Message Segment– Network Functions for Message Delivery– SMS and Email Delivery
• EMS - Enhanced Messaging Service – Basic EMS– Animation– MIDI – Musical Instruments Digital Interface– Color Animation
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 38
• WAP – Wireless Application Protocol– WAP Protocol Stack– WAP Languages and Design Tool– WAP Traffic Modelling and Performance issues– Wireless Web
Wireless Multimedia Application and Services
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 39
MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
• MMS Architecture– MMS Environment– MMS Client– MMS Center– Interfaces– WAP realization of MMS– Message sending, retrieval, forwarding,
reports.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 40
• Transaction Flow– Person-to-Person– Content-to-Person– Message delivery, cancellation, replacement– Delivery Report and Error Handling
MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 41
IMPS - Instant Messaging and Presence Service
• Infrastructure
• Protocols
• Security
• Evolution
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 42
Push-to-Talk
• Architecture
• Standardization
• Service Access
• Performance
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 43
LBS - Location based Services
• LBS server
• Positioning System
• Supplementary Systems
• LBS Clients
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 44
3GPP – Third Generation Partnership Project
History: ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute) SMG (Special Mobile Group) + CEPT (Conference Europeanne des Postes et Telecommunications carried GSM standards for 18 years -> 2000 -> 3GPP.1998 Joint project between 6 standardization bodies from:Europe (ETSI), North America (T1), Korea (TTA – Telecommunication Technology Association), Japan (TTC - Telecommunication Technology Committee and ARIB – Association of Radio Industries and Business), China (CWCS – China Wireless Telecommunications Standard)
Structure:3GPP = PCG (Project Coordination Group) => TSG (Technical Specification Groups) to
create and maintain 3GPP specifications.Objective:
– UMTS technical specification– maintain existing GSM specifications – developing further GSM extensions (like GPRS)
Involved in development of messaging standards:– General service requirements– Architecture– Formats and codecs– Low level technical realizations
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 45
3GPP – Documents
TR – Technical Reports:• Feasibility studies that may become standards.
TS – Technical Specifications:• Define GSM/UMTS standards published
independently by constituents.• Specs are usually frozen for 1 to 1.5 years
between releases (only essential corrections allowed).
• Three stages: – Service description from user’s perspective– Logical analysis -> functional architecture and
information flow– Implementation = technical realizations
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 46
3GPP – Organizational Structure
Project
Coordination Group
(PCG)
TSG CNCore Network
TSG GERANGSM EDGERadio Access
Network
TSG RANRadio Access
Network
TSG SAServices &
System Aspects
TSG TTerminals
CN (Core Network):-WG1 Call Control, Session Management, Mobility Management (Iu)-WG2 CAMEL (Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic)-WG3 Interworking with external networks-WG4 MAP/GTB/BCH/SS-WG5 Open Service Architecture (OSA)
GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access network):-WG1 Radio Access-WG2 Protocol aspects-WG3 Base Station Testing and OA&M-WG4 Terminal Testing Radio Aspects-WG5 Terminal Testing Protocol Aspects
RAN (Radio Access Network):-WG1 Radio Layer 1 Spec-WG2 Radio Layer 2 Spec-WG3 Iub, Iur, Iu specs and UTRAN O7M requirement
SA (Service Architecture):-WG1 Services-WG2 Architecture-WG3 Security-WG4 Codec-WG5 Telecom Management
T (Terminals):-WG1 Mobile Terminal Conformance Testing-WG2 MT Services and Capabilities-WG3 Universal Subscriber identity Module
TSG - Technical Specification Groups
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 47
3GPP Milestones
Timeline 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 MMS EMS
Service availability
SMS UMTS GPRS
Network availability
GSM
3GPP R96
3GPP R97
3GPP R98
3GPP Rel.99
3GPP Rel.4
3GPP Rel.5 3GPP
Rel.6 Standardiza-tion milestone
WAP 1.0
WAP 1.2.1
WAP 2.0
OMA MMS 1.1
OMA MMS 1.2
OMA MMS 1.3
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 48
3GPP – Documents
Document number
aa.bbb or aa.bb
3GPP TS 23.040 V5.1.0
Document type:
TS: Techn. Spec
TR: Techn Report
Document version:
x: major version or release
y: technical version
z: editorial version
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 49
3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2
Joint project between ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and IMT-200 (International Mobile Telecommunications.
Objective:– produce specification for services deployed in North
American and Asian markets for CDMA networks– Adopting 3GPP and OMA interfaces for CDMA.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 50
GSMA – GSM Association
Global trade organization that represents the interest of several hundreds of GSM mobile operators.
Objective: promoting, protecting, enhancing the interests of GSM operators. It publishes technical recommendations widely endorsed by GSM community.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 51
IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force
Documents start by RFC (Request For Comments), i.e. RFC 822Stable RFC may fall into Standard Track documents:
* technical specifications (description of protocol, service, procedure, convention, or format.* applicability statements.
1. Proposed standard is registered by IESG (Internet Engeneering Steering Group) and given to public for review.
2. Proposed standard is moved to draft standard if it has at least two implementations.
3. If proposed standard reaches maturity for many implementations it becomes Internet Standard and gets the name:
RFC 822 Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages.D. Crocker. Aug-13-1982/Status: STANDARD/STD0011.
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W3C – WWW Consortium created 1994
Development widely accepted protocols and formats for WWW.TS from W3C are known as recommendations.W3C collaborates closely with IETF. Example of documents are:HTML, URI, HTTP, XML, XHTML, SVG, SMIL.W3C are organized into following five domains:• Architecture domain: WWW architecture.• Documents format domain: definition of formats and languages.• Interaction domain: user interactions with WWW.•Technology and Society domain: social and legal issues.•Web Accessibility Initiative: promoting usability for disabled people.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 53
W3C documents release procedures
Proposed recommendation
Candidaterecommendation
Last callWorking draft
Working draft
Increasing levelof maturity
www.w3c.org
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 54
WAP ForumWAP forum -> 2002 -> Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
Documents:
• Specification: proposal, draft, etc.
• Change Request: unofficial proposal to change spec. initiated by individuals (forum members).
• Specification Change Documents (SCD): proposed modification of specification released only by specification working group.
• Specification Implementation Note (SIN): an approved modification of previously published spec.
WAP-205-MMSArchOverview-20010425-a
Specification stateA: approvedP: proposedT: prototypeO: obsoleteD: draft
Specification version (date)25/04/2001
Specification registered name
Documentidentifier
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009 55
OMA – Open Mobile AllianceEstablished 2002 by about 200 companies to develop interoperable
application enablers, which are bearer agnostic, and independent of
any operating system.
Working groups:• Requirements (REQ); identify cases for services and interoperability
requirements.• Architecture (ARCH): design of overall OMA architecture.• Messaging group (MWG): building application enablers for
messaging services. Sub-working group MMSG is responsible for design of OMA MMS standard
• Mobile Web Services (MWS): responsible for OMA Web Services.